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MC 181 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

“The Scientization of Politics”

A

the political agenda-setting role of scientists

Political questions become crucially ‘scientific’ – based on science, necessitating science, called to our attention by scientists

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2
Q

“The Politicization of Science”

A

The political use of science or scientific authority to support or legitimate a policy preference or political position

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3
Q

institutionalization of science

A

WWII and its aftermath militarized science therefore giving it access to the center of power and thereby hitherto unknown political influence

established as a source of military technology and then, by implication, a source of public wealth

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4
Q

Democracy: A conceptual account

A

great authority: The democratic principle
The core premise of democracy: egalitarianism

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5
Q

The essential tension

A

Science and democracy have been poised as opposites

The oversupply of knowledge and its politicization leads to de-legitimation of politics and loss of authority on the part of science

discrepancy between the actual influence of scientific knowledge on political decisions and the lack of public accountability of the science advisors

Scientific expertise was seen as a threat to representative democracy or hailed as a solution of its shortcomings

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6
Q

Decisionist Model

A

increasing scientification of politics which would not only render problematic the legitimacy of irrational decisions, but reduce the range of options to an objectively determined singular best decision

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7
Q

Technocratic Model

A

The politician becomes fully dependent on the expert. Politics is replaced by a scientifically rationalized administration

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8
Q

Pragmatist Model

A

the strict separation between politicians and experts is replaced by a critical interrelationship

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9
Q

How can policymakers best engage scientists

A

give them a clear background to where their advice and research best fit – what’s the context this best fit

Give them a complete understanding of their specific role in policy decisions

Listen

Question actively

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10
Q

science/policy boundary

A

We don’t even know about the most relevant political questions until scientists bring them to our attention

Science is always uncertain (value judgements enter)

Scientists on opposing sides of controversial political debate and policymakers seek to legitimate controversial decisions with scientific facts

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11
Q

Blue Economy
(R F M W)

A

is sustainable use of resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs and ocean ecosystem health

ACTIVITIES
Renewable energy
Fisheries
Maritime Transport
Waste Management

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12
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

users of a commons are caught in an inevitable process that leads to the destruction of the resources on which they depend

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13
Q

Common-pool resources (CPRs)

A

Include natural and human constructed resources in which
exclusion of beneficiaries through physical and institutional means is especially costly and
exploitation by one user reduces resource availability for others

include earth-system components and products of civilization

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14
Q

global commons issue

A

I.E. Climate Change

affects all nations, and broad international cooperation is required to mitigate the threat

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15
Q

asymmetrical management problem v. prisoner’s dilemma

A

Every country is effected by climate change but their stakes and effects are different than each other

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16
Q

Depletable & Excludable

A

private good

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17
Q

Non-Depletable & Excludable

A

Toll good

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18
Q

Depletable & Non-Excludable

A

Common pool resources

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19
Q

Non-Depletable & Non-Excludable

A

Public good

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20
Q

Indigenous

A

(or native) species arose evolutionary in their current taxa in a given location.

Endemic

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21
Q

Non-indigenous species

A

Immigrant: species are non-indigenous species arriving in a given location without human help (e.g. via natural dispersal)

Introduced: species were introduced in a given location by humans

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22
Q

Invasive species

A

non-native species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human, animal, or plant health.

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23
Q

Community Assembly (5 Steps)

A

Regional species pool

Biogeographic filter

Physiological Filter

Biotic Filter

Local Assemblage (End only with species ABC)

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24
Q

Invasion Process (4 Steps)

A

Transportation

Establishment

Spread

Impact

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25
Q

Translational Ecology

A

What:
Research
Practice
How:
Information
Institutions

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26
Q

How to deal with Invasive species

A

Fully restore
Accept
Manage

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27
Q

Addressing Global climate change

A

Axelrod

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28
Q

Water conservation efforts

A

Radonic

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29
Q

Invasive species

A

Wagner

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30
Q

Green infrastructure

A

systems for rain water collection

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31
Q

Goal of Green Infrastructure

A

document how human water relationships were changing as climate change leads, resource managers or policy makers to consider how to go burn and unconvention unconventional forms of water supply

