Quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Bone is both
A
Tissue and an organ
2
Q
A specific type of biological tissue with its own unique chemical and molecular structure
A
Bone
3
Q
5 Types of stimuli that bone responds to
A
- Bio-mechanical
- Nutritional
- Degeneration
- Disease
- Trauma
4
Q
4 Descriptive types of bone (organ)
A
- Tubular
- Flat
- Irregular
- Sesamoid
5
Q
Description of tubular bones
A
-Provides structural support
-Weight bearing
-Muscles attachment sites
6
Q
Examples of Tubular bones
A
Arms, legs, clavicle (long bones)
Hand, feet (short bones)
7
Q
Description of flat bones
A
Cover and protect vital organs, muscle attachment sites
8
Q
Examples of flat bones
A
-Most bones of the skull
-Illium (pelvic blade)
-Sternum
-Ribs
-Scapula
9
Q
Examples of irregular bones
A
-Tarsal (ankle)
-Carpal (wrist)
-Vertebrae
-Ear ossicles
-Pubis and ischium
10
Q
Sesamoid bones are
A
Embedded in tendons
11
Q
Examples of sesamoid bones
A
-Patella
-Pisiform
12
Q
n
A
n
13
Q
In individuals, bone(s) exhibit _____, _____, _____, _____ variation
A
- Sexual
- Orthogenetic (growth)
- Idiosyncratic (individual)
- Population
14
Q
Bones provide _____ support for soft tissues
A
structural
15
Q
Vital organs that are protected by bones
A
-Brain
-Spinal chord
-Heart/lungs
-Reproductive organs
16
Q
Physiological roles of bone (2)
A
-Red blood cell production
-Storage of fat reserves
17
Q
Number of individual bones at birth
A
270
18
Q
Number of individual bones as an adult
A
206
19
Q
Last bone to fuse
A
Clavicle at 25 yrs of age
20
Q
The earliest bone to fully form
A
Ear ossicles
21
Q
The bone that is fully formed and adult size at birth
A
Ear ossicles
22
Q
The skeleton can be divided into two parts
A
- Skull
- Post-cranial skeleton
23
Q
Skull bones includes
A
hyoid and mandible
24
Q
Axial skeleton is
A
the trunk
25
Bones in the axial skeleton
Ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis
26
The appendicular skeleton is
limbs
27
Bones in the appendicular skeleton
Clavicle, scapula, upper and lower limbs
28
Description of anatomical position
-Standing
-Looking forward
-Feet together and pointing forward
-Arms alongside
-Palms facing forward
-Thumbs facing away
29
Lateral surface of the ____ teeth is in contact with adjacent teeth but faces the cheek in posterior teeth
anterior
30
Internal surface of the anterior teeth faces _____ but _____ in posterior teeth
posteriorly, medially
31
Closest plane that shows how the cranium is set during everyday life, approximately parallel to the ground surface when walking
Frankfort horizontal
32
Accomplished by muscles acting directly or via tendons on bones, movement generally occurs at joints between bones
Motions of the body
33
Bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts
Flexion
34
A straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts
Extenstion
35
Flexion of the anterior part of the foot
Dorsiflexion
36
Flexing of anterior part of the foot interiorly
Plantarflexion
37
Movement away from the sagittal plane
Abduction
38
Movement usually of a limb toward the sagittal plane
Adduction
39
A combination of abduction and adduction as well as flexion and extension, that results in an appendage being moved in a cone-shaped path
Circumduction
40
Rotary movement of the forearm that turns the palm form anteriorly facing (thumb lateral) to posteriorly facing (thumb medial)
Pronation
41
Rotary motion of the forearm that returns the palm to a position in which the thumb is lateral
Supination
42
Bone is a unique combination of
Organic and inorganic components
43
Two levels of study of bone biology are
1. Macroscopic
2. Microscopic
44
Macroscopic is
gross morphological features
45
Microscopic is
Histology, study of tissues
46
Two levels of histology
1. Cellular
2. Molecular
47
All bone in the adult skeleton is found in two basic configurations is
Compact (cortical) bone and Cancellous (trabecular) bone
48
Very dense, seemingly solid bone, found on the outer surface of all bones
Compact (cortical) bone
49
Where is compact bone concentrated on long and short bones?
