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1
Q

Patent Definition

A

A patent is a property right granted by the Government of the United States of America to an inventor “to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling the invention throughout the United States or importing the invention into the United States” for a limited time in exchange for public disclosure of the invention when the patent is granted.”

Ex.
18th century: Thomas Jefferson
19th century: Louis Pasteur
20th century: William O. Douglas
21st century: George W. Bush

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2
Q

Patent Law

A
  • written by Thomas Jefferson, -
  • stipulates “any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or composition of matter and any new and useful improvement on any art, machine, manufacture or composition of matter.”
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3
Q

Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.333 U.S. 127 (1948)

A

The Supreme Court … [found] that respondent’s product claims were not patentable because they were merely a discovery of the laws of nature in action and therefore lacked invention.

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4
Q

AMP v. Myraid ruling

A

U.S. Federal District Court declares that genes are “products of nature” ineligible for patent protection.

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5
Q

The issue before the Court was whether or not a company’s patents on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes could be upheld.

A

AMP v Myriad

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6
Q

Criteria for judging gene patents

A
  1. Moral
    - The person should not be treated as a commodity for sale to the highest bidder
  2. Pragmatic
    - Innovation v patent strength graph
  3. Poltical Economy/Interest Group
    -in the context of commercial drug development academic biologists would enjoy ‘the protection and rewards that patents provide’ for doing genetic engineering—rewards which otherwise would go only to drug companies.
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7
Q

mRNA Vaccines lawsuits

A
  • The success of mRNA vaccines in clinical trials highlights the potential of mRNA technology to be the future of medicine.
  • Technological advancements were invented in academic labs or small biotech companies and then licensed to larger companies for product development
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8
Q

Why does Privacy matter?

A

-A loss of privacy restricts our agency and free will – it removes options.
- need privacy for well-being and development and autonomy
we need freedom from scrutiny to learn and grow

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9
Q

Privacy aspects

A
  • aggregation
  • exclusion
  • secondary use
  • distortion
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10
Q

Privacy: Aggregation

A

data points reveal more about you when they are combined together, sometimes in surprising ways

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11
Q

Privacy: exclusion

A

being prevented from knowing how information about you is used or who it is given to

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12
Q

Privacy: Secondary Use

A

for how long will data be stored and what purposes will it be used for

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13
Q

Privacy: distortion

A

data don’t reflect the real “you”

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14
Q

Types of harms from loss of privacy

A

-Informational harm: harm can come to us if others know our private information, like identity theft, judgments that can affect our opportunities and life choices

-Informational inequality: our data resides in databases that we don’t have the ability to access or to change

-Informational injustice: inadequate privacy protections can enable injustices, when people or institutions in a position of power use information against you that you might not have wanted to reveal

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15
Q

Technology and Privacy

A
  • the real problem with technology and privacy is, “the inappropriateness of the flow of information due to the mediation of technology.”
  • Technology makes information vulnerable to public influence
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16
Q

Is privacy a universal right?

A

No, but is embodied in several constitutional amendments

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17
Q

Notice and Choice Model

A

-Instagram privacy policy

-The model for privacy self-management relies on two assumptions:
1. Consumers will only choose to use products or platforms that have acceptable privacy policies
2. Companies will not violate their privacy policies because the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) can bring action for unfair and deceptive practices

-reinforces the idea that it is YOUR fault if something harmful happens to you. (After all, you chose to accept the terms, right?)

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18
Q

Private/Public Data Partnerships

A
  • the government and law enforcement buys data from data brokers and companies
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19
Q

Value level of Technology

A

net neutral

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20
Q

T>S

A

-Science today deeply technological

-Science’s public status rests upon the promises of technology

-The intellectual authority of science today rests essentially on technology

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21
Q

T>E

A

-Environmental degradation consequent to technology

-Responses to environmental problems largely technological

-The very idea of the environment IS technological

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22
Q

T>PP

A

-Techno-fixes

-Technology drives and determines legal and political responses

-Politics no-longer ‘in charge’

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23
Q

‘The Tyranny of Convenience’: hidden costs

A

“Convenience has the ability to make other options unthinkable. Once you have used a washing machine, laundering clothes by hand seems irrational, even if it might be cheaper.

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24
Q

The Tyranny of Convenience’: the aggregate effect

A

“As task after task becomes easier, the growing expectation of convenience exerts a pressure on everything else to be easy or get left behind.

The optional becomes compulsory when it becomes ‘the way things are done’