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32
Q

city government efforts

A

rebates, incentive programs
conservation, install unconventional waters, Ordinances redirecting construction and landscaping

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33
Q

water conservation research agenda

A
  • Applied anthropology
  • Political ecology
  • Mixed methods
  • Study alignments and misalignments between water policies and practices to identify pathways for just climate adaptation
  • Expand toolkit for mixed-methods research on human-environment relationships
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34
Q

water conservation research objective

A

How is water scarcity defined?
Whose rights are consequently recognized and prioritized?
How the human right to water is enacted?

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35
Q

water conservation why does it matter?

A
  • The water sector is already at the frontline of climate change
  • Climate adaptation in cities = Our western institutions need to govern waters differently
  • Tear 1 shortage declaration → Water cuts to NV, NM, and AZ
  • Urban residents relationship with water has (re) surged as an object of public concern and policy interventions
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36
Q

Formalizing rainwater collection

A

Rebates
Ordinaces
Design Guidelines
Permits

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37
Q

How do residents use rainwater?

A
  • Seasonal over-irrigation
  • Life-long over-irrigation
    Limited knowledge of desert plant physiology
    Aesthetics crush
    Over-reliance on drip system
    Over-reliance on (untrained) landscape services
  • Past experiences and learning pathway
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38
Q

water justice cycle

A

–>Distributive Justice
→ Procedural Justice
→ Recognition Justice
→ Interactional Justice
→ Mobility Justice

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39
Q

Towards an Environmental Justice Framework for GSI

A

An iterative process that includes evaluation,
assessment, and
learning
to adjust and re-design

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40
Q

The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 : Basic Features

A

Global pandemic
One, two, three, or four waves
Approximate death toll: 50 million
Evidence of pandemic present in data across the globe
“Mother of all pandemics”

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41
Q

The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 : Open Questions

A
  • “Forgotten Pandemic”
  • Numerous open questions
  • Demographic impacts
    Death toll, fertility effects, marriage effects
  • Epidemiologic features
    Timing and spread
    Virulence
    Evolution
  • Factors enhancing/reducing propagation
  • Interventions
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42
Q

Theme 1: Demographic Toll

A

population loss ≠ deaths
Demographic toll (not death toll)
Potential for research on this topic

43
Q

Theme 2: Impacts on Maternal Health and Childbirth

A

Fertility decline:
Baby boom following pandemic
Marriage impacts

44
Q

Fertility decline: Two opposing hypotheses

A
  • Biological: elevated miscarriages for first-term pregnant mothers
    Births dip 6-7 months after mortality peak
  • Behavioral: fewer conceptions during peak of epidemic
    Births dip 9 months after mortality peak
45
Q

Theme 3: Patterns of Spread

A

Port cities
Business cities Kellogg
Travel tourist destinations

46
Q

Theme 4: Did the Pandemic Evolve as it Spread?

A

Epidemic velocity
Duration of pandemic wave
Peak excess mortality

Why?
Behavioral and social responses?
Viral evolution?

47
Q

Theme 5: Age Structure of Mortality

A

combination of
- a “signature” age distribution of deaths and
- a large number of deaths

Pandemics often leave an age “signature”
Deaths, births, and marriages

suggests that periods of high pandemic activity should be marked by distortions in the overall distribution of deaths

48
Q

Charlie Gard Case

A

Charlie was born at full term in August 2016. At two months, he was admitted to Great Ormon Street Hospital (GOSH) with poor feeding, failure to thrive, and respiratory failure.
- Diagnosis: A rare and severe mitochondrial disorder (MDDS), reported in approximately 15 infants
- Prognosis: Rapid progression and death in infancy.

49
Q

Charlie Gard: Experimental Treatment

A

Parent’s identified an experimental treatment

Charlie’s doctors were initially going to try it. However, Charlie developed evidence of electrical seizures and, given his worsening condition, doctors believed it would be ‘futile’.

