Quiz #1 Flashcards by Mona Fazakas

What are some properties of life?

Order
Energy Processing
Response to the environment
Reproduction
Growth and Development
Evolutionary Development

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Describe the property of life: Order

organized at a molecular, cellular, and organism level

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Describe the property of life: Energy Processing

nectar supplies the bird with chemical energy for flight and other work

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Describe the property of life: Response to Environment

cells respond to stimulus

stimulus of fly landing in Venus Fly Trap causes trap to close

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Describe the property of life: Reproduction

living things produce offspring that are similar to themselves

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Describe the property of life: Growth and Development

DNA determines the development of a specific organism

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Describe the property of life: Evolutionary Adaption

camouflage (changes over many generations)

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Why do we classify life?

Social, dietary, cultural, medical, economic reasons

To monitor and measure the diversity of life

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What are some ways to classify life?

Physical structures
Fossil records
Genetic Similarities

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What are physical structures?

similarities/differences in physical characteristics of organisms
not always reliable

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What are Homologous structures?

similar in anatomy
similar or dissimilar in function
inherited from a common ancestor

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What are Analogous structures?

not similar in anatomy
similar in function
not inherited from a common ancestor

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How is a fossil record used to classify life?

fossils can help and establish ancestry
not available for every organism
difficult/impossible to obtain DNA evidence from most fossils

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How are genetic similarities used to classify life?

much more accurate
DNA and protein sequences change over time
the more different DNA sequences, the less likely they’re related
changes to DNA over time can be used as a molecular clock

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What is a cladogram?

a representation of relatedness

“family tree”

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What is a phylogram?

a representation of relatedness where branch lengths are proportional to change

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What is the order of the taxons that classify life?

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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What are some characteristics of bacteria?

No nuclear membrane
No membrane enclosed organelles
Peptidoglycan in cell walls
Circular chromosomes

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What are some characteristics of archaea?

No nuclear membrane
No membrane enclosed organelles
No Peptidoglycan in cell walls
Circular chromosomes

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What are some characteristics of eukarya?

Nuclear membrane
Membrane enclosed organelles
No Peptidoglycan in cell walls
No Circular chromosomes

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How are electrons distributed in the shells around the nucleus?

the closest shell can only hold 2 electrons
the second shell can hold 8 electrons
the properties of an atom are determined primarily by the number of electrons in the outermost shell

What is atomic number?

atomic number defines the number of protons present in that particular element
because electrons are negatively charged, when an element is neutral state, it will have the same number of protons as electrons

What are covalent bonds?

sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds are called molecules

What is an ionic bond?

when two atoms with very different affinity for valence electrons combine
the electron is transferred from one to the other, leaving the two atoms with a net charge in their charge
the oppositely charged cations and anions form an ionic bond
relatively weak in aqueous environments

What is a hydrogen bond?

when hydrogen forms covalent bond with an electronegative atom (like nitrogen or oxygen), it will become a positive charge, which allows it to interact with another negatively charged atom

What are Dipole-Dipole interactions?

because of the random positioning of electrons in the orbitals, net displacements can occur, creating brief charge differences this dynamic charge distribution allows molecules to stick to each other if they are very close

What are the main properties of water?

Cohesion of water molecules Moderation of temperature by water Water (solid) is less dense than water (liquid) Water is an important solvent

What are macromolecules?

Large molecules that make up living cells | Many form by addition of small monomeric subunits to make polymers

What are some examples of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids

What are some examples of polymers?

Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids

What is a dehydration reaction?

Removes a water molecule, forming a new bond

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

What are some examples of storage polysaccharides?

Starch | Glycogen

What are some examples of structural polysaccharides?

Cellulose | Chitin

What is starch?

made of glucose monomers | used by plants to store surplus gucose

What is glycogen?

made by glucose monomers more highly branched structure compared to starch used by animals to store glucose

What is cellulose?

made of glucose monomers, but a different anomeric form of glucose than starch major component of plant cell walls

What is chitin?

made of N-acetylglucosamine monomers | component of arthropod exoskeletons

What are hydrocarbons?

organic molecules consisting of only H and C | contain a lot of potential energy

What are the different types of isomers?

Structural Geometric Enantiomers

What are structural isomers?

can have a different bond order of atoms, but same number of atoms

What are geometric isomers?

cis vs. trans isomers a double bond restricts the rotation of the two atoms with respect to each other trans: hydrogens are not in line horizontally cis: hydrogens are in line horizontally

What are enantiomers?

when 4 different atoms (or groups of atoms) bind to carbon, an asymmetric arrangement occurs if the two molecules are mirror images and cannot be super imposed on each other, they are enantiomers

What are lipids?

are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which are nonpolar

What are the classes of lipids?

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

What are fats/fatty acid?

they are not polymers, but are built from monomers that are added by dehydration reactions has a long chain of 16-18 carbons, with a carboxyl group on the end

What is a saturated fatty acid?

do not have double bonds | solid at room temperture

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

have one or more double bond cis double bond causes bending liquid at room temperature

What are trans fats?

unsaturated fats plant oils are partially hydrogenated by a chemical process, making many double bonds saturated by adding H atoms this process creates a lot of trans fat as a by-product

What are phospholipids?

two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol phosphate group is hydrophilic, two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic when added to water can rearrange into various structures

What structures can phospholipids rearrange into when placed in water?

micelle lipid bilayer liposome (spherical lipid bilayer)

What are steroids?

lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings