Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Skeletal Biology > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bone is both

A

Tissue and an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A specific type of biological tissue with its own unique chemical and molecular structure

A

Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

5 Types of stimuli that bone responds to

A
  1. Bio-mechanical
  2. Nutritional
  3. Degeneration
  4. Disease
  5. Trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 Descriptive types of bone (organ)

A
  1. Tubular
  2. Flat
  3. Irregular
  4. Sesamoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Description of tubular bones

A

-Provides structural support
-Weight bearing
-Muscles attachment sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Examples of Tubular bones

A

Arms, legs, clavicle (long bones)
Hand, feet (short bones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Description of flat bones

A

Cover and protect vital organs, muscle attachment sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

-Most bones of the skull
-Illium (pelvic blade)
-Sternum
-Ribs
-Scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

-Tarsal (ankle)
-Carpal (wrist)
-Vertebrae
-Ear ossicles
-Pubis and ischium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sesamoid bones are

A

Embedded in tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of sesamoid bones

A

-Patella
-Pisiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

n

A

n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In individuals, bone(s) exhibit _____, _____, _____, _____ variation

A
  1. Sexual
  2. Orthogenetic (growth)
  3. Idiosyncratic (individual)
  4. Population
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bones provide _____ support for soft tissues

A

structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vital organs that are protected by bones

A

-Brain
-Spinal chord
-Heart/lungs
-Reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Physiological roles of bone (2)

A

-Red blood cell production
-Storage of fat reserves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Number of individual bones at birth

A

270

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Number of individual bones as an adult

A

206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Last bone to fuse

A

Clavicle at 25 yrs of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The earliest bone to fully form

A

Ear ossicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The bone that is fully formed and adult size at birth

A

Ear ossicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The skeleton can be divided into two parts

A
  1. Skull
  2. Post-cranial skeleton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Skull bones includes

A

hyoid and mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Axial skeleton is

A

the trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bones in the axial skeleton

A

Ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The appendicular skeleton is

A

limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Bones in the appendicular skeleton

A

Clavicle, scapula, upper and lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Description of anatomical position

A

-Standing
-Looking forward
-Feet together and pointing forward
-Arms alongside
-Palms facing forward
-Thumbs facing away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lateral surface of the ____ teeth is in contact with adjacent teeth but faces the cheek in posterior teeth

A

anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Internal surface of the anterior teeth faces _____ but _____ in posterior teeth

A

posteriorly, medially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Closest plane that shows how the cranium is set during everyday life, approximately parallel to the ground surface when walking

A

Frankfort horizontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Accomplished by muscles acting directly or via tendons on bones, movement generally occurs at joints between bones

A

Motions of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts

A

Flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

A straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts

A

Extenstion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Flexion of the anterior part of the foot

A

Dorsiflexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Flexing of anterior part of the foot interiorly

A

Plantarflexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Movement away from the sagittal plane

A

Abduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Movement usually of a limb toward the sagittal plane

A

Adduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

A combination of abduction and adduction as well as flexion and extension, that results in an appendage being moved in a cone-shaped path

A

Circumduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Rotary movement of the forearm that turns the palm form anteriorly facing (thumb lateral) to posteriorly facing (thumb medial)

A

Pronation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Rotary motion of the forearm that returns the palm to a position in which the thumb is lateral

A

Supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Bone is a unique combination of

A

Organic and inorganic components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Two levels of study of bone biology are

A
  1. Macroscopic
  2. Microscopic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Macroscopic is

A

gross morphological features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Microscopic is

A

Histology, study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Two levels of histology

A
  1. Cellular
  2. Molecular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

All bone in the adult skeleton is found in two basic configurations is

A

Compact (cortical) bone and Cancellous (trabecular) bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Very dense, seemingly solid bone, found on the outer surface of all bones

A

Compact (cortical) bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Where is compact bone concentrated on long and short bones?