On the walls of shafts
50
Variant of compact bone, found at joints, covered in cartilage during life; lacks osteon and Haversian system
Subchondral bone
51
Spongy bone that is more porous, honeycomb-like structure
Cancellous (trabecular) bones
52
Formed by bony columns (trabeculae) separated by large spaces
Cancellous (trabecular) bone
53
Under joint surfaces, at ends of tubular bones, inside flat bones (skull), inside vertebral bodies, at insertion sites for large tendons
Cancellous (trabecular) bone
54
The only difference between cancellous and compact bone
Porosity and distribution
55
Tubular bones are described according to
their centers of ossification
56
Components of tubular bones:
1. Diaphysis
2. Epiphysis
3. Metaphysis
57
Main portion of tubular bone, primary ossification center of the bone, shaft
Diaphysis
58
Ends, form joint surfaces, secondary ossification center of the bone
Epiphysis
59
Expanded, flared ends of the shafts, site of growth plates and fusion of diaphysis and epiphysis; forces acting on surface of tubular bones
Metaphysis
60
Hollow tube with thick walls, good as a solid cylinder for resistance and weight bearing, thicker cortical walls and stronger cylinder
Diaphysis
61
Joint surfaces, forces applied over a broad surface and in variable directions, larger joint surfaces = transmission of greater forces through joints
Epiphysis
62
More economical in transmitting and resisting stress, a force acting upon internal aspect of tubular bones
Trabeculae
63
Law of bone formation that is dynamic, highly vascularized living tissue, capable of changing shape during lifetime (remodeling)
Wolff's Law
64
Production of red blood cells
Hematopoiesis
65
At birth all marrow is
red (hematopoietic) marrow
66
During growth some red marrow is
replaced with yellow (fatty) marrow
67
In adults, hemopoetic marrow remains in
Flat bones and epiphyses of tubular bones
68
Connections between bony elements are
joints
69
__________ is a series of bony levers operated by muscles
Musculoskeletal system
70
Where do bones articulate with each other?
At the joints
71
Bones are connected to each other with
cartilage and ligaments
72
Movement at joints is limited by
Shape of the articular surfaces and strength of attachment ligaments
73
Three main categories of joints:
1. Synovial
2. Cartilaginous
3. Fibrous
74
Freely moving joints, joined by hyaline cartilage, most joints in the body are made of these
Synovial joints
75
Area between adjacent bones (joint cavity) of synovial joints is lined by
A membrane that secretes a lubricant (synovial fluids)
76
_______ nourishes cartilage and is surrounded by a fibrous joint capsule made of connective tissue
Synovial fluid
77
Joint with very little movement possible aka synchondroses, no joint capsule, joined entirely by cartilage, found at epiphyseal growth plate in tubular bones
Cartilaginous joints
78
Some cartilaginous joints persist into adulthood like
those between the ribs and sternum
79
Cartilaginous joints are found in
the pelvis; at the pubic symphysis (anterior) and the sacro-illiac joint (posterior
80
Intervertebral discs in the spine are comprised of
Cartilaginous joints
81
Joints with no movement possible aka syndesmoses
Fibrous joints
82
Fibrous joints have
no joint capsule and no cartilage
83
Fibrous joints are joined by
tough, dense fibrous bands of tissue in the form of membranes or ligaments
84
Where are fibrous joints found
-Distal fibula/tibia
-Interosseous membrane between radius and ulna
-Cranial sutures: Interlocking joints with very thin layer of fibrous tissue
85
Most important tissue
Bone
86
A dense, flexible connective tissue, very similar to bone
Cartilage
87
______ is mainly made up of collagen but a higher percentage of other proteins and water, an organic matrix, not mineralized
Cartilage
88
Surface layer of cartilage
Vascularized perichondrium
89
The way cartilage is different from bone: (3)
-More flexible
-Less rigid and stiff
-Fewer blood vessels (less vascularized)
90
3 Main types of Cartilage
