Quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Fibrous Joints
A
Immovable
2
Q
Gomphosis
A
between teeth. Underlying mandibular and maxillary
3
Q
Syndesmosis
A
long fibrous connective tissue firmly attach the 2 bones together. (distal radioulnar and tibiofibular joints)
4
Q
Cartilaginous Joints
A
joins 2 bones together with cartilaginous connective tissue
5
Q
Synovial Joints (Diarthrodial)
A
joint capsule
6
Q
Nonaxial
A
- Movements not in a specific plane or axis
- articulations between carpal and tarsal bones
sliding movements
7
Q
Uniaxial Joints
A
Movement around 1 axis
- Hinge joints
- pivot joints
8
Q
Hinge Joints
A
- Sagittal plane around frontal axis
- Bones prevent movements in other planes and axes
- elbow joint (between ulna and humerus), knee, interphalangeal joints
9
Q
Biaxial Joints
A
- Condyloidal (supported on all sides by ligaments and tendons without additional bony support)
- Saddle (between trapezium and 1st metacarpal bone)
10
Q
triaxial joint
A
- ball and socket
- most injured joints in body
- sound ligaments and numerous muscle tendons exist on all sides to help strengthen and reinforce the joint
11
Q
Parallel Muscles
A
- Strap muscles
- Fusiform muscles
- Rhomboidal muscles
- Triangular muscles
12
Q
Oblique Muscles
A
- Unipennate muscles
- Bipennate muscles
- Multipennate muscles
13
Q
Parallel Muscles give you more
A
range of motion
14
Q
Oblique Muscles give you more
A
force
15
Q
Characteristics of Muscles include
A
- Normal resting length
- Irritability
- Contractility
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
16
Q
Normal resting length
A
Length of an unstimulated muscle
17
Q
irritability
A
ability to respond to a stimulus
18
Q
Contractility
A
Ability to contract (shorten, stay the same, or lengthen) Ex: Slinky
19
Q
Extensibility
A
Ability to lengthen or stretch
20
Q
Elasticity
A
Ability to recoil (return to normal resting length)
21
Q
Relationship in muscle tone include
A
- Tension
- Tone
- Excursion
22
Q
Tension
A
Force built up within a muscle (can be passive or active)
23
Q
Tone
A
Slight tension that is present in muscle at all times (a state of readiness)
24
Q
Excursion
A
Distance from max elongation to max shortening
25
Why is stretching preformed?
Stretching lengthens resting length of a muscle. Always should be preformed on relaxed muscles
26
Active Insufficiency
The point at which a muscle cannot shorten any farther
| Occurs to the agonist
27
Calculation of stretching
- A muscle is able to shorten to ~ 1/2 its resting length
- It can be stretched about 1.5x as far as it can be shortened
ex: 6" muscle
shortened to 3"
lengthened to 9"
28
Passive Insufficiency
Muscle can't be elongated any further without damage to the fibers
occurs to the antagonist
29
Stretching is when the muscle gets
longer
30
Contracting is when the muscle gets
shorter
31
Wrist flexion automatically puts your fingers in
extension
32
Tenodesis
(Tendon action of a muscle)
| use with a person with quadriplegia that does not have active grasp/release
33
Types of muscle contractions include
- Isometric contraction
- Isotonic contraction
- Isokinetic contraction
34
Isometric
- force without changing size
- muscle stays the same length
- Muscle contracts and produces force without changing the length of the muscle
35
Isotonic Contractions
--Concentric - shorter
shortening contraction-length of the muscle becomes shorter
--Eccentric - longer
lengthening controlled contraction results in muscle being longer
36
Isokinetic contraction
-resistance varies but velocity or speed stays the same
37
concentric
contraction
38
eccentric
extension
39
Gravity
- when you put a person in a supine position you minimize effects of gravity
- muscle contractions are still concentric
40
Roles of Muscles Include
- Agonist
- Synergist
- Antagonist
- Stabilizer
- Neutralizer
- Cocontraction
41
Agonist
Prime Mover
42
Synergist
Assist the agonist/Helper
43
Antagonist
Opposite side of the joint from the agonist
44
Stabilizer
Muscle or muscle groups assist the agonist by steadily contracting to “balance” the body or body part against the force of contracting muscles.