US Physician involved in the nucleoside research offered to provide treatment
Charlie’s parents raised funds to travel to USA for treatment

50
Q

Charlie Gard’s Condition

A

Kept alive by a ventilator
Paralyzed
Cannot see or hear, but can feel pain
Severe and irreversible brain damage

51
Q

Charlie Gard Prospects of Experimental Treatment

A

Theoretical possibility that new and experimental treatment could improve his situation

No realistic chance of success; ‘futile’.

52
Q

Legal Dispute of Charlie’s Gard

A

Charlie’s parents objected. Court ruled in favor of the hospital. Family appealed

Widespread public and media attention, including statements from President Trump and Pope Francis.

Other experts came forward with new evidence of allegedly increased chance of benefit from nucleoside treatment. GOSH elected to bring this evidence back to high court for review

53
Q

How to Think About Hard Cases

A

Principles of Biomedical Ethics

54
Q

The ‘Four Principles’ Approach to Health Care Ethics

A
  1. Respect for autonomy
  2. Nonmaleficence
  3. Beneficence
  4. Justice
55
Q

Respect for autonomy

A

Rooted in the liberal moral and political tradition of the importance of individual freedom and choice

At its base definition, autonomy is the control that you exercise when making individual decisions, especially regarding your well-being

This principle is vital in the delivery of evidence-based care

56
Q

prima facie

A

in the case of conflict, any one principle can be infringed upon or overridden by any other principle

Different principles will take precedence in different cases; there is no advance lexical ordering of principles.

57
Q

Decisional autonomy

A

Understanding
Intention
Free (from internal and external constraints)

58
Q

autonomy in context

A

Informed Consent
Advance Directives

59
Q

Non-maleficence

A

Abstain from causing harm to others
1. an act should not be truly wrong. 2. every action should have a positive benefit.
3. a good effect should never be a result of the wrong action.
4. good outcomes should always outweigh the bad.

60
Q

definition of harm

A

thwarting, defeating, or setting back of some party’s interests.
Harmful actions are not always wrong or unjustified, their prima facie badness can be outweighed by other principles.

61
Q

Beneficence

A

the act of showing kindness or mercy. The actions of any health care provider should always bring positivity.

should not be confused with the closely related ethical principle of non-maleficence, which states that one should do no harm to patients.

an essential principle of health care ethics and ethical selfishness

62
Q

Difficulties of Beneficence

A

often lies in defining what good means to each patient.

Actions done with the goal of benefitting or promoting the well-being of others

Practitioners are to help patients further their important and legitimate interests

63
Q

Justice

A

states that there should be fairness in all medical decisions. For instance, patients deserve advanced health care delivery regardless of their situation.

the top priority of all health care workers should be saving the lives of all patients.

Formal Principle of Justice: Equals must be treated equally; like cases must be treated alike.

64
Q

Justice Debate

A

revolves around reproductive health technologies. Justice would call for equitable access to reproductive health services for all women.
The fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to affected individuals or groups.

Lacks Substance:
What constitutes an ‘equal’?
Which differences are relevant in comparing individuals and groups?

65
Q

Distributive Justice

A

The fair, equitable, and appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens determined by norms that structure the terms of social cooperation.

Scope includes policies that allot benefits and burdens such as property, resources, taxation, privileges, opportunities, food distribution, jury service, and service as a research subject.

66
Q

Material Principles of Justice

A

Specification of the relevant characteristics for equal treatment

67
Q

utilitarianism

A

To each person according to rules and actions that maximize social utility

68
Q

libertarianism

A

To each person a maximum of liberty and property resulting from the exercise of liberty rights and participation in fair free-market exchanges

69
Q

communitarianism

A

To each person according to principles of fair distribution derived from conceptions of the good developed in moral communities

70
Q

egalitarianism

A

To each person an equal measure of liberty and equal access to the goods in life that every rational person values

71
Q

capability theories

A

To each person the means necessary for the exercise of capabilities essential for a flourishing life.

