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Sociology > Quick Revision > Flashcards

Quick Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Key thinkers in functionalism

A

Durkheim
Parsons
Merton

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2
Q

Key thinkers in Marxism

A

Marx

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3
Q

Key thinkers in neo-marxism

A

Gramsci
Althusser

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4
Q

Key Liberal Feminists

A

Somerville
Oakley

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5
Q

Key Radical Feminists

A

Greer
Firestone

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6
Q

Key Marxist Feminists

A

Ansley
Benston

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7
Q

Key social action theorists

A

Weber

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8
Q

Key Labelling Theorists

A

Becker
Mead
Cooley

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9
Q

Key theorist for the Dramaturgical Model

A

Goffman

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10
Q

Key theorists for structuration theory

A

Giddens

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11
Q

Key late-modernists

A

Beck
Giddens

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12
Q

Key Post-Modernists

A

Lyotard
Baudrillard

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13
Q

Durkheims Key Beliefs

A
  • social solidarity and social order are tightly connected
    -Modern society- people are free/ individual but also together
  • saw society as existing above its members
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14
Q

Parsons Key Beliefs

A

-Organic analogy
-Value consensus- agreement on norms and values
-embedding value consensus through socialisation and social control
- 4 basic needs (AGIL)

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15
Q

Mertons Key Beliefs

A
  • critiques parsons for making certain assumptions
  • functional alternatives
    -functional autonomy- parts of complex society may be unrelated
  • disfunction conflict of interest
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16
Q

Marx’s Key Beliefs

A
  • society is divided into classes
  • mode of production shapes society’s political and ideological superstructure
    -working class is exploited by ruling class as capitalists profit from workers labour
  • capitalism will eventually be overthrown by the proletariat leading to communis,m
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17
Q

Gramscis Key Beliefs

A

-Hegemony- leadership or dominance especially by one social group over others
Ruling class maintain hegemony in 2 ways
- force
- hegemony-ideas to persuade subordinate class

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18
Q

Althussers key beliefs

A
  • government performs political and ideological functions to keep capitalism going using ‘apparatuses’
    repressive state apparatus-army, police, prison
    ideological state apparatus- media, education, family
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19
Q

Somervilles Key Beliefs

A
  • principle pragmatism- gradual legislation and attitude changes
  • acknowledges positive progress
  • greater equality in relationships still many men not pulling their weight
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20
Q

Oakleys Key Beliefs

A
  • gender roles are socially constructed
  • stereotypes change depending on culture
  • ideas about masculine and feminine passed down through socialisation
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21
Q

Greers Key Beliefs

A
  • women are oppressed by their role in the family- wife, mother, daughter
  • solution- women would be better in matrilocal families where all adults are female
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22
Q

Firestones Key Beliefs

A
  • patriarchy is the result of female biology+ reproductive role
  • positive about how technology can liberate women from childbirth
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23
Q

Ansleys Key Beliefs

A
  • wives are the ‘takers of shit’
  • women absorb mens anger and frustration at the capitalist system
  • men are alienated in the workplace and come home and take it out on women
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24
Q

Webers Key Beliefs

A
  • human action is directed by meanings- sociologists need to interpret
    Involves 2 levels
  • cause- external factors
  • meaning- internal factors
    For this we need Verstehen -empathy
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25
Q

Beckers Key Beliefs

A
  • how someone is labelled affects their self concept
  • this becomes a self fulfilling prophecy
    -e.g. ‘educational failure’ fails
26
Q

Meads Key Beliefs

A
  • people have free will/ choose how to respond to stimuli
    -traffic light analogy
  • there is no such thing as social facts
  • people construct their own world
  • ‘taking the role of the other’ seeing ourselves as they see us
27
Q

Cooleys Key Beliefs

A

The ‘looking glass self’
- taking the role of the other
- we see ourselves mirrored in the way people respond to us
- this becomes a self fulfilling prophecy
- through the looking glass self the label becomes part of an individuals self concept

28
Q

Goffmans Key Beliefs

A
  • were always performing on a stage
  • we display a series of masks constantly concerned about how we are coming across
  • there is no true self
  • we play many different parts in life e.g. child, friend
29
Q

Giddens Key Beliefs (structuration)

A

-Duality of structure= structure and action (agency)
- 2 elements to structure- rules (norms/ customs/laws) and resourced (raw materials)
these can be affected by 2 things
- reproduced by human action
- changed by human action

30
Q

Becks Key Beliefs

A

-Todays society faces manufactured risks rather than natural risks
- similar to Giddens: reflexivity which leads to risk consciousness heightened awareness and minimisation

31
Q

Giddens Key Beliefs (late modernity)

A
  • late modernity = high levels of social change on a global scale
    Disembedding- no longer need face to face contact + breaks down geographical barriers
    Reflexivity- we constantly reflect on and modify actions + tradition and customs less impotant
32
Q

Lyotards key beliefs

A
  • knowledge is not about truth just a series of ‘language games’
    -Post modernity allows marginalised groups to be heard
  • meta narratives claimed a monopoly of the truth and could impose this with force
33
Q

Baudrillards key beliefs

A
  • todays society is no longer based on production of material goods now about buying/sellling knowledge
  • world of ‘hyper reality’
    -Symbols are meaningless
  • identity has become destabilised the it is too easy to change
34
Q

Main points Functionalists think about society

A

• All sub-systems in society need to work together
• Social solidarity is achieved through establishing a value consensus
• This value consensus is created through socialisation, and controlled through social control

35
Q

Main points traditional Marxists think about society

A

• Society is divided into exploitative classes causing inequality (class struggle)
• Social change is driven by economic conditions and class conflict
• Capitalism alienates workers from their labour, the products they create and their fellow workers

