Quiz 1 Flashcards
Adherence to predetermined set of procedures
Experimental
conform to an informal agreement with respondents
Survey
Negotiate issues jointly as they arise
Participatory
Seek to enhance awareness as one-with-the-other
Indigenous
Provide the 4 Research Approaches
- Experimental
- Survey
- Participatory
- Indigenous
Research Models (Models of Data Collection)
- Self Orientation
- Experimenter- Orientation
- Reactive Orientation
- Mutual Orientation
The data collector and contributors relate to the other only to the extent of waiting until the other stops responding. Communication is not taking place between them through socially shared interpretations or common constructs waiting until the other stops responding
• e.g. laboratory-based studies of memory
Self Orientation
The data collectors appear to influence while only the data contributors appear to be influenced. An imbalance of power in favor of data collectors who appear to define the experimental situation
• e.g. Asch’s person perception study
Experimenter Orientation
The participants in the data collection are reacting to what is currently taking place between them. Yet the capacities of both data contributors and collectors to construe are assumed to be unimportant and are ignored.
• e.g. verbal conditioning research
Reactive Orientation
The data collector and contributor give something to, and gain something from the data collection. Indigenous psychology research uses this model as the cultural researcher is a culture bearer himself.
• e.g. Piaget’s early research on conservation
Mutual Orientation
Research- Researchee relationship model
- Scale of the researcher (Iskala ng mananaliksik)
- Scale of the Relationship or Interaction between the researcher and the researchee (Iskala ng pagtutunguhan ng mananaliksik at kalahok)
- Pakapa-kapa
- Panunuluyan Approach
- Pagtanong tanong method
- Pakikipagkwentuhan Method
- Ginabayang Talakayan Method
These are methods used by the researcher in generating data that are tried, tested and are culturally sensitive and appropriate in doing research with Filipinos.
Scale of the Researchee (Iskala ng Mananaliksik)
The level of interaction between the researcher and the researchee significantly determines the quality of data obtained.
Scale of the Relationship or Interaction between the Researcher and the Researchee
(Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok)
Give the eight levels of interaction which range from the relatively uninvolved civility of pakikitungo to the total sense of identification in pakikiisa.
Ibang Tao category (Outsider)
- Pakikitungo (amenities, civility)
- Pakikisalamuha (interaction)
- Pakikilahok (participation, Joining)
- Pakikibagay (conforming)
- Pakikisama (adjusting, being along with)
Hindi ibang-tao (one- of - us)
- Pakikipagpalagayang loob (Mutual trust)
- Pakikisangkot (Active Participation)
- Pakikiisa (Full Trust)
an approach characterized by groping, searching, probing into an unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to be able to obtain order, meaning, and directions for research. Implies an exploration into cultural, social or psychological data without the
chains of overriding theoretical framework borrowed from observations outside the focus of investigation can be related to unobtrusive techniques because the actual procedures for collecting information may range from observation, documentation, intervention,
participation.
Pakapa-kapa
Interaction techniques, levels of relationship mula paninimbang [damdamin at isipan (sentido komon) ang pinaiiral dito at anuman ang namasid, nadama, o napakiramdaman ay aangkupan ng tugong-kilos, subalit iniisip ang kahalagahan at kabutihang maidudulot ng katugunang ito
(pagtutumbas)] hanggang malalimang pakikipagpalagayang-loob
Panunuluyan Approach
Ang batayang panlipunan ng pakikipanuluyan
Pakikipagkapwa
Pamamaraan ng Panunuluyan
▪ panimulang
▪ pagsasanay
▪ paglalakbay at pakikisuno
▪ paghimpil sa pook
▪ pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring panuluyan
▪ paghanap ng tulay
▪ pagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan
Pagsasakatuparan ng panunuluyan
▪ pagbati at pagpapakilala
▪ pag-aayos ng mga dala-dalahan
▪ pakikipagpalagayan
▪ pagtulong-tulong
▪ pagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga metodo
▪ paggawa ng pananaliksik
▪ pamamaalam at pasasalamat
Mga suliraning etikal ng Panunuluyan
▪ pagsasabi ng layunin ng pananaliksik
▪ pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan
▪ pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng pananaliksik
▪ paghingi ng pahintulot
▪ pagtanaw ng utang na loob/pamemerwisyo
▪ pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian
Filipino word for “asking questions,” the repetition of
‘tanong’ to ‘tanong- tanong’ indicates seriousness of purpose, one is truly
determined to get answers to one’s questions.
Patanong-tanong
Major characteristic of Patanong-tanong
▪ Participatory in nature
▪ Equality of status
▪ Appropriate and adaptive
▪ Integrated with other indigenous methods
Preparation of Patanong-tanong method
pagtatanong-tanong is part of everyday casual interaction, researcher must plan very well for certain conditions, consider convenience and
comfort of informants, their language, norms, values, and background (history,
within/between group differences, activities, policies)
Procedure of Pagtanong-tanong
▪ Get to know the people, place, lifestyle
▪ Greet informants, give credentials (name the go- between)
▪ Go tell them the purpose of the study
▪ Give an estimate of the expected length of the session
▪ Guide questions are used when necessary
▪ Goodbye and thank you is not abrupt
Principles of pagtatanong-tanong
- The level of the relationship that exists between the researcher and the
informant significantly influences the quality of data obtained (SantiagoEnriquez Model).
