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Pediatrics > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Multi-dimensional development

A

Changes in physical nature
Ex-motor development, puberty, inherited genes, weight
Changes in thoughts, intelligence, language development
Changes in relationships, emotions, personality

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2
Q

Multidirectional development

A

Language development

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3
Q

Development is…

A

Plastic
Contextual

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4
Q

Normative age-graded influences

A

Puberty and menopause
Starting school and retiring

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5
Q

Normative history-graded influences

A

Common moments in history shared by a generation

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6
Q

Normative life events

A

Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individual people

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7
Q

Prenatal period

A

Cell → organism with brain + behavioral capabilities

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8
Q

Infancy

A

Beginning of language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination social learning

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9
Q

Early childhood

A

pre-K, more self-sufficient, learn to care for themselves, school, readiness skills, long periods of play

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10
Q

Middle and late childhood

A

Reading shills, writing, arithmetic, increased self- control

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11
Q

Adolescence

A

Rapid physical change
Pursuit of independence + identity

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12
Q

Early adulthood

A

Establish economic + personal independence

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13
Q

Middle adulthood

A

Enhancing social involvement, advancing career

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14
Q

Late adulthood

A

Reflective period, adjustment to new roles and altered health

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15
Q

Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory

A

First 5 yrs of life shape personality
Early years most important
5 phases: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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16
Q

Erik Erikson Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Development occurs throughout lifespan
Importance in early and late years
8 phases: Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Integrity vs. Despair
Each stage is a conflict

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17
Q

Piaget Cognitive Theory

A

Sensorimotor stage, Pre-operational stage, Concrete Operational Stage, Formal Operational stage

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18
Q

Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory

A

Emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

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19
Q

Skinner (behavioral and social cognitive theory)

A

Operant conditioning
Rewards ad punishments shape behavior

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20
Q

Bandura (behavioral and social cognitive theory)

A

Development: behavior, environment, cognition
Learning occurs through imitation (observational learning)

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21
Q

Data Collection methods

A

Observation, naturalistic observations, survey and interviews, standardized tests, case studies, MRI, EEG, heart rate

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22
Q

Descriptive research

A

Describes a phenomenon
Involves observation and recording of behavior
Can’t prove cause of phenomenon. Identifies important information about behavior

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23
Q

Correlational research

A

Prediction of behavior/phenomenon
Measures strength of relationship between 2 variables
Correlation coefficient
Correlation doesn’t equal causation

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24
Q

Experimental research

A

Identifies cause of phenomenon
Includes dependent and independent variables
Involves experimental and control groups
Yields cause and effect

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25
Q

Experimental group

A

Group whose experience is manipulated

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26
Q

Control group

A

Comparison group similar to experimental group except for manipulating factor (independent variable)

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27
Q

Cross-sectional approach

A

Individuals of different ages are compared at one time

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28
Q

Longitudinal approach

A

Same individual studied over a period of time

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29
Q

Cohort effects

A

Research participant chosen due to time of brith, or generation, not age

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30
Q

Natural selection

A

Evolutionary process by which individuals of a species that a best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce

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31
Q

Adaptive behavior

A

Promotes an organism’s survival in the natural habitat
Organism possesses characteristics needed for survival

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32
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Emphasizes the importance of adaptation and reproduction to ensure survival

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33
Q

Prenatal diagnostic tests

A

Ultrasound sonography
Brain imaging
Chorionic villus sampling
Amniocentesis
Maternal blood screening
Fetal sex determination

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34
Q

Infertility

A

Inability to conceive a child after 12 months

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35
Q

Collaborative Gene

A

Each gene has its own location or designated place on a chromosome
Activity of genes is affected by their environment

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36
Q

All cells in the body except sperm and egg have…

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

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37
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell’s nucleus duplicates itself into 2 new cells

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38
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division forming eggs and sperm or gametes

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39
Q

Monozygotic Twins (identical)

A

Single zygote splits in 2

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40
Q

Dizygotic twin (fraternal)

A

2 eggs fertilized by different sperm

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41
Q

Susceptibility gene

A

Makes individual more vulnerable to disease or accelerated aging

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42
Q

Longevity genes

A

Makes individual less vulnerable to certain diseases, more likely to live longer

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43
Q

Genotype

A

Person’s genetic material

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44
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristics
Expression influenced by environmental factors

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45
Q

Sex linked genes

A

Mutated Gene is carried on the x chromosome

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46
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities

A

Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Turner syndrome
XYY syndrome

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47
Q

Down syndrome

A

Intellectual disability caused by extra copy of chromosome 21

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48
Q

Klinefelter syndrone

A

An extra X chromosome in males
Causes underdeveloped testes, enlarged breasts, and becoming tall

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49
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

Abnormality in the X chromosome
Causes intellectual disability, learning disability, or short attention span