45
Neutralizer
Act to prevent unwanted movements. Allows a muscle to perform more than one action. (flex and extend while also supinating and pronating)
46
Cocontraction
When agonist and antagonist contract at the same time
47
What type of Kinetic Chain is lying in bed with your arm in the air
Open chain- Distal segment is free to move
48
What type of Kinetic Chain is lying in bed with arm in the air holding a overhead trapeze
Closed Chain- Distal segment is fixed
49
Closed Kinetic Chain
Distal segment fixed (closed) proximal segment moves
50
Open Kinetic Chain
Distal segment free to move (open) proximal segment can remain stationary
51
Kinetic Chain
Only occurs with hands and feet
52
Closed Chain exercise equipment include
- wheelchair pushups
- rowing machine
- stationary bike
53
Open Chain exercise equipment Include
- free weights
54
When the humerus moves in the glenoid fossa, the moving joint surfaces are:
Convex on Concave
55
When performing open-chain elbow flexion, what is the configuration of the joint surfaces?
Concave on Convex
56
An individual experienced a distal humerus fracture and was immobilized for 6 weeks. The person now presents with limited range of motion. When planning how to help this person improve elbow flexion, the arthrokinematic motion that would be most helpful is:
Glide ulna anterior on the humerus
57
In open kinetic chain, forearm pronation is associated with:
shoulder internal rotation
58
When viewing the phalanx, one would note that all proximal articulating surfaces are:
Concave
59
When viewing the phalanx, one would note that all distal articulating surfaces are:
Convex
60
Performing elbow extension to full range of motion is what type of end feel?
Hard
61
Performing shoulder horizontal adduction to full range of motion is what type of end feel?
Soft
62
Performing shoulder flexion to full range of motion is what type of end feel?
Firm
63
When the proximal carpals move on the distal radius, the respective joint surfaces are:
Convex on Concave
64
Force
- One Object must act on another to create a force
| - Movement occurs when one side pushes or pulls harder than the other
65
Newton's First Law Of Motion
- An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion
- Law of Inertia
66
Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Law of acceleration
- The amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to an object
- An object with greater mass will accelerate less than the object with less mass
67
Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Law of action-reaction
- For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
- The strength of the reaction is equal to the strength of the action
68
Types of force
- Linear Force
- Parallel Force
- Concurrent forces
- Force couple
69
Linear Force
-when 2 or more forces are acting along the same line
70
Parallel Force
- force occurs in the same plane and in same or opposite direction
- Ex: high and low force in one direction / middle force in opposite direction
71
Concurrent forces
- 2 or more forces must act on a common point bit must pull or push in different directions
- Ex: Moving furniture
72
Force Couple
- 2 or more forces act in different directions resulting in a turning effect
- Ex: 2 children pushing a merry-go-round in opposite directions
73
Torque
- the ability of force to produce rotation around an axis (rotary force)
- Ex: A wrench demonstrates torque, the twisting force exerted by the wrench can be increased either by:
1. Increasing force applied to the handle or
2. Increasing length of the handle
74
Gravity
- the mutual attraction between earth and an object
75
gravitational force
- always directed vertically downward toward center of earth
76
Equilibrium
- Stable: when object is in a position where disturbing it would require its center of gravity to be raised
- Unstable: when only a slight force is needed to disturb it (small base of support)
- Neutral: center of gravity is unchanged when object is disturbed
77
Levers (terms to know)
- lever
- fulcrum/axis
- force / (F)
- resistance
78
Lever
Rigid and rotates around a fixed point (human bone)
79
Fulcrum / Axis
Fixed point that lever rotates around (joint)
80
Force / (F)
effort that causes lever arm to move (muscle(
81
resistance
load that must be overcome for motion to occur
82
Center of gravity
~3 fingers below your bellybutton
83
First-Class Levers
- Fulcrum is between force and resistance
- When a segment of the body requires balance for optimal performance
- Right Sternocleidomastoid muscle provides force and Gravity & Left Sternocleidomastoid muscle provides resistance.
- AXIS IS IN MIDDLE
ex: Teder todder
84
Second-class levers
- resistance is closer to the fulcrum than the force
- least common in the body
- larger weights can be moved by smaller force
- Produces force-large resistance
- can be moved by a relatively small force
- LOAD IS IN MIDDLE
Ex: wheelbarrow
85
Third-Class Lever
- Force is applied closer to Fulcrum than to resistance
- smaller amounts of resistance moved by larger amounts of force
- allows body to move an object for a greater amount of time over a greater distance
- most levers in body are third class
-FORCE IS IN MIDDLE
Ex: Fishing pole
