Quicksheets Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three types of neurons in the nervous system? Are they afferent or efferent?
A
- Motor (efferent)
- Interneurons
- Sensory (afferent)
2
Q
What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? What is the relative location of the nerves associated with them?
A
Sympathetic: “Fight or Flight” responses; mostly located between T1 and T12 of the spinal cord.
Parasympathetic: “Rest and Digest” Responses; mostly located in upper and lower spinal cord
3
Q
What are the subcategories of the autonomic nervous system?
A
Sympathetic Nervous System: This division of autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling fight or flight response. It controls the involuntary responses of the body when a person is in some serious situation. The sympathetic responses prepare the body to deal with some fight or flight conditions.
Parasympathetic Nervous System: This division controls the body functions in a calm state. The involuntary responses of the body under calm conditions are controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system. It is responsible for regulating body functions under normal conditions.
Enteric Nervous System: It is the third division of the autonomic nervous system. It is confined to the control of the gut. It contains branches from both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and is responsible for regulating the functions of gastrointestinal tract.
4
Q
What are the roles of the parasympathetic nervous system? The sympathetic nervous system?
A
5
Q
What are the 3 main categories for “organization of the brain”? What do each of them contain?
A
- Hindbrain:
- Cerebellum
- Medulla Oblangata
- Reticular formation
- Midbrain
- Inferior colliculi
- Superior colliculi
- Forebrain
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Basal Ganglia
- Limbic system
- Cerebral Cortex
6
Q
What part of the brain does the thalamus belong to? What is its role?
A
The thalamus belongs to the forebrain
It is the “relay station” for sensory information
7
Q
What part of the brain does the hypothalamus belong to? What is its role?
A
The hypothalamus belongs to the forebrain.
It maintains homeostasis and integrates with the endocrine system through the hypophyseal portal system that connects it to the anterior pituitary.
8
Q
What part of the brain does the Basal Ganglia belong to? What is its role?
A
The basal ganglia belongs to the forebrain
It smoothens movements and helps maintain postural stablility
9
Q
What part of the brain does the limbic system belong to? What is its role? What are the major subgroups of the limbic system?
A
The limbic system belongs to the forebrain.
Controls emotion and memory.
Includes the septal nuclei (pleasure seeking), the amygdala (fear and aggression), hippocampus (memory), and fornix (communication with limbic system)
10
Q
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?
A
- The frontal lobe
- The parietal lobe
- The occipital lobe
- The temporal lobe
11
Q
What is the role of the frontal lobe?
What larger area of the brain is it a part of?
A
The frontal lobe:
Executive function
impulse control
long-term planning (prefrontal cortex)
Motor function (primary motor cortex)
Speech Production (Broca’s area)
Subcategory of cerebral cortex
12
Q
What is the role of the parietal lobe?
What larger area of the brain is it a part of?
A
Parietal Lobe:
Sensation of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain (somatosensory cortex)
Spatial processing, orientatation, and manipulation
Part of the cerebral cortex
13
Q
What is the role of the Temporal lobe?
What larger area of the brain is it a part of?
A
Temporal Lobe:
Sound processing (auditory cortex)
Speech perception (Wernicke’s area)
Memory and emotion (limbic system)
14
Q
What is the role of the occipital lobe?
What larger area of the brain is it a part of?
A
Occipital Lobe:
Visual Processing
15
Q
What is the role of acetylcholine?
A
Voluntary muscle control
Parasympathetic nervous system
Attention
Alertness
16
Q
What is the role of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A
Fight-or-Flight
Wakefullness
Alertness
17
Q
What is the role of dopamine?
A
Smooth movements
Postural stability
18
Q
What is the role of serotonin?
A
Mood
Sleep
Eating
Dreaming
19
Q
What is the role of GABA, Glycine?
A
Brain “stabilization”
20
Q
What is the role of glutamate?
A
Brain “excitation”
21
Q
What is the role of endorphins?
A
Natural Painkillers
22
Q
What is nature vs. nurture?