▪ The language of the respondent is used in the conduct of pagtatanong- tanong.
▪ The use of pakikiramdam as ‘feeling for another’ (cultural sensitivity),
through this the researcher knows when to ask or avoid questions,
interprets a ‘yes’ for a ‘no’.
▪ The equality of status is maintained, as it is a dialogue (informant is a
kausap or person spoken with) not an interview.
▪ The issue of reliability: consistency of response can be checked by
repeating the question in a different way. - The problem of investigator bias and data contamination can be solved by
having more than one person do the pagtatanong-tanong.
▪ Repeated sampling from as many informants as possible can produce
commonalities of lexical domain which can then constitute a ‘construct.’
• Familiarity with the language, values, cultural norms, will optimize
accuracy and relevance of interpretations.
An informal, free, as well as a social process of exchanging information, thoughts, and knowledge that is part of human daily activities. Kuwentuhan is an occasion for exchange of information, ideas, insights, and opinions also it is a sharing of beliefs, thoughts, and experiences.
Pakikipagkwentuhan Method
4 Types of pakikipagkwentuhan
• Oral (pasalita)
• Written (pasulat)
• Transmitted (pasalin-salin) through time
• Request (paki – paghingi ng pahintulot)
Procedure of pakikipagkwentuhan
▪ initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw) before living-in the community
(panunuluyan)
▪ introduce yourself to the community
▪ invite yourself to community gatherings
▪ initiate a conversation when in a natural cluster
▪ invest time in story sharing sessions
Procedure of Pakikipagkwentuhan
▪ may pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan
▪ may ‘paki’ ang kalahok sa kwento
▪ may pakinabang sa kwentuhan
▪ libangan
▪ linangan ng kaalaman
▪ lunas sa karamdaman
▪ collective orientation (pananaliksik na sama-sama)
▪ contains the process of validation (pagpapatotoo)
▪ construction of social reality (pagbubuo)
▪ cluster as unit of analysis (pagsali sa likas na umpukan)
▪ with a topic to talk about but without a theme (may pakay pero walang
paksa) worth or value of story produced from the kwentuhan session
(kwenta ng kwento)
▪ Validity: trustworthiness not truth (mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa
makatotohanan)
▪ Reliability: certification not consistency (process of pakikipagkwentuhanindicator) (pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)
A collective discussion technique
and has ‘sama-sama’ orientation
Ginabayang Talakayan Method
Fuses the modern and the traditional i.e. using scientific methods and ensuring that they are culturally appropriate. Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilizes and borrows concepts from both the modern and traditional cultural systems.
Cross-Indigenous Psychology
Partakes of the characteristics of:
▪ a community dialogue
▪ focused group discussion
▪ natural cluster interview
▪ group attestation
and puts premium on:
▪ cultural appropriateness
▪ an ordinary get-together
Collective indigenous method
Indigenous Research Method Approaches and Techniques
o Pakapa-kapa (‘groping,’ a field method)
o Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions)
o Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities)
o Pakikialam (concerned interference)
o Pakikilahok (participation)
o Pakikisangkot (integral involvement)
o Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated visits)
Perspectival and Interpretive Models
• Absolutist position - Basic congruence
• Relativist Position - difference if not uniqueness
• Pangkami (Reactive Relativist) - utility of an alien frame of reference
• Pantayong Pananaw (Ethnocentric) - absolutist indigenous perspective
• Universalist position- [implied by kapwa] assumes psychological processes are likely to be common features of human life
• Emic approach- need to understand from own
• Etic approach - discovery of psychological universal
assumes the basic congruence of psychological phenomena across humankind
Absolutist Position
assumes differences across cultures, if not the uniqueness of
each one
Relativist Position
assumes the utility of an alien frame of reference
pangkami (reactive relativist)
assumes that basic psychological processes are likely to be common features of human life everywhere, yet their manifestations are likely to be influenced by culture
Universal Position
need to understand a culture from its own perspective
(using natural taxonomies)
Emic Approach
the discovery of psychological universa
Etic Approach
science incorporates the demands of empirical validation from reliability and validity to affirmability and authenticity
Filipino Philosophy of Science
Levels of Validity and Scientific Standards
o katatagan (replicability, reliability)
o katapatan (multiple operationism, validity)
o patibay (certification)
o patotoo (affirmability, attestability)
o patunay (authenticity)
The five elements of the Ma’aram concept of pagkatawo (personhood)
▪ ginhawa (vital principle)
▪ buot (perception)
▪ isip (mind)
▪ dungan (sleep spirit)
▪ kalag (life spirit)
Three elements in Baltazar’s model
▪ bait (sanity)
▪ muni (reflection)
▪ hatol (judgment)
The four elements in Covar’s concept of Filipino personhood
▪ kaluluwa (spirit)
▪ budhi (conscience)
▪ katauhang panlabas, external appearance
▪ katauhang panloob (innermost being)
o Levels and modes of social interaction rooted in Filipino collectivist culture which have been identified using ethnoscientific field methods.
o Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino social psychology. Pakikipagkapwa is
accepting, dealing with the other person as an equal.
Filipino Social Interaction Theory
Tagalog, Ilongos, Cebuanos, Pampangos use a common word for justice, katarungan, derived from the Visayan root “tarong” means straight, upright, appropriate, correct, and for right. We use karapatan, whose root is dapat signifying fitting, appropriate, correct
▪ justice is related to right
Filipino Concept of Justice
