Quiz 1 Flashcards
What are the differences between flagella and cilia
Flagella are singular, long whip-like organelles with whip-like motion while cilia are more numerous, shorter, and more hair-like
What phylum do volvox and euglena belong to
Euglenozoa and viridiplantae
What phylum do paramecium, vorticella, and stenor belong to
Ciliophora
What phylum do Amoerba proteus belong to
Amoebazoa
What phylum do plasmodium and gregarina belong to
Apicomplexa
What would happen to an amoeba placed in salt water
The amoeba would shrink since the solution outside is higher than inside the organism
How do ameoba move and feed
They move by extending and retracting psuedopods and feed by engulfing food in vacuoles via phagocytosis
How do amoebas reproduce
asexually through mechanisms like binary fission
How do amoebas in hard shells move around
They have small opening in the shell through which they extend their psuedopodia
How did Euglena gain the ability to photosynthesize
It is hypothesized that an ancestor engulfed photosynthetic cyanobacteria and formed a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacteria providing a food source and the euglena providing protection
What is the function of the eyespots of Euglena and how do they reproduce
The eye spot perceives changes in light levels and they reproduce via binary fission
What important transition do volvox illustrate as a step towards multicellular life but are not considered multicellular
cell differentiation through the division of labor among cells by limiting reproduction to its sex cells within the colony but each organism is still independent so not fully multicellular
How do volvox move and how are they similar euglena
Volvox are flagellated which allows for moevement similar to Euglena
What are some areas in the body that have cilia and how does their function differ from the cilia of a paramecium
Cilia are found in the lining of our gut and beat in a rhythmic way like ciliate organisms but they function to move materials like dirt, mucus, and nutrients rather than propelling the cell
what does a paramecium in conjugation look like and define it
Conjugation is when they split in half long ways and is when one bacteria transfers genetic material to another through direct contact
What is binary fission look like and define it
binary fission is when they elongate until they split and is asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies
How do paramecium reverse when they bump into something
After they hit an object the change in action potential open calcium channels in the membrane causing depolarization and a reversal of cilia direction
What is the function of the two nuclei in paramecium
The macronucleus controls non reproductive functions while the micronucleus contains genetic information for sexual reproduction
How do stenor use their cilia
They use them for both locomotion and feeding
How does water go through a scyon
the water enters the incurrent cana to the prosopyle to the radial canal then to the apopyle to the spongocoel then the osculum
What is the function of choanocytes
Flagellated cells that create water current and remove particles from water
What is the function of pinacocytes
Epithelial cells
What is the function of porocytes
Tube cell that allows water into the sponge
What is the function of spicules
Stiff skeleton of the sponge
Describe sexual and asexual reproduction in proifera
Sponges asexually reproduce via budding and sexually reproduce when they release sperm into the water that are taken up by other sponges to fertilize eggs until they develop into spongocoel before being released and floating around until they settle
What does it mean that cnidarians are diploblastic
Their bodies are formed from two tissue types; ectoderm which becomes the body covering and endoderm which becomes the gut
What type of symmetry to Cnidaria have
Radial symmetry
What is a major synapomorphy of Cnidaria. Describe its function
Nematocysts which are stinging cells used for defense and hunting
What are the two types of Cnidaria
Medusa: motile reproductive form and poly: sessile form
What gives Cnidaria their body structure
Hydrostatic skeleton which can be moved by muscles
How do hydra move
sliding via tentacles and feet, and somesaulting
How do hydra reproduce
Asexually by budding off or sexually with the gonads on the sides of their bodies
What are the advantages of obelia having a medusa stage
allows for mobile offspring to find more favorable conditions and greater opportunity for genetic mixing
What structure differentiates hydromedusa and a true jellyfish
Hydromedusa have a velum which aids in swimming
What is a similarity and difference between a ctenophore and cnidarian
They both have radial symmetry while ctenophores lack nematocysts
Why might ctenophores resemble jellyfish
convergent evolution
What is the difference between moneciuos and dioecious
Monoecious individuals have both testes and ovaries while diecious individuals need someone else to reproduce
Are platyhelminthes, nematoda, and rotifera acoelomates or pseudomates
platyhelminthes are acoelomates while nematoda and rotifera are pseudocoelomates
How do flatworms move
They glide on mucus secreted from its ciliated epidermis using longitudional and circular muscles
How do flatworms feed
The ventral mouth extends from the pharyngeal sheath. The pharynx sucks and ingests food that then goes to the anterior trunk of the intestine
What structures do tapeworms have that help them live in the intestines
Scolex which has suckers to hold on during intestinal muscle movement and tegument which are specialized for living in hostile environments
What type of muscle do vinegar eels have and why did the sand grains allow them to change their swimming behavior
Longitudinal muscles and the grains allow them to push off something and move around
How do rotifera attach to things and is it free swimming
Their foot has a pedal gland that secretes a cement for clinging to objects and is free swimming
How do gastrotricha differ from rotifera
they glide along a substratum using cilia