1. Hyaline
2. Fibrous
3. Elastic
91
Articular cartilage in joints, costal cartilage associated with ribs, structure of the larynx and trachea. Found mainly in synovial (more mobile) and some cartilaginous (less mobile) joints
Hyaline cartilage
92
Used to stabilize joints in vertebral column and pelvis, found in cartilaginous (less mobile) joints
Fibrous cartilage
93
Very flexible, not associated with joints, found in nasal septum, external ear, Eustachian tubes, epiglottis (soft palate)
Elastic cartilage
94
-Movement mainly occurs at synovial joints
-Muscles contract across joints between bones
-Pull bone surfaces in certain directions
-Most muscles attached to two bones (but some attach to more than two)
-Muscles are connected to the bones via tendons
Description of Tendons: (5)
95
Why are ligaments and tendons similar
-Structurally similar
-Both consist of bands of tough collagen fibers
96
Attach bone to bone and form part of the joint
Ligaments
97
Attach muscles to bones and do not form part of the joint
Tendons
98
Outer surface of bones (except articular surfaces) covered by a tough, vascularized (lots of blood vessels) membrane; surrounding bone
Periosteum
99
Some periosteal fibers penetrate bone layers (Sharpey's) to adhere
the periosteum to the bone surface
100
Periosteum also intertwines with ______ and ______ to anchor muscles to bones or bones to each other
tendons and ligaments
101
Thinner, less defined membrane of the inner bone surface
Endosteum
102
Endosteum is the
connective tissue between medullary canal and internal bone surface
103
Osteoid is an
organic (unmineralized) matrix
104
90% of the organic matrix is made of
collagen
105
________ molecules intertwine to form flexible, slightly elastic fibers
collagen
106
The mineral matrix is called
Hydroxyapatite
107
Hydroxyapatite crystals impregnate collagen fibers which
provides stiffness and strength
108
Organic and inorganic matrices cemented together by protein-sugar compounds (protein polysaccharides)
Bone matrix (bone tissue)
109
Description of bones
1. Stiff
2. Rigid
3. Elastic
110
Bone is stiff and a
large force needed to permanently distort it
111
Bone is rigid and is
equally resistant to both compressive and tensile forces
112
Bone is elastic and
Gives then slowly reverts back to original shape
113
Bone is stronger than
oak and granite
114
The two histological types of mammalian bone
1. immature (woven) bone
2. Mature (lamellar) bone
115
-The first kind of bone to develop in utero
-Replaced with mature bone
-Characterizes fetal skeleton, sites of injury (fracture repair), sites of bone tumors
-Forms rapidly, higher proportion of osteocytes
-Collagen fibers arrange in a non-oriented random pattern
Immature (woven) bone
116
Impregnated collagen fibers are arranged in concentric layers
Mature (lamellar) bone
117
Thin layer near bone surface below periosteum
Circumferential lamellar bone
118
Organized structure of ________ produced by the repeated addition of uniform lamellae to bone surfaces during appositional growth
lamellar bone
119
Cross-section of tubular bone (e.g. tibia) reveals the structure of
compact bone (Haversian)
120
The cross section of the Haversian system/structure of compact bone looks like
An end-view of a pile of tree trunks, each trunk is a Haversian system
121
_________ is a cross-section of each trunk shows 4-8 concentric layers (like the tree rings)
Haversian lamellae
122
Compact bone is comprised of
tightly bound lamellar Haversian systems
123
_____ canal in the center, contains blood vessels and nerves and provides blood flow to bone as it remodels and thickens
Haversian
124
________ run obliquely between Haversian systems that bring blood supply from bone surface
Volkmann's canals
125
Microscopic cavities within the Haversian system
Lacunae
126
Lacunae contain living bone cells
Osteocytes
127
Lacunae are interconnected by minute, fluid filled channels
Canaliculi
128
Canaliculi ultimately connect to Haversian canal and allow for flow of nutrients and minerals between ____________