36
Q

Main points neo-Marxists think about society

A

• Capitalism exploits workers but also intersects with other forms of oppression like race and gender
• Ideology maintains control causing false consciousness and preventing class consciousness
• Social change is needed to challenge inequality and capitalism

37
Q

Main points Liberal Feminists think about society

A

• Women should have the same rights as men
• Women should have individual autonomy
• Change should come through gradual legal and social reforms

38
Q

Main points radical feminists think about society

A

• Patriarchy is the root of oppression, it must be dismantled to achieve true equality
• Revolutionary change must be used to transform society
• Women’s reproductive rights are crucial for liberation. Control over women’s bodies is a key form of power

39
Q

Main points Marxist feminists think about society

A

• Capitalism exploits women through unpaid domestic work and low wages in the work force
• Women’s oppression is linked to class struggle because of economic dependence on men
• Socialism is the solution aiming to replace capitalism and eliminate both gender and class oppression

40
Q

Main points difference feminists think about society

A

• Women’s experiences differ based on factors like race, class, and sexuality
• There is no universal woman’s experience, feminism must embrace diversity
• Gender equality should be approached through and intersectional lens considering multiple aspects

41
Q

Main points social action theorist think about society

A

• Social reality is created through interactions and shared meanings
• Symbols and language shape society and influence behaviour
• The self is socially constructed through social interactions

42
Q

Main points labelling theorists think about society

A

• Peoples behaviour is influences by the labels society gives them which can become a self-fulfilling prophecy
• Deviance is a social construct- it is defined by society’s reactions to it
• Those with power define and enforce labels this is why marginalised groups are more likely to be labeled negatively

43
Q

Main points of the dramaturgical model about society

A

• Individuals play roles in every day interactions like actors performing on a stage
• People carefully manage their emotions, putting on masks for different situations
• Social interactions are guided by prescribed roles and expectations which influence how people behave in various situations

44
Q

Main points structuration theorists think about society

A

• Structure and agency are interconnected- individual actions and social structures influence each other
• Social structures are not fixed, they are continually shaped and changed through actions
• Structure has duality- it both constrains and enables individual behaviour

45
Q

Main points late modernists think about society

A

• Society is rapidly changing and increasingly uncertain
• Individualisation gives people more freedom but also creates insecurity
• Globalisation increases interconnectedness leading to both opportunities and challenges

46
Q

Main points post modernists think about society

A

• Meta narratives are rejected there is no single universal truth
• Social reality is fragments and society consists of diverse, competing perspectives
• Media and technology shape reality which creates a hyper reality the blurs the line between real and fake

47
Q

2 critiques of functionalism

A

• Perspective is too optimistic – ignores how the sub-systems do not work for everyone, or how there can be conflict within them e.g. education
• Marxists would argue that people are socialised into a false consciousness

48
Q

2 critiques of traditional Marxism

A

• The view is very outdated as Marx was writing at a different time and might be a lot less accurate
• Neglects other forms of oppression like race and gender

49
Q

2 critiques of neo-marxism

A

• Focuses too much on class and overlooks other social inequalities like race and gender
• Functionalists believe that negative repercussions are needed to control society

50
Q

2 critiques of radical feminism

A

• Assumes all women are in the same position, no diversity
• Forces women to live a non-heterosexual life which gives a bad name to feminism

51
Q

2 critiques of liberal feminism

A

• Can be seen as too optimistic as some policies haven’t worked so far
• Considered a too soft movement as a result of principle pragmatism

52
Q

2 critiques of Marxist feminism

A

• Only focuses on women in capitalist society
• Ignores class and race, only focuses on money

53
Q

2 critiques of difference feminism

A

• Weaker movement which goes against all other types of feminism as none of them account for diversity and individual situations
• Still puts some women above others by prioritising their situations and not noticing other women’s situations.

54
Q

2 critiques of social action theory

A

• Too individualistic, it cannot explain the shared nature of meanings
• Some typifications are unclear- blurred lines between instrumentally rational and value rational

55
Q

2 critiques of labelling theory

A

• Functionalism disagrees with labelling theory as deviance helps maintain order, it is a social function
• Suggests that people are determined by labels and can’t resist them, that people always listen to what people tell them

56
Q

2 critiques of dramaturgical model

A

• Ignores deeper reasons for peoples behaviour by reducing it to performances and in turn oversimplifies behaviour
• It neglects power dynamics that shape roles and interactions

57
Q

2 critiques of structuration theory

A

• Doesn’t actually explain what happens in society and Gideon’s fails to explain how his theory applies to large scale structures
• Underestimated capacity of structures to resist change

58
Q

2 critiques of late modernism

A

• Ignores local contexts as globalisation affects societies differently
• Overlooks structural inequalities that limit freedom and overemphasises individualism

59
Q

2 critiques of post modernism

A

• Post modernity is self defeating- it is claiming to be telling us something true whilst simultaneously telling us that there is not such thing as truth
• Late modernists would argue that we are not in a new postmodern era but instead a continuation of modernity

60
Q

Butlers key beliefs

A
  • importance of language/ discourse
  • white middle class women have dominated feminism with ‘universal ideas’
  • need to deconstruct feminism- culture/times
  • diversity of women’s struggles
61
Q

Key thinkers of difference feminism

A

Butler

62
Q

Benston key beliefs

A
  • capitalism benefits from women’s unpaid domestic labour
  • ‘familial ideology’ reproduction of labour- family is the ideal
    -women are a reserve army of labour
  • this is profitable to those who own the means of production

Sociology (11 decks)

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