A

On the walls of shafts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Variant of compact bone, found at joints, covered in cartilage during life; lacks osteon and Haversian system

A

Subchondral bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Spongy bone that is more porous, honeycomb-like structure

A

Cancellous (trabecular) bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Formed by bony columns (trabeculae) separated by large spaces

A

Cancellous (trabecular) bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Under joint surfaces, at ends of tubular bones, inside flat bones (skull), inside vertebral bodies, at insertion sites for large tendons

A

Cancellous (trabecular) bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The only difference between cancellous and compact bone

A

Porosity and distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Tubular bones are described according to

A

their centers of ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Components of tubular bones:

A
  1. Diaphysis
  2. Epiphysis
  3. Metaphysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Main portion of tubular bone, primary ossification center of the bone, shaft

A

Diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Ends, form joint surfaces, secondary ossification center of the bone

A

Epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Expanded, flared ends of the shafts, site of growth plates and fusion of diaphysis and epiphysis; forces acting on surface of tubular bones

A

Metaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Hollow tube with thick walls, good as a solid cylinder for resistance and weight bearing, thicker cortical walls and stronger cylinder

A

Diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Joint surfaces, forces applied over a broad surface and in variable directions, larger joint surfaces = transmission of greater forces through joints

A

Epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

More economical in transmitting and resisting stress, a force acting upon internal aspect of tubular bones

A

Trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Law of bone formation that is dynamic, highly vascularized living tissue, capable of changing shape during lifetime (remodeling)

A

Wolff’s Law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Production of red blood cells

A

Hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

At birth all marrow is

A

red (hematopoietic) marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

During growth some red marrow is

A

replaced with yellow (fatty) marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

In adults, hemopoetic marrow remains in

A

Flat bones and epiphyses of tubular bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Connections between bony elements are

A

joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

__________ is a series of bony levers operated by muscles

A

Musculoskeletal system

70
Q

Where do bones articulate with each other?

A

At the joints

71
Q

Bones are connected to each other with

A

cartilage and ligaments

72
Q

Movement at joints is limited by

A

Shape of the articular surfaces and strength of attachment ligaments

73
Q

Three main categories of joints:

A
  1. Synovial
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Fibrous
74
Q

Freely moving joints, joined by hyaline cartilage, most joints in the body are made of these

A

Synovial joints

75
Q

Area between adjacent bones (joint cavity) of synovial joints is lined by

A

A membrane that secretes a lubricant (synovial fluids)

76
Q

_______ nourishes cartilage and is surrounded by a fibrous joint capsule made of connective tissue

A

Synovial fluid

77
Q

Joint with very little movement possible aka synchondroses, no joint capsule, joined entirely by cartilage, found at epiphyseal growth plate in tubular bones

A

Cartilaginous joints

78
Q

Some cartilaginous joints persist into adulthood like

A

those between the ribs and sternum

79
Q

Cartilaginous joints are found in

A

the pelvis; at the pubic symphysis (anterior) and the sacro-illiac joint (posterior

80
Q

Intervertebral discs in the spine are comprised of

A

Cartilaginous joints

81
Q

Joints with no movement possible aka syndesmoses

A

Fibrous joints

82
Q

Fibrous joints have

A

no joint capsule and no cartilage

83
Q

Fibrous joints are joined by

A

tough, dense fibrous bands of tissue in the form of membranes or ligaments

84
Q

Where are fibrous joints found

A

-Distal fibula/tibia
-Interosseous membrane between radius and ulna
-Cranial sutures: Interlocking joints with very thin layer of fibrous tissue

85
Q

Most important tissue

A

Bone

86
Q

A dense, flexible connective tissue, very similar to bone

A

Cartilage

87
Q

______ is mainly made up of collagen but a higher percentage of other proteins and water, an organic matrix, not mineralized

A

Cartilage

88
Q

Surface layer of cartilage

A

Vascularized perichondrium

89
Q

The way cartilage is different from bone: (3)

A

-More flexible
-Less rigid and stiff
-Fewer blood vessels (less vascularized)

90
Q

3 Main types of Cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Fibrous
  3. Elastic
91
Q

Articular cartilage in joints, costal cartilage associated with ribs, structure of the larynx and trachea. Found mainly in synovial (more mobile) and some cartilaginous (less mobile) joints

A

Hyaline cartilage

92
Q

Used to stabilize joints in vertebral column and pelvis, found in cartilaginous (less mobile) joints