What type of studies are used to reseach it?
A
Nature vs. Nurture is a debate regarding the contributions of genetics (nature) and the environment (nurture) to an individual’s traits.
Family, twin, and adoption studies are used to study nature vs. nurture
23
Q
What is the difference between sensation and perception? How is it involved in the nervous system? (3 major ways)
A
The conversion of physical stimuli into neurological signals in sensation while perception is the processing of sensory information to amke sense of its significance.
Sensory Receptors: respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals.
Sensory Neurons: transmit information from sensory receptors to the CNS
Sensory stimuli: are transmitted to projection areas in the brain, which further analyze sensory input
24
Q
What is Weber’s Law?
A
States that the just-noticeable difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, and this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli
25
What is the **signal detection theory**?
Studies the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations, on perception of stimuli.
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUjwk92r-ME](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUjwk92r-ME)
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcDpnWeCjBU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcDpnWeCjBU)
26
What is the **response bias**?
Examined using signal detection experiments with four possible outcomes: hits, misses, false alarms, and correct negatives.
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnfQ2CPHtwk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnfQ2CPHtwk)
27
What is **adaptation**?
A decease in response to stimulus over time
28
What is the path of vision
Retina -\> optic nerve -\> optic chiasm -\> optic tracts -\> lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus -\> visual radiations -\> visual cortex
29
What is the auditory pathway?
cochlea -\> vestibulocochlear nerve -\> medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamus -\> auditory cortex
30
What is the role of the **cochlea**?
Detect sound
31
What is the role of the **utricle** and **saccule**?
Detect linear acceleration
32
What is the role of the **semicircular canals**?
Detect rotational acceleration
33
How is **smell** detected?
What is responsible for detection?
Through volatile or aerosolized chemicals by **olfactory chemoreceptors** (**olfactory nerves**)
34
How is **taste** detected?
What is responsible for detection?
detection of dissolved compounds by **taste buds** in **papillae**
35
Define: **somatosensation**
_Four touch modalities:_
pressure
vibration
pain
temperature
36
Define **kinesthetic sense (proprioception)**
The ability to tell where one's body is in space
37
What is **bottom-up processing**?
Aka **Data driven processing**: Recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection. Slower but less prone to mistakes.
Subgroup of object recognition
38
What is **top-down processing**?
Aka **conceptually-driven processin**g: recognition of an object by memories and expectations, but with little attention to detail. Faster, but more prone to mistakes.
Subgroup of object recognition
39
Define: **Gestalt Principles**
Ways that the brain can infer missing parts of an image when it is incomplete
Subgroup of object recognition
40
Define: **Habituation**
The process of becoming used to a stimulus
Subgroup of Learning
41
Define: **Dishabituation**
Occurs when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a **resensitization** to the original stimulus
Subgroup of Learning
42
Define: **Observational Learning**
The acquisition of behavior by watching others
43
Define: **Associative Learning**
Pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences.
Subgroup of Learning
44
Define: **Classical Conditioning**
A form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an **unconditioned stimulus** such that the neutral stimulus alone produces the same response as the unconditioned stimulus; the neutral stimulus thus becomes a **conditioned response.**
45
Define: **Operant Condtioning**
A form of associative learning in which the frequency of behavior is modified using **reinforcement** (increases behavior) or **punishment** (decreases behavior)
46
47
What are the stages of consciousness? (as it pertains wakefullness and sleep)
Image
48
What is **dyssomnias**
Sleep disorder
(amount or timing of sleep)
insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation
49
what is **parasomnia**?
(odd behaviors during sleep)
night terrors and sleepwalking (somnambulism)
50
Drug addiction is mediated by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which includes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. ______ is the main neurotransmitter.
Drug addiction is mediated by the **mesolimbic pathway**, which includes the **nucleus accumbens**, **medial forebrain bundle**, and **ventral tegmental area**. **Dopamine** is the main neurotransmitter.
51
Organize this tree for **memory**
52
Define: **encoding**
the process of putting new information into memory
53
Facts are stored via \_\_\_\_\_. ______ of informaion is often based on ______ interconnected nodes of the semantic network.
Facts are stored via **semantic networks**. **Retrieval** of informaion is often based on **priming** interconnected nodes of the semantic network.
(what is **priming**)?
54
Which one is a stronger memory process? Recognition or recall?
**recognition** of information is stronger than **recall** of information
55
What are the 4 stages of **Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development**? (no definitions)
Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concete operational stage
Formal operational stage
56
What is the **sensorimotor stage**?
What ages does it effect?
The first stage of **Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development**
Focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through **circular reactions**; **object permanence** ends this stage.
57
What is the **preoperational stage**?
What ages does it effect?
Stage 2 of **Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development**
focuses on **symbolic thinking, egocentrism** (inability to imagine what another person thinks or feels), and **centration** (focusing on only one aspect of a phenomenon)
58
What is the **concrete operational stage**?
What ages does it effect?
3rd stage of **Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development**
focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects
59
What is the **formal operational stage**?
What ages does it effect?
4th stage of **Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development**
Focuses on abstract thought and problem-solving
60
What are 4 main techniques of **problem solving**?
**Trail-and-error**
**algorithms**
**deductive reasoning** (deriving conclusions from general rules)
**inductive reasoning** (deriving generalizations from evidence)
61
\_\_\_\_\_ (simplified principles used to make decisions - "rules of thumb"), \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and ______ may assist in decision-making, but may also lead to erroneous or problematic decisions.
**Heuristics** (simplified principles used to make decisions - "rules of thumb"), **biases**, **intuition**, and **emotions** may assist in decision-making, but may also lead to erroneous or problematic decisions
62
Define: **selective attention**
allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli require attention in the background
63
Define: **divided attention**
Uses **automatic processing** to pay attention to multiple activities at once.
64
What are the 3 main language areas in the brain?
**Wernicke's Area**
**Broca's Area**
**Arcuate Fasciculus**
65
What is **Wernicke's Area**?
langauge comprehension; damage results in **Wernicke's Aphasia** (fluent, nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension)
66
What is **Broca's Area**?
What happens if you damage this area?
motor function of speech; damage results in **Broca's Aphasia** (nonfluent aphasia in which generating each word requires great effort)
67
What is **Arcuate Fasciculus**?
What happens if you damage this area?
Connects Wernicke's Area and Broca's Area; damage results in **conduction aphasia** (the inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension)
68
# Define: **Motivation**
What are the 2 main types?
**Motivation** is the purpose or driving force behind our actions
**Extrinsic:** Based on external circumstances
**Instrinsic:** Bases on internal drive or perception
69
What is the **Arousal Theory**?
**Instinct theory:** innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli
**Arousal Theory:** The state of being awake and reactive to stimuli; aim for optimal level of arousal for a given task (Yerkes-Dodson Law) - image represents Yerkes-Dodson Law
**Drive Reduction Theory:** Individuals act to relieve internal states of tension
**Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:** (highest priority) - physiological needs -\> safety and security -\> love and belonging -\> self-esteem -\> self-actualization (lowest priority)
70
71
What are the 4 theories of motivation?
**Instinct theory**
**Arousal Theory**
**Drive Reduction Theory**
**Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs**
72
What is **instinct theory**?
**Instinct theory**: innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli
73
Define **Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs**
**Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs**: (highest priority) - physiological needs -\> safety and security -\> love and belonging -\> self-esteem -\> self-actualization (lowest priority)
74
# Define: **Drive Reduction Theory**
**Drive Reduction Theory**: Individuals act to relieve internal states of tension
75
What are the seven universal emotions?
Happiness
Sadness
Contempt
Surprise
Fear
Disgust
Anger
76
What are the 3 main theories for emotion?
**James-Lange**
**Cannon-Bard**
**Schachter-Singer**
77
Define the 3 theories of emotion
See Image:
78
# Define: **Stress**
What are the 2 main types?
**Stress:** the physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes
**Primary Appraisal:** classifying a potential stressor as irrelevent, benign-positive, or stressful
**Secondary Appraisal:** Directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat, and challenge.
79
Define: **Stressor**
**Stressor (distress or eustress):** anything that lead to a stress response; can include environment, social, psychological, chemical, and biological stressors
80
What are the 3 stages of **general adaptation syndrome**?
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
81
Define: **Self-concept**
Subcategory of Identity and Personality
The sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future.
82
Define: Identities
Individual components of our **self-concept** related to the groups in which we belong
83
Define: **Self-Esteem**
Our evaluation of ourselves
84
Define: **Self-Efficacy**
The degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill in a given situation
85
Define: **Locus of control**
A self-evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives. Either **internal** (success or failure is the result of our own actions) or **external** (success or failure is a result of outside factors)
Marlene often blames herself for anything that goes wrong ("I should have brought Maya to the vet") whereas Austin blames external factors ("The game is Lagging")
86
What is **DSM**?
The ***Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders****:* The guide by which most psychological disorders are characterized, described, and diagnosed.
87
# Define: **Schizophrenia**
What are the 2 main categories of symptoms?
Psychotic disorder characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances in content and form of thought, perception, and behavior.
**Positive:** include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized throught and behavior (psychotic symptoms)
**Negative:** Removal of normal processes, decreased emotions or interest, decreased **avolition** (motivation) and **alogia** (comes from the Greek words meaning "without speech" and refers to a poverty of speech that results from impairment in thinking that affects language abilities).
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PURvJV2SMso](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PURvJV2SMso)
88
Define: **Generalized Anxiety Disorder**
Constant disproportionate and persistent worry
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mPwQTiMSj8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mPwQTiMSj8)
89
Define: **Specific Phobias**
Irrational fears of specific objects (Marlene and her fear of moths and frogs)
90
Define: **Social Anxiety Disorder**
Anxiety due to social and performance situations
91
Define: **Agoraphobia**
Fears of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape
92
Define: **Panic Disorder**
Recurrent attacks of intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus. It may lead to **agoraphobia**
**[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxELZyA2bJs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxELZyA2bJs)**
93
What are the **bipolar disorders** (and related disorders)
**Bipolar 1 disorder:** contains at least one manic episode
**Bipolar 2 disorder:** contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode.
**Cyclothymic disorder:** containts hypomanic episodes with dysthymia (defined as a low mood occurring for at least two years, along with at least two other symptoms of depression)
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSvk8LLBo2g](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSvk8LLBo2g)
94
What are the 3 main types of **depressive disorders**?
**Major Depressive Disorder**
**Peristent Depressive Disorder**
**Seasonal Affective Disorder**
95
# Define: **Major Depressive Disorder**
Contains at least one major depressive episode
96
Define: **Peristent Depressive Disorder**
A depressed mood (either **dysthymia** or major depression) for at least 2 years
97
Define: **Seasonal Affective Disorder**
The colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset, with depression occurring during winter months
98
Define: **Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development**
Based on tensions caused by the **lipido,** with failure at any given stage leading to **fixation**
99
Define: **Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development**
Stem from conflicts that are the results of decisions we are forced to make about ourselves and the environment around us at each phase in our lives.
Stages are:
**Trust vs Mistrust**
**Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt**
**Initiative vs Guilt**
**Industry vs Inferiority**
**Identity vs Role Confusion**
**Intimacy vs Isolation**
**Generativity vs Stagnation**
**Integrity vs Despair**
100
Define: **Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning**
Describes the approaches of individuals to resolving moral dilemmas
## Footnote
**Preconventional**
**Conventional**
**Postconventional**
101
Define: **Vygotsky's Theory of Cultural and Biosocial Development**
Describes the development of language, culture, and skills
102
Define: **Obsessive-compulsive disorder**
**Obsessions** (persistant, instrusive thoughts and impulses) and **compulsions** (repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment)
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8Jofzx\_8p4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8Jofzx_8p4)
103
Define: **Body Dysmorphic Disorder**
unrealistic negative evaluation of one's appearance or a specific body part
104
Define: **Dissociative Amnesia**
Inability to recall past experience. May involve **dissociative fugue,** a sudden change in location that can involve assumption of a new identity
105
Define: **Dissociative Identity Disorder**
Two or more personalities that take control of behavior
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XF2zeOdE5GY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XF2zeOdE5GY)
106
Define: **Depersonalization/derealization disorder**
Feelings of detachment from the mind and body, or from the environment
107
What are the 2 main perspectives on **personality**?
**Psychoanalytic Perspective**
**Humanistic Perspective**
108
Define: **Psychoanalytic Perspective of Personality**
Personality results from unconscious urges and desires
**Freud:** Id, superego, ego
**Jung:** collective unconscious, archetypes
109
Define: **Humanistic Perspective of Personality**
Emphasizes internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization
**Maslow:** Hierarchy of Needs
**Rogers**: Unconditional positive regard
110
Define: **Type and Trait Theory**
Personality can be describes as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors
111
What are the major type theories of personality?
Ancient Greek Humors
Sheldon's **somatotypes:** division into **Types A** and **B**, and the **Meyers-Briggs Type Inventory** (image)
(Expand on these...)
112
Define: **Eysenck's Three Major Traits:**
Psychoticism
Extraversion
Neuroticism
113
What are the "**Trait Theorists' Big-Five**"?
Openness
Concsientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
(OCEAN)
114
Define: **Allport's Three Basic Types of Traits**
Cardinal
Central
Secondary
115
Define: **Somatic Symptom Disorder**
At least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVO7tZS2ZdI](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVO7tZS2ZdI)
116
Define: **Illness Anxiety Disorder**
Preoccupation with having or coming down with a serious medical condition
117
Define: **Conversion Disorder**
Unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function
118
# Define: **Personality Disorders**
What are the 3 subgroups (clusters)?
**Personality Disorders** are patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning.
**Cluster A**: (odd, eccentric, weird): paranoid, schizotypal, schzoid
**Cluster B:** (dramatic, emotional, erratic, wild): antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
**Cluster C:** (Anxious, fearful, worried): Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
119
Define: **Social Facilitation**
Tendency to perform at a different level (better or worse) when others are around.
(I often do worse when people are watching me)
120
Define: **Deindividuation**
Loss of self-awareness in large groups; can lead to drastic changes in behavior
121
Define: **Bystander Effect**
In a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need.
122
Define: **Peer Pressure**
Social influence placed on an individual by other *individuals they consider equals*
123
Define: **Group Polarization**
Tendency towards making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members
124
Define: **Groupthink**
The tendency to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas
(like the example of the oil spill. Scientists couldn't figure out a good way to clean up oil spill, sent out question to general public, general public responded with better solution. They moved outside of groupthink)
125
Define: **Assimilation**
When one culture begins to melt into another. Adapting cultural norms of dominant culture.
126
Define: **Multiculturalism**
Encouragement of multiple cultures in a community to enhance diversity
127
Define: **Subculture**
A group that distinguishes itself from the primary culture to which it belongs
128
Define: **Socialization**
The process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs.
129
Define: **Norms**
Bondaries of acceptable behavior within society
130
Define: **Stigma**
Extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences
131
Define: **Deviance**
any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
132
Define: **Conformity**
changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society
133
# Define: **Compliance**
What are 4 techniques for gaining compliance? Define them.
individuals change behavior based on the request from others; techniques for gaining compliance include:
## Footnote
**Foot-in-the-door:** starting with small simple request, then asking for larger request
**Door-in-the-face:** starting with large unreasonable request that is likely to get turned down, then asking for smaller more reasoonable request
**Lowball:** Compliance to a costly request is acheived by first getting compliance to an attractive, less costly request then renouncing it to get the costly request.
**That's-not-all:** People are more likely to comply to a request after a "build-up" to make the request sound better (infomercials)
134
Define: **Obedience**
Change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure
135
Define: **Status**
a position in society used to classify individuals. Can be **ascribed** (involuntarily acheived), **achieved** (voluntarily earned), or **master** (primary identity)
136
Define: **Role**
Set of beliefs, values, norms that define the expectations of a certain status.
137
Define: **Group**
Two or more individuals with similar characteristics that share a sense of unity
138
Define: **Network**
Observable pattern of **social relationships** between individuals or groups
139
Define: **Organization**
group with a structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals; exists outside of each individual's membership within the organization.
140
Define: **Display Rules**
unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion
141
Define: **Impression Management**
maintenance of a public image through various strategies
142
Define: **Dramaturgical Approach**
Individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience
143
Define: **Interpersonal Attraction**
influenced by physical, social, and psychological factors.
144
Define: **aggression**
behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance
145
Define: **attachment**
an emotional bond to another person; usually refers to the bond between a child and a caregiver
146
Define: **Altruism**
helping behavior in which the person's intent is to benefit someone else at a personal cost.
147
# Define: **Attribution Theory**
What are the 4 types?
Focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior:
**Dispositional (internal):** causes relate to the features of the person who is being considered
**Situational (external):** causes relate to features of the surroundings or social context
**Correspondent Inference Theory:** describes attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person.
**Fundamental Attribution Error:** Bias torwards making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions
148
Define: **stereotype**
attitudes and impressions that are made based on limited and superficial information
149
Define: **self-fulfilling prophecy**
the phenomenon of a stereotype creating an expectation of a particular group, which creates conditions that lead to confirmation of this stereotype.
(if you tell someone who is black that they are dumb because they are black and continuously repeat this to them then they may internalize this, failing to succeed in school, and perpetuation that notion)
150
Define: **stereotype threat**
a feeling of anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype
(in Europe, I felt that many Europeans thought of Americans as loud and obnoxious. When my friend was being loud and obnoxious in public I would get anxious and try to distance myself from him)
151
Define: **Prejudice**
An irrationally based attitude prior to actual experience
152
Define: **Ethnocentrism**
the practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture (**in-group** vs. **out-group**)
When I was in Vietnam I thought they were extremely inefficient and therefore less capable. But this is a very American ideal. I was being ethnocentric.
153
Define: **Cultural Relativism**
The opposite of ethnocentrism
Studying the social groups and cultures on their own terms
154
Define: **Discrimination**
155
Define: **Functionalism**
focuses on the function and relationships of each component of society
156
Define: **conflict theory**
focuses on how power differentials are created and how they maintain order
157
Define: **symbolic interactionism**
the study of how individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, symbols, and gestures
158
Define: **Social Constructionism**
Explores how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality.
159
Define: **material culture**
physical items one associates with a given group (art, clothing, food, buildings)
160
Define: **symbolic culture**
The ideas associated with a particular cultural group
161
Define: **Demographics**
The statistical arm of sociology
statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.
162
# Define: **Migration**
What are the 2 types?
Refers to the movement of people into (immigration) or out of (emigration) a geographical location
163
Define: **Demographic Transition**
a model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization
164
Social Stratification is based on **socioeconomic status (SES)** what are the five factors that make this up?
**Class:** a category of people with shared socioeconomic characteristics
**Power:** The capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments
**Social Capital:** The investment people make in society in return for economic or collective rewards. (hmmm not sure i agree)
**Social Reproduction:** the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, to other generations
**Poverty:** low SES; in the US, the poverty line is the government's calculation of the minimum income requirements to acquire the minimum necessities of life.
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# Define: **Epidemiology**
What are 4 ways in which it is measure in social science?
**Incidence:**
**Prevalence**
**Morbidity**
**Mortality**
(need to get more info on these, don't like the quickfacts data)\*\*