72
Q

well-being theories

A

To each person the means necessary for the realization of core elements of well-being

73
Q

What’s the point of the principles if they’re not going to tell us what to do?

A

The importance of Problem Characterization:

“If I had an hour to solve a problem I’d spend 55 minutes thinking about the problem and 5 minutes thinking about solutions.”

74
Q

Principles of Biomedical Ethics
Can

A

Frame the discussions
Help to characterize the problem(s)
Identify morally salient aspects or situations
Provide a standard reference point and common language

75
Q

Principles of Biomedical Ethics Might

A

Obscure or miss salient features of the case. By bringing certain aspects into sharper focus others fade into the background.
- Relations?
- Culture?
- Community?

76
Q

Principles of Biomedical Ethics Can’t

A

Provide a deductive decision procedure
Yield, with mathematical precision, an answer about the right course of action in any situation.

77
Q

Charlie case: Justice

A

Parent should have full access to medical opinions and resources as long as they have the ability to find the procedure and they are aware of the consequences

78
Q

Charlie case: Respect for Autonomy

A

When the parents made the initial decision to alter their child’s care, the doctors should have respected that decision, rather than pulling the family into a drawn out, court case that only extended Charlie’s condition

79
Q

Charlie case: Beneficence

A
  • And extremely theoretical and experimental treatment cannot be proven to help someone’s well being
  • Treat well and do well
80
Q

Charlie case: Non Maleficence

A
  • Violating non-maleficence is only OK if outweighed by beneficence in this case, it seems unlikely that harm would be outweighed by the good
  • Charlie should’ve been taken off life support based on the prima facie of non maleficence
81
Q

What/Where are PFAS

A
  • Per- and poly-Fluoro Aliphatic Substances (PFAS)
  • More than 9000 heat-stable compounds that repel both oils and water
  • Transported through air,groundwater and surface water
  • Taken up by plants (crops) and animals including fish and livestock
  • In drinking water, foods, and industrial, military, and consumer products
82
Q

Scope of the Problem: PFAS-Global and Persistent Contamination

A
  • Manufacturing
  • Military bases
  • Airports
  • Biggest environmental issue before COVID-19 and these “forever” chemicals still need to be addressed
83
Q

Relevance of PFAS to Michigan water resources

A

45% of Michigan citizens are served by groundwater (700 million gallons/day)
Public water supplies using groundwater serve 1.7 million Michigan residents
In 2016, US EPA issued a lifetime health advisory of 70 ppt (ng/L) of PFOA and PFOS combined in drinking water
Michigan much lower – 6-420 ppt for a range of PFAS
Recent EPA guidelines at 0.04 ppt (ppq).

84
Q

Environmental Persistence of PFAS

A

Persistent in the environment
Bioaccumulate in living organisms
Toxic at part-per-trillion (ppt) concentrations for PFOS and PFOA (ng/L or ng/Kg)
5 yrs = 1826 days We become ~1000-fold more contaminated with PFOS than the water we drink

85
Q

Pathways of human exposure to PFAS

A

Tons of ways
- For the majority of the human population, most exposure to PFAS comes through the diet
-Knowledge gaps remain regarding exposure in specific populations

86
Q

What is Unknown about PFAS

A

Humans, Fish, Wildlife and Agriculture
- Exposure pathways
- Biomagnification in food web
- Biological effects on different taxa
- Understanding of risk

87
Q

Assessing Risk to Humans, Fisheries/Wildlife and Agriculture Operations

A

Biological Effects from Exposure
Pathways for Exposure

88
Q

Risk Assessment

A

A combination of biological effects and exposure determines risk, and this risk can be used to prioritize monitoring and evaluation.
- High Risk when exposure and bioactivity combine