A

Fibrous cartilage

93
Q

Very flexible, not associated with joints, found in nasal septum, external ear, Eustachian tubes, epiglottis (soft palate)

A

Elastic cartilage

94
Q

-Movement mainly occurs at synovial joints
-Muscles contract across joints between bones
-Pull bone surfaces in certain directions
-Most muscles attached to two bones (but some attach to more than two)
-Muscles are connected to the bones via tendons

A

Description of Tendons: (5)

95
Q

Why are ligaments and tendons similar

A

-Structurally similar
-Both consist of bands of tough collagen fibers

96
Q

Attach bone to bone and form part of the joint

A

Ligaments

97
Q

Attach muscles to bones and do not form part of the joint

A

Tendons

98
Q

Outer surface of bones (except articular surfaces) covered by a tough, vascularized (lots of blood vessels) membrane; surrounding bone

A

Periosteum

99
Q

Some periosteal fibers penetrate bone layers (Sharpey’s) to adhere

A

the periosteum to the bone surface

100
Q

Periosteum also intertwines with ______ and ______ to anchor muscles to bones or bones to each other

A

tendons and ligaments

101
Q

Thinner, less defined membrane of the inner bone surface

A

Endosteum

102
Q

Endosteum is the

A

connective tissue between medullary canal and internal bone surface

103
Q

Osteoid is an

A

organic (unmineralized) matrix

104
Q

90% of the organic matrix is made of

A

collagen

105
Q

________ molecules intertwine to form flexible, slightly elastic fibers

A

collagen

106
Q

The mineral matrix is called

A

Hydroxyapatite

107
Q

Hydroxyapatite crystals impregnate collagen fibers which

A

provides stiffness and strength

108
Q

Organic and inorganic matrices cemented together by protein-sugar compounds (protein polysaccharides)

A

Bone matrix (bone tissue)

109
Q

Description of bones

A
  1. Stiff
  2. Rigid
  3. Elastic
110
Q

Bone is stiff and a

A

large force needed to permanently distort it

111
Q

Bone is rigid and is

A

equally resistant to both compressive and tensile forces

112
Q

Bone is elastic and

A

Gives then slowly reverts back to original shape

113
Q

Bone is stronger than

A

oak and granite

114
Q

The two histological types of mammalian bone

A
  1. immature (woven) bone
  2. Mature (lamellar) bone
115
Q

-The first kind of bone to develop in utero
-Replaced with mature bone
-Characterizes fetal skeleton, sites of injury (fracture repair), sites of bone tumors
-Forms rapidly, higher proportion of osteocytes
-Collagen fibers arrange in a non-oriented random pattern

A

Immature (woven) bone

116
Q

Impregnated collagen fibers are arranged in concentric layers

A

Mature (lamellar) bone

117
Q

Thin layer near bone surface below periosteum

A

Circumferential lamellar bone

118
Q

Organized structure of ________ produced by the repeated addition of uniform lamellae to bone surfaces during appositional growth

A

lamellar bone

119
Q

Cross-section of tubular bone (e.g. tibia) reveals the structure of

A

compact bone (Haversian)

120
Q

The cross section of the Haversian system/structure of compact bone looks like

A

An end-view of a pile of tree trunks, each trunk is a Haversian system

121
Q

_________ is a cross-section of each trunk shows 4-8 concentric layers (like the tree rings)

A

Haversian lamellae

122
Q

Compact bone is comprised of

A

tightly bound lamellar Haversian systems

123
Q

_____ canal in the center, contains blood vessels and nerves and provides blood flow to bone as it remodels and thickens

A

Haversian

124
Q

________ run obliquely between Haversian systems that bring blood supply from bone surface

A

Volkmann’s canals

125
Q

Microscopic cavities within the Haversian system

A

Lacunae

126
Q

Lacunae contain living bone cells

A

Osteocytes

127
Q

Lacunae are interconnected by minute, fluid filled channels

A

Canaliculi

128
Q

Canaliculi ultimately connect to Haversian canal and allow for flow of nutrients and minerals between ____________

A

osteocytes within the Haversian system

129
Q

Compact bone is dense bone that cannot be nourished by

A

diffusion from surface blood vessels

130
Q

Compact bone requires

A

a Haversian system for sustenance

131
Q

_____ bone is more porous and receives blood supply from blood vessels in surrounding marrow spaced, lacks Haversian system

