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GI > Quick Study > Flashcards

Quick Study Flashcards

1
Q

Mucous neck cells secrete…

A

Mucus and bicarbonate

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2
Q

Parietal cells secrete…

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

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3
Q

Chief cells secrete…

A

Pepsinogen

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4
Q

Enteroendocrine cells secrete…

A

Various hormones

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5
Q

G cells are in…and secrete…

A

Pyloric antrum and duodenum; gastrin

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6
Q

I cells are in…and secrete…

A

Small intestine; CCK

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7
Q

S cells are in…and secrete…

A

Duodenum; secretin

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8
Q

D cells are in…and secrete…

A

pyloric antrum, body of stomach and pancreas; somatostatin

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9
Q

M cells are in…and secrete…

A

Duodenum and jejunum; motilin

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10
Q

Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL) are in…and secrete…

A

Body of stomach; histamine

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11
Q

Fundic glands

A
  • Greater proportion of parietal and chief cells

- D cells inhibit acid secretion

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12
Q

Cardiac glands

A

-Mostly mucous cells (protects esophagus from reflux)

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13
Q

Pyloric glands

A

-G and D cells stimulate or inhibit acid secretion, respectively

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14
Q

Parietal cells look like

A

Acidophilic (pink) fried eggs

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15
Q

Chief cells look more ______ compared to parietal

A

Purple

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16
Q

Small intestine functions

A
  • Adds bile from liver
  • Adds digestive enzymes from pancreas
  • Raises pH of food bolus
  • Absorbs nutrients
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17
Q

Plicae circularis

A

Folds of mucosa and submucosa

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18
Q

Villi

A

Folds of mucosa only (contain lacteal -lymphatic duct-at core)

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19
Q

Microvilli

A

On enterocytes, may be visible as brush border

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20
Q

Enterocytes

A
  • Columnar cells with microvilli

- Absorptive

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21
Q

Goblet cells

A

-Mucus-releasing cells that increase in number as they move towards the large intestine

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22
Q

Paneth cells

A
  • At base of intestinal glands

- Acidophilic granules containing lysozymes

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23
Q

Duodenum

A
  • Receives and neutralizes acidity of stomach contents
  • Controls release of pancreatic enzymes and bile into digestive tract
  • Brunner glands (alkaline secretions)
24
Q

Jejunum

A
  • “Typical” small intestine
  • Villi broad and often have visible lacteal
  • NO SPECIAL STRUCTURES
25
Q

Ileum

A

-Peyer’s patches (aggregated lymphoid nodules)

26
Q

Large intestine

A
  • Recovers water and electrolytes from bolus
  • Wide lumen
  • Tenia coli
  • Has haustra (visible compartments)
  • Still has intestinal glands/crypts with Goblet cells and enterocytes
27
Q

Appendix

A
  • Narrow lumen
  • Lymphatic nodules in LP
  • Replenish intestinal flora
28
Q

Anus

A
  • Apocrine sweat glands
  • Stratified squamous
  • Hair follicles and sebaceous glands
  • Large veins in submucosa can become affected by hemorrhoids
29
Q

Gut tube layers from out to in

A
  • Adventitia/serosa
  • Muscularis externa longitudinal
  • Myenteric/Auerbach’s plexus
  • Muscularis externa circular
  • Submucosa (contains Submucosal/Meissner’s plexus)
  • Muscularis mucosa
  • LP
  • Epi
  • Lumen
30
Q

Secretin

A
  • S cells in duodenum
  • (+) fluid and bicarb from pancreas
  • (+) bicarb from liver
  • inhibit acid secretion and gastrin release
  • Stimuli : acidification of small intestine
31
Q

Gastrin

A

-G cells in antrum and duodenum
- (+) acid secretion by parietal cells
- (+) somatostatin secretion by D cells (indirectly)
-Stimuli:
Vagal Stimulation
- Ach (Acetylcholine)
- GRP (Gastrin Releasing Peptide)
Distension of stomach
Amino acids/peptides in duodenum

32
Q

CCK

A

-I cells in small intestine
- (+) enzymatic secretion of pancreas
- (+) gall bladder contraction, relax sphincter of Oddi > bile delivery to duodenum
- (+) pancreatic growth
- inhibit gastric emptying
-Stimuli:
Presence of following in small intestine:
- Fatty Acids (strongest stimulus)
- Peptides/Amino acids

33
Q

GIP

A

-Endocrine cells of duodenum, jejunum
- (+) insulin secretion by endocrine pancreas
- inhibit gastric acid secretion
- Stimuli
Presence of following in small intestine
- Carbohydrates (strongest stimulus)
- peptides/amino acids
- fatty acids

34
Q

Motilin

A
  • M cells in duodenum and proximal jejunum
  • Stimulate MMC during fasting (gastric and intestinal motility pattern during fasting, “housekeeper”
  • Stimuli: interaction with enteric NS to stimulate MMC during fasting
35
Q

Somatostatin

A
  • D cells in antrum and oxyntic (fundic) gland area
  • inhibit gastrin (G cells), histamine (ECL), acid (parietal) release
  • Stimuli: low pH in antrum
36
Q

Histamine

A
  • ECL cells

- Acid secretion

37
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease

A
  • ENS missing from end of bowel
  • Failure of bowel colonization by enteric neural crest derived precursor cells during fetal development
  • Region tonically contracted > functional obstruction
  • Symptoms: abdominal distension, vomiting, severe constipation, failure to grow, bowel inflammation and early death
38
Q

Regions of phasic contractions

A

Esophagus, anrtal sotmach, small intestine (busy regions)

39
Q

Regions of tonic contractions

A

Non-busy regions (sphincters, orad stomach)

40
Q

Interstitial cells of Cajal

A
  • Form network in space between circular and longitudinal muscle layers in regions of gut that generate segmental or phasic contractions
  • Generate slow waves and conduct them to smooth muscle cells via gap junctions
41
Q

General response to meal

A
  • Gut distention by bolus
  • Stretching is sensed and stimulates nerves to release neurotransmitters into the smooth muscle at the site
  • Membrane potential is depolarized (in response to the neurotransmitter)
  • Slow wave passes through this sensitized smooth muscle
  • Spike potential form = contraction
  • Contraction moves in a coordinated fashion because muscle cells are electrically coupled through gap junctions
42
Q

Stomach autonomic innervation (symp and para)

A

T5-9; vagus

43
Q

Liver and gall bladder autonomic innervation (symp and para)

A

T6-9; vagus

44
Q

Pancreas autonomic innervation (symp and para)

A

T5-11; vagus

45
Q

Small intestine autonomic innervation (symp and para)

A

T9-11; vagus

46
Q

Colon and rectum autonomic innervation (symp and para)

A

T8-L2; vagus/S2-4

47
Q

Kidney autonomic innervation (symp and para)

A

T10-L1; vagus

48
Q

Ureter autonomic innervation (symp and para)

A

T10-L1; vagus/S2-4

49
Q

Greater splanchnic nerve level

A

T5-9

50
Q

Lesser splanchnic nerve level

A

T10-11

51
Q

Least splanchnic nerve level

A

T12

52
Q

Referred pain from gallbladder

A

Right shoulder

Right side right above umbilicus

53
Q

Referred pain from pancreas

A

Upper abdomen and back

54
Q

Referred pain from small intestine

A

Umbilicus

55
Q

Referred pain from large intestine

A

1 inch below umbilicus

GI (8 decks)

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