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BIOL 107 > Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some properties of life?

A 
Order
Energy Processing
Response to the environment
Reproduction
Growth and Development
Evolutionary Development
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2
Q

Describe the property of life: Order

A

organized at a molecular, cellular, and organism level

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3
Q

Describe the property of life: Energy Processing

A

nectar supplies the bird with chemical energy for flight and other work

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4
Q

Describe the property of life: Response to Environment

A

cells respond to stimulus

stimulus of fly landing in Venus Fly Trap causes trap to close

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5
Q

Describe the property of life: Reproduction

A

living things produce offspring that are similar to themselves

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6
Q

Describe the property of life: Growth and Development

A

DNA determines the development of a specific organism

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7
Q

Describe the property of life: Evolutionary Adaption

A

camouflage (changes over many generations)

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8
Q

Why do we classify life?

A

Social, dietary, cultural, medical, economic reasons

To monitor and measure the diversity of life

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9
Q

What are some ways to classify life?

A

Physical structures
Fossil records
Genetic Similarities

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10
Q

What are physical structures?

A

similarities/differences in physical characteristics of organisms
not always reliable

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11
Q

What are Homologous structures?

A

similar in anatomy
similar or dissimilar in function
inherited from a common ancestor

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12
Q

What are Analogous structures?

A

not similar in anatomy
similar in function
not inherited from a common ancestor

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13
Q

How is a fossil record used to classify life?

A

fossils can help and establish ancestry
not available for every organism
difficult/impossible to obtain DNA evidence from most fossils

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14
Q

How are genetic similarities used to classify life?

A

much more accurate
DNA and protein sequences change over time
the more different DNA sequences, the less likely they’re related
changes to DNA over time can be used as a molecular clock

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15
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

a representation of relatedness

“family tree”

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16
Q

What is a phylogram?

A

a representation of relatedness where branch lengths are proportional to change

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17
Q

What is the order of the taxons that classify life?

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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18
Q

What are some characteristics of bacteria?

A

No nuclear membrane
No membrane enclosed organelles
Peptidoglycan in cell walls
Circular chromosomes

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19
Q

What are some characteristics of archaea?

A

No nuclear membrane
No membrane enclosed organelles
No Peptidoglycan in cell walls
Circular chromosomes

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of eukarya?

A

Nuclear membrane
Membrane enclosed organelles
No Peptidoglycan in cell walls
No Circular chromosomes

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21
Q

How are electrons distributed in the shells around the nucleus?

A

the closest shell can only hold 2 electrons
the second shell can hold 8 electrons
the properties of an atom are determined primarily by the number of electrons in the outermost shell

22
Q

What is atomic number?

A

atomic number defines the number of protons present in that particular element
because electrons are negatively charged, when an element is neutral state, it will have the same number of protons as electrons

23
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds are called molecules

24
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

when two atoms with very different affinity for valence electrons combine
the electron is transferred from one to the other, leaving the two atoms with a net charge in their charge
the oppositely charged cations and anions form an ionic bond
relatively weak in aqueous environments

25
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

when hydrogen forms covalent bond with an electronegative atom (like nitrogen or oxygen), it will become a positive charge, which allows it to interact with another negatively charged atom

26
Q

What are Dipole-Dipole interactions?

A

because of the random positioning of electrons in the orbitals, net displacements can occur, creating brief charge differences
this dynamic charge distribution allows molecules to stick to each other if they are very close

27
Q

What are the main properties of water?

A

Cohesion of water molecules
Moderation of temperature by water
Water (solid) is less dense than water (liquid)
Water is an important solvent

28
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Large molecules that make up living cells

Many form by addition of small monomeric subunits to make polymers

29
Q

What are some examples of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids

30
Q

What are some examples of polymers?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

31
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

Removes a water molecule, forming a new bond

32
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

33
Q

What are some examples of storage polysaccharides?

A

Starch

Glycogen

34
Q

What are some examples of structural polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose

Chitin

35
Q

What is starch?

A

made of glucose monomers

used by plants to store surplus gucose

36
Q

What is glycogen?

A

made by glucose monomers
more highly branched structure compared to starch
used by animals to store glucose

37
Q

What is cellulose?

A

made of glucose monomers, but a different anomeric form of glucose than starch
major component of plant cell walls

38
Q

What is chitin?

A

made of N-acetylglucosamine monomers

component of arthropod exoskeletons

39
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

organic molecules consisting of only H and C

contain a lot of potential energy

40
Q

What are the different types of isomers?

A

Structural
Geometric
Enantiomers

41
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

can have a different bond order of atoms, but same number of atoms

42
Q

What are geometric isomers?

A

cis vs. trans isomers
a double bond restricts the rotation of the two atoms with respect to each other
trans: hydrogens are not in line horizontally
cis: hydrogens are in line horizontally

43
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

when 4 different atoms (or groups of atoms) bind to carbon, an asymmetric arrangement occurs
if the two molecules are mirror images and cannot be super imposed on each other, they are enantiomers

44
Q

What are lipids?

A

are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which are nonpolar

45
Q

What are the classes of lipids?

A

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

46
Q

What are fats/fatty acid?

A

they are not polymers, but are built from monomers that are added by dehydration reactions
has a long chain of 16-18 carbons, with a carboxyl group on the end

47
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

do not have double bonds

solid at room temperture

48
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

have one or more double bond
cis double bond causes bending
liquid at room temperature

49
Q

What are trans fats?

A

unsaturated fats
plant oils are partially hydrogenated by a chemical process, making many double bonds saturated by adding H atoms
this process creates a lot of trans fat as a by-product

50
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol
phosphate group is hydrophilic, two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
when added to water can rearrange into various structures

51
Q

What structures can phospholipids rearrange into when placed in water?

A

micelle
lipid bilayer
liposome (spherical lipid bilayer)

52
Q

What are steroids?

A

lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

BIOL 107 (11 decks)

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