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50
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Missing X chromosome in females
Causes intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment

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51
Q

XYY syndrome

A

Male has extra Y chromosome
Causes above average height

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52
Q

Gene linked abnormalities

A

Cystic fibrosis
Diabetes
Hemophilia
Huntington’s disease
Phenylketonuria
Sickle cell anemia
Spina bifida
Tay-sachs disease

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53
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production, breathing, and digestion

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54
Q

Diabetes

A

Body doesn’t produce enough insulin

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55
Q

Hemophilia

A

Delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding

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56
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

CNS deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

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57
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Metabolic disorder that causes intellectual disability and hyperactivity

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58
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

Blood disorder that limits the body’s oxygen supply
Causes joint swelling, heart and kidney failure

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59
Q

Spina bifida

A

Neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities

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60
Q

Tay- sachs disease

A

Accumulation of lipids in the nervous system causing deceleration of mental and physical development

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61
Q

Germinal period

A

First 2 weeks after conception
Creation of zygote → cell division
Zygote attaches to uterine wall and becomes blastocyst (inner layer that develops into embryo)
Trophoblast : outer layer that provides nutrition and support for embryo

62
Q

Embryonic period

A

Cell is now embryo
Cell differentiation intensifies
3 layers form: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
Organs form
Annion: contains clear fluid where embryo floats

63
Q

Endoderm

A

Turns into lung cells, thyroid cells, digestive cells

64
Q

Mesoderm

A

Turns into cardiac muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells, cells of kidney, red blood cells, smooth muscle cells in gut

65
Q

Ectoderm

A

Turns into skinless of epidermis, neuron on brain, pigment cells

66
Q

Fetal period

A

7 months long
Umbilical cord, placenta, organogenesis

67
Q

Neural tube

A

Early formation of the nervous system

68
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Generation of new neurons

69
Q

Neuronal migration

A

Cells moving outward from point of origin to appropriate locations

70
Q

Neural connectivity

A

Neurons connect, continues postnatally

71
Q

First trimester
Conception - 4 weeks

A

Zygote
Beginning development of spinal cord, nervous system, gastrointestinal system, heart, and lungs
Amniotic sac envelops entire body

72
Q

First trimester
8 Weeks

A

Face is forcing with rudimentary eyes, ears, mouth, and tooth buds
Arms and legs are moving
Brain is forming
Heartbeat detectable
Embryo

73
Q

First trimester
12 weeks

A

Move arms, legs, fingers, toes
Fingerprints are present
Can smile, frown, suck, swallow
Sex is detectable
Fetus

74
Q

Second trimester
16 weeks

A

6 Inches long, 4-7 ounces
Strong heartbeat
Skin is thin and transparent, covered in downy hair
Nails form
Coordinated movements

75
Q

Second trimester
20 weeks

A

Heartbeat audible with stethoscope
Sucks thumb
Hiccups
Hair, eyelashes, eyebrows form

76
Q

Second trimester
24 weeks

A

Skin is wrinkled and covered with protective coating
Eyes are open
Has strong grip

77
Q

Third trimester
28 weeks

A

Very active
Adds body fat
Breathing movements are present

78
Q

Third trimester
32 weeks

A

Periods of sleep and wakefulness
Responds to sounds
Assumes birth position
Bones of head are soft and flexible

79
Q

Third trimester
36-38 weeks

A

Skin is less wrinkled
Fetus is less active

80
Q

Teratogen

A

Harmful agent that can cause birth defects

81
Q

1st stage of birth

A

Uterine contractions are 15-20 minutes apart, last up to 1 minute

82
Q

2nd stage of birth

A

Baby’s head moves through cervix ad birth canal

83
Q

3rd stage of birth

A

Afterbirth: when placenta and umbilical cord are expelled

84
Q

Apgar scale

A

1-5 min after birth
Evalnets heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, reflex irritability

85
Q

Kangaroo care

A

Skin-to-skin contact

86
Q

Cephalocaudal development

A

Growth starting from head to bottom

87
Q

Proximodistal development

A

Growth begins in center then moves outward

88
Q

Growth

A

Episodic (occurs in spurts)
Born: 18-20in long, 5-10 lbs
Double their birth weight by 4 months
1 yr: 30in
2 yr: 35in, 32lbs

89
Q

Brain development

A

Doesn’t mature uniformly
Brain stem develops first

90
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Voluntary movement, planning, personality

91
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing, language processing, memory

92
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Spatial awareness, motor control, attention

93
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

94
Q

Lateralization

A

Hemispheres use different types of thinking
Left hemisphere: speech and grammar, logic
Right: creativity, humor

95
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

Extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated

96
Q

Synaptic blooming

A

Period of rapid neural growth

97
Q

Sleep benefits

A

Restorative function
Increased cell production
Clears out waste
Critical for neuroplasticity
Increases synapses between neurons
Improves memory consolidation

98
Q

Leading cause of infant death

A

Sudden infant death syndrome
Infant stops breathing at night

99
Q

Infants should consume…

A

50 cal/day per lb

100
Q

Dynamic systems theory

A

Esther Thelen
Motor skills develop from interaction with environment which motivates them to develop
Infants actively put together a skill to achieve a goal

101
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Side of mouth stroked → baby turns head toward the side stroked

102
Q

Sucking reflex

A

Infants suck anything placed into their mouth

103
Q

Moro/ startle reflex

A

Loud noise or sudden movement → arches back, throws head back, flings out arms and legs then quickly back toward body

104
Q

Grasp reflex

A

Touching palm → tight grasp
Plantar grasp with toes

105
Q

Baby sits with support

A

2 months

106
Q

Baby sits independently

A

6-7 months

107
Q

Baby furniture cruises

A

8-9 months

108
Q

Baby stands alone

A

10-12 months

109
Q

Fine motor skills

A

Finely tuned movements

110
Q

Palmar grasp

A

Rakes object into their palm

111
Q

Radial palmer grasp

A

Object held between thumb and other fingers but still touching palm

112
Q

Radial digital grasp

A

Space between object and palm
Object held with thumb and fingers

113
Q

Immature pincer

A

Object held with thumb against side of pointer finger

114
Q

Mature pincer

A

Held between thumb and pointer finger.
Crab

115
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Bottom of foot is stroked → toes fan and spread out

116
Q

Crawling reflex

A

Infant on stomach, pressure applied to sole of foot → infant will make crawling motion

117
Q

Step reflex

A

Infant will move the legs as if they are taking steps or walking

118
Q

Tonic neck reflex

A

Fencing position the legend arm
When infants head is turned right, the leg and arm on right side wil extend opposite side will flex

119
Q

Sensation

A

Occurs when sensory info interacts with sensory receptors in the eyes, nose, ears, tongue, skin

120
Q

Perception

A

The interpretation of what is sensed

121
Q

Gibson’s ecological view

A

Perception connects us to the environment so we can interact and adapt to it

122
Q

Most important visual stimuli

A

Faces

123
Q

Size constancy

A

Recognizing that the object is still the same even if it is moved

124
Q

Shape constancy

A

Recognizing than an object is the same ever if its orientation changes

125
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to determine distance between objects

126
Q

Intermodal perception

A

Integrating information from two or more senses

127
Q

Piaget pre-operational stage

A

Child begins to represent the world symbolically
Children represent the world with words, images, and drawings
2 substages: symbolic function, intuitive thought

128
Q

Symbolic function

A

Ability to mentally represent an object that is not present
Pretend-play
Limitations: egocentrism, animism

129
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability to distinguish one’s own perspective fron someone else’s

130
Q

Animism

A

Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

131
Q

Intuitive thought

A

Always asking why
Can’t answer what if questions
Limitations: centration, conservation

132
Q

Centration

A

Centering attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of al others

133
Q

Conservation

A

Altering a substances appearance doesn’t change its properties

134
Q

Sensorimotor stage 0-2m

A

The child begins to interact with the environment

135
Q

Concrete operational 7-12m

A

Child learns rules such a conservation

136
Q

Formal operational 12<

A

Can think about the future

137
Q

Zone of proximal development (vygotsky)

A

Range of tasks with just right challenge

138
Q

Scaffolding

A

Changing level of support from max to none

139
Q

Vygotsky language and thought

A

Internal thoughts
Language and thought develop independently then merge
Self talk becomes internalized
Inner speech becomes their thoughts

140
Q

Executive attention

A

Action planning, monitoring progress on tasks, dealing with difficult circumstances, allocating attention to goals, error detection

141
Q

Sustained attention

A

Extended engagement city object, task, event
Vigilance

142
Q

Salient versus relevant dimensions

A

Pay attention to Small details that stand out

143
Q

Planfulness of attention

A

Randomly picking right ensues w/o plan

144
Q

Memory

A

Retention of information
5 digit memory 7 yrs old

145
Q

Executive function

A

Manage thoughts to engage in goal directed behavior and self- control

146
Q

Theory of mind

A

Awareness of one’s own mental process and the process of others

147
Q

Syntax

A

How words should be ordered

148
Q

Pragmatics

A

Appropriate use of language in different contexts

149
Q

Montessori approach

A

Child is given freedom in choosing activities and develops cognitive skills

150
Q

Perceptual development 3-4yrs

A

Detection of boundaries between colors

151
Q

Perceptual development 4-5yrs

A

Can focus eyes and sustain attention on close- up objects

Pediatrics (6 decks)

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