89
Q

PFAS Toxicity occurs

A

after exposure to contaminated water, soils and food

90
Q

Biological Effects from Exposure – Dose Response

A
  • This is the “hazard” of Risk Assessment, and need to determine the hazard to biological life
  • Many of the effects are non lethal but could impact long term population health because of effects on reproduction, growth and immune function
  • PFAS rarely occur in isolation and usually occur with other legacy contaminants such as MeHg and PCBs.
  • PFAS could amplify the effects of the legacy contaminants because it interferes with cell membranes and protein function
91
Q

Adverse Health Outcomes

A
  • Immunotoxicity
    -Alterations of thyroid function
    -High cholesterol
    -Ulcerative colitis
    -Testicular cancer
    -Kidney cancer
    -Pregnancy-induced hypertension
    -Elevated liver enzymes
92
Q

Scope of the PFAS Problem

A

> 9000 of these chemicals
Only a handful have been adequately tested

Degradation products, mixtures, interactions?

Much of the focus has been on human health effects after consumption

What about effects on fish, wildlife, invertebrates, plants, algae, fungi, microbiome?

Endocrine disruption is subtle

93
Q

Systems Toxicology: AOP (Adverse Outcome Pathways) Components

A

–> Toxicant
->Macro-Molecular Interactions: Molecular initiating event
->Cellular Responses: Key Event
->Organ Responses: Key Event
->Individual Responses: Adverse Outcome
->Population Responses: Adverse Outcome

94
Q

Adverse outcome pathways

A

Need to test on molecular and cellular levels of biological organization to determine potential toxicity pathways

Mechanistic information will help inform interactions with other contaminants and stressors

Eventually need to link to adverse outcomes that can be interpreted at the population level for ecological risk assessment

95
Q

Dynamic Energy Budgets (DEB)

A

A modeling approach that “reverse engineers” a minimal modular representation of energy and material acquisition and utilization by a complete organism

96
Q

AOP-DEB Potential

A

Link suborganismal processes to energetic models
1000’s chemicals/stressors to millions of species
Predict effects under varying environmental conditions and multiple stressors

97
Q

PFAS Mixtures

A

Systems Biology Approach – AOPs
High throughput Testing
Integrative models

98
Q

MSU Center for PFAS Research: Needs and Opportunities

A

-PFAS in the environment: which chemicals and how much?
-PFAS contributions to health effects in context of multiple stressors
-PFAS transport and bioaccumulation through water, environment, and food
-Safe and effective removal and replacement
-Communicate risk and formulate policy with uncertainty

99
Q

PFAS Vision

A

Multidisciplinary team to take on complex interdisciplinary problem

Comprehensive outlook and solutions-based

Cohesive unit to interact with state and federal partners

Consistent with MSU’s Land Grant mission

100
Q

PFAS Solutions Approach

A

Lead development of PFAS measurement standards in food, water, and biota

Mitigate PFAS in agricultural and natural products

Develop green chemistry-guided alternatives based on systems biology

Advance state-of-the-art design of rapid, safe, and effective remediation technologies

Communicate Risk

Collaboration hub

101
Q

Why MSU for PFAS?

A

Unique strengths in Agriculture, Natural Resources, Human Health, Systems Biology, Packaging and Engineering

Interdisciplinary team building expertise

A competitive and solutions-based center that complements other efforts

Lead regional partnerships (Purdue, Grand Valley State, University Research Corridor, Great Lakes Network)

Investment and interest of the State of Michigan

Extensive surveys by State will allow transport modeling in field

102
Q

Scientific knowledge gaps

A

-Nutrient content
-Distribution/access
-Consumption/utilization patterns

103
Q

Explaining the existence of the gaps

A

-Traditional emphasis on the economic value of fisheries (in science or policy; path-dependency; policy priorities, which emerge from a variety of democratic and non-democratic spaces/decision making processes) shape scientific research).
- Blue Economy

104
Q

Way gaps may hinder policymaking

A

-Emphasize high-value species instead of nutritional/food security value; don’t have the full range of information about different values of fish
-Any specific example of how specific gaps prevent policies that support the contributions of fisheries to food and nutrition security

MC 181 (2 decks)

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