Individual decision become aggregate when its the norm

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25
‘The Tyranny of Convenience’: monopoly techno-capitalism
“Americans say they prize competition, a proliferation of choices, the little guy. Yet our taste for convenience begets more convenience, through a combination of the economics of scale and the power of habit. The easier it is to use Amazon, the more powerful Amazon becomes — and thus the easier it becomes to use Amazon. Convenience and monopoly seem to be natural bedfellows.”
26
Tyranny of Convenience: Punchline
Convenience has a dark side. With its promise of smooth, effortless efficiency, it threatens to erase the sort of struggles and challenges that help give meaning to life. Created to free us, it can become a constraint on what we are willing to do, and thus in a subtle way it can enslave us.”
27
‘The Tyranny of Convenience’: Wu’s solution
“We need to consciously embrace the inconvenient — not always, but more of the time. ...Sometimes struggle is a solution. It can be the solution to the question of who you are.”
28
Hans Jonas: ‘Technology and Responsibility’
Like it or not, we are now ethically responsible not just for our own actions and choices... but for the consequences of those actions and choices on the whole of nature and the future of the species
29
Risk communication defined
An open, two-way exchange of information and opinion about risk leading to better understanding and better risk management decisions.
30
Risk communication approaches (4 graph categories)
Y=perceived risk X = hazard 1. High risk perception, low hazard Risk communication needed...understand actual risk 2. Low risk perception, low hazard Public relations 3. High risk perception, high hazard Crisis /Emergency Communication 4. Low risk perception, high hazard Persuasive risk communication needed
31
How to persuade how people think?
Emotion → behavior especially guilt
32
purchase intentions and brand attitudes (graph)
Non-linear effect Guilt has a max, after that is just anger
33
Sponsor motive: social prosocial
Linear effect guilt is limitless for the public good
34
Anger, activism model: Self efficacy
The truth campaign 9% v 91%
35
The Deficit Model
Scientist yelling at the public People are not sponges Evidence is just one factor
36
Engagement benefits + 1 example
-Decision making -Fairness -Public trust thinking -Relevancy Example: environmental justice -Representation -Process -Distributionxample
37
Engagement process
-plan -Implement -Evaluate → circles back to plan
38
IAP2’s Spectrum of Participation Goals
1. Inform 2. Consult 3. Involve 4. Collaborate 5. Empower
39
Spectrum of Participation: Inform
Provide balanced, objective info -Fact sheets -Web sites -Open houses
40
Spectrum of Participation: Consult
Obtain and consider feedback or input -Public comment -Focus groups -Surveys -Public meetings
41
Spectrum of Participation: Involve
Work w/ stakeholders to understand issues, include them in identifying options -Workshops -Deliberative polling
42
Spectrum of Participation: Collaborate
Partner with stakeholders and include them in the work and decision making -Citizen advisory committees -Consensus building -Participatory decision-making
43
Spectrum of Participation: Empower
Final decisions are made by the stakeholders -Citizen juries -Ballots -Delegated decisions
44
Stakeholder Analysis
-Define your context -Identify stakeholders -Prioritize who to engage
45
Interest- Influence Matrix
Y = Influence X = Interest High influence, low interest= monitor and manage Low influence, low interest= low priority, with limited monitoring Low influence, high interest = special attention to protect interests High influence, high interest = Affective engagement critical
46
Interest Influence Matrix salamander bacteria example
Kendall’s graph -pet companies (LH) -pet ownsers (c) -u.s. fish and wildlife services (RH) -researchers (RL)
47
Communication strategies
Audience-specific behavioral goals Cognitive and affective objectives Communication tactics
48
Communication strategy: Behavioral Goals
what do you want them to do
49
Communication strategy: Cognitive and affective objectives + acronym
How the audience feels and veiws the issue BFF -Beliefs -Feelings -Frames
50
Communication strategy: Tactics
Who says or does what to/with who in what way and through what channel?
51
Vague v. Concrete questions about communication objectives
Vague: How can we build trust? Concrete: How can we foster perceptions of benevolence (i.e., caring, goodwill), in the context of X?
52
Feedback Spectrum
- Strategy Goal setting Objective setting - Implementation Tactics - Evaluation Objective evaluation Goal evaluation
53
Cryptocurrency
-A Decentralized Currency -Energy Consumption -Security v Efficiency -Economy of cryptocurrencies - Dematerialized system, real impacts -Intrinsically Unstable Currency -Destabilization of the national and global economies -Inability to regulate -Untraceable -Circumvention of capital controls
54
Fast Fashion
Communication - Brands have perfected marketing to prey on perfectly curated audiences Environment - As production of clothing increases, more resources use Ethics -Exploit cheap labor
55
Caffeine effects on children
Communicating Risk Communicating with consumers to acknowledge daily caffeine intake suggestion, amounts of caffeine in the beverage, and overall warnings that caffeine is included (especially in naturally occurring caffeine).
56
Caffeine effects on children
Communicating Risk Communicating with consumers to acknowledge daily caffeine intake suggestion, amounts of caffeine in the beverage, and overall warnings that caffeine is included (especially in naturally occurring caffeine).
57
Light Pollution
The excessive use of artificial light that can have serious environmental effects on humans, wildlife, and our climate. State Level: “Dark Skies” Legislation Promotes: Energy Conservation Aesthetic Interests
58
Neat Lawns
Example of tyranny of convenience hidden costs
59
Nuclear Power
-A poor first impression -Mistrust due to poor communication from nuclear companies - Unseen/unknown dangers and disaster impacts on communities (e.g, Three Mile Island) - Hard to promise safety with such outdated reactors nuclear power plants release less greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, and are thus considered a clean source of energy.
60
Genetic Modification
Ethical question CRISPR and gene editing Major risks Designer Baby -A world where gene editing is only for the rich Example of data privacy law
61
Gene Patents lecture
Bellon
62
Data Privacy Law lecture
Rader
63
T in STEPP lecture
Tobin
64
Risk communication lecture
Turner
65
Community, Outreach, Engagement lecture
Warwick
66
Strategic Communication lecture
Besley

MC 181 (2 decks)

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