osteocytes within the Haversian system
129
Compact bone is dense bone that cannot be nourished by
diffusion from surface blood vessels
130
Compact bone requires
a Haversian system for sustenance
131
_____ bone is more porous and receives blood supply from blood vessels in surrounding marrow spaced, lacks Haversian system
Trabecular
132
Types of bone (3)
1. Cancellous (ends of tubular bones)
2. Cortical (shafts of tubular bones)
3. Subchondral (joint surfaces)
133
Bone growth
Osteogenesis
134
All bone growth occurs through a process of
bone deposition on a pre-existing surface
135
Bone always develops by replacement of a
pre-existing connective tissue
136
Growth process of bone (3)
-Skeleton increases dramatically
-Osteocytes (bone cells) do not divide unlike other cells in the body
-Bone matrix calcifies (hardens) soon after it is produced, so bone tissue cannot expand from within
137
Two main patterns of ossification in the skeleton
1. Endochondral ossification
2. Intramembranous ossification
138
Type of ossification that is layed down in membranes, no cartilage involved, occurs in most skull bones (except cranial base) and clavicle
Intramembranous ossification
139
Woven bone is laid down via
intramembranous ossification
140
Osteogenesis is the mechanism used in both
Endochondral and intramembranous bone
141
The blood vessel penetrates the bone at the
nutrient foramen
142
Growth radiates from the site on initial penetration which is
nutrient foramen
143
Most of the osteoprogenitor cells are
osteoblasts
144
Single nucleus cells that synthesize the remaining parts of pre-bone matrix osteoid
Osteoblasts
145
Osteoblasts synthesize
protein polysaccharides and an enzyme called pyrophosphatase
146
Pyrophosphatase "eats" pyrophosphate which is the inhibitor that holds
calcium in suspension in bodily fluids, especially blood
147
Calcium now falls out of solution and joins with collagen which is
already present in cartilage
148
Calcification (ossification) of bone occurs as crystals of
hydroxyapatite (inorganic component) are deposited into the pre-bone matrix (osteoid)
149
As ossification proceeds the ______ becomes trapped in the (now bony) matrix
Osteoblast
150
______ (bone cells) that live in the lacunae (spaces) within the Haversian lamellae
Osteocytes
151
Osteocytes are supplied by blood vessel in Haversian cancal via
canaliculi
152
Osteocytes are responsible for
maintaining bone tissue
153
removing bone
osteoclasts
154
making new bone
osteoblasts
155
Allows shaft diameters to enlarge during development
appositional growth
156
Living bone cells, former osteoblasts
osteocytes
157
_____ and ______ occurs through coordinated action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Bone growth and remodeling
158
Located between the metaphysis (primary center of ossification) and the epiphysis (secondary center of ossification)
Cartilaginous epiphyseal growth plate
159
Cartilage is replaced by bone on the
diaphysial side of the growth plate
160
First bone to ossify
Clavicle followed by the mandible and cranial vault
161
Deposition on the periosteal (ectocranial) surface and at sutures, resorbtion on endosteal (endocranial) surface
Cranial growth
162
Six areas of membrane between ossification centers, "soft spots"
Fontanelles
163
All fontanelles close
around birth (except for the bregmatic fontanelle (which fuses at 3-4 yrs old)
164
Can get a pretty good idea of age when someone is under 30 due to
Epiphyseal fusion
165
___________ regulates calcium and other concentrations in the body
mineral physiology of the bones
166
Cells (esp. nerve and muscle) function properly only if bathed in the proper concentration of _______
Calcium (9-11 mg per 100 cm3)
167
Low mineral density
Osteopenia
168
Osteopenia can lead to
osteoporosis
169
Osteoporosis is most common in
Post-menopausal people and people over the age of 60
170
Osteoporosis is common in what 3 bones (and what part of them)?
Proximal Femur
Distal radius
Vertebrae