A

Trabecular

132
Q

Types of bone (3)

A
  1. Cancellous (ends of tubular bones)
  2. Cortical (shafts of tubular bones)
  3. Subchondral (joint surfaces)
133
Q

Bone growth

A

Osteogenesis

134
Q

All bone growth occurs through a process of

A

bone deposition on a pre-existing surface

135
Q

Bone always develops by replacement of a

A

pre-existing connective tissue

136
Q

Growth process of bone (3)

A

-Skeleton increases dramatically
-Osteocytes (bone cells) do not divide unlike other cells in the body
-Bone matrix calcifies (hardens) soon after it is produced, so bone tissue cannot expand from within

137
Q

Two main patterns of ossification in the skeleton

A
  1. Endochondral ossification
  2. Intramembranous ossification
138
Q

Type of ossification that is layed down in membranes, no cartilage involved, occurs in most skull bones (except cranial base) and clavicle

A

Intramembranous ossification

139
Q

Woven bone is laid down via

A

intramembranous ossification

140
Q

Osteogenesis is the mechanism used in both

A

Endochondral and intramembranous bone

141
Q

The blood vessel penetrates the bone at the

A

nutrient foramen

142
Q

Growth radiates from the site on initial penetration which is

A

nutrient foramen

143
Q

Most of the osteoprogenitor cells are

A

osteoblasts

144
Q

Single nucleus cells that synthesize the remaining parts of pre-bone matrix osteoid

A

Osteoblasts

145
Q

Osteoblasts synthesize

A

protein polysaccharides and an enzyme called pyrophosphatase

146
Q

Pyrophosphatase “eats” pyrophosphate which is the inhibitor that holds

A

calcium in suspension in bodily fluids, especially blood

147
Q

Calcium now falls out of solution and joins with collagen which is

A

already present in cartilage

148
Q

Calcification (ossification) of bone occurs as crystals of

A

hydroxyapatite (inorganic component) are deposited into the pre-bone matrix (osteoid)

149
Q

As ossification proceeds the ______ becomes trapped in the (now bony) matrix

A

Osteoblast

150
Q

______ (bone cells) that live in the lacunae (spaces) within the Haversian lamellae

A

Osteocytes

151
Q

Osteocytes are supplied by blood vessel in Haversian cancal via

A

canaliculi

152
Q

Osteocytes are responsible for

A

maintaining bone tissue

153
Q

removing bone

A

osteoclasts

154
Q

making new bone

A

osteoblasts

155
Q

Allows shaft diameters to enlarge during development

A

appositional growth

156
Q

Living bone cells, former osteoblasts

A

osteocytes

157
Q

_____ and ______ occurs through coordinated action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

A

Bone growth and remodeling

158
Q

Located between the metaphysis (primary center of ossification) and the epiphysis (secondary center of ossification)

A

Cartilaginous epiphyseal growth plate

159
Q

Cartilage is replaced by bone on the

A

diaphysial side of the growth plate

160
Q

First bone to ossify

A

Clavicle followed by the mandible and cranial vault

161
Q

Deposition on the periosteal (ectocranial) surface and at sutures, resorbtion on endosteal (endocranial) surface

A

Cranial growth

162
Q

Six areas of membrane between ossification centers, “soft spots”

A

Fontanelles

163
Q

All fontanelles close

A

around birth (except for the bregmatic fontanelle (which fuses at 3-4 yrs old)

164
Q

Can get a pretty good idea of age when someone is under 30 due to

A

Epiphyseal fusion

165
Q

___________ regulates calcium and other concentrations in the body

A

mineral physiology of the bones

166
Q

Cells (esp. nerve and muscle) function properly only if bathed in the proper concentration of _______

A

Calcium (9-11 mg per 100 cm3)

167
Q

Low mineral density

A

Osteopenia

168
Q

Osteopenia can lead to

A

osteoporosis

169
Q

Osteoporosis is most common in

A

Post-menopausal people and people over the age of 60

170
Q

Osteoporosis is common in what 3 bones (and what part of them)?

A

Proximal Femur
Distal radius
Vertebrae

Human Skeletal Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions