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CMBM E2 CB > Quick Review > Flashcards

Quick Review Flashcards

1
Q

What must be recycled for glycolysis to continue?

A

NADH to NAD+

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2
Q

Why is citrate used in IV lock?

A

Keep blood from clotting

It’s a chelator: contains carboxylic acids, which will bind calcium (calcium is required for coagulation)

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3
Q

What are anapleurotic reactions?

A

Many of the intermediates can be synthesized by other enzymes and fed into the TCA cycle to REFILL it

Likewise, many TCA intermediates feed out to make important metabolites

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4
Q

Succinyl CoA from TCA can be used to synthesize….

A

d-aminolevulinate for porphyrins

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5
Q

What does arsenic target in metabolism? What is the implication?

A

Inhibition of dehydrogenases

Both aerobic and anaerobic pathways are impacted

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6
Q

Which five enzymes are regulated in the TCA cycle?

A 
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate carboxylase
Citrate synthase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (rate-limiting)
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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7
Q

What energy does the TCA cycle produce?

A

GTP
NADH
FADH2

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8
Q

Where does the TCA Cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix
(except Succinate DH, which is in the inner mitochondrial membrane)
**THIS is complex II of the ETC; this is where they are linked

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9
Q

Where does the ETC occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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10
Q

Where does OXPHOS occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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11
Q

How many electrons does Coenzyme Q carry?

A

2

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12
Q

How are complexes III and IV connected?

A

cytochrome c (water soluble protein)

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13
Q

Complex I

A

Oxidizes NADH

Reduces Coenzyme Q

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14
Q

Complex II

A

Oxidizes succinate

Reduces Coenzyme Q

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15
Q

Complex IV

A

Cytochrome oxidase

Transfers four electrons from cytochrome c to O2, making H2O

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16
Q

What is the driving force of OXPHOS?

A

Delivering electrons to O2

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17
Q

How many electrons can cytochrome c carry?

A

1

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18
Q

How do cyanide, azide, and CO affect ETC?

A

Inhibit Complex IV

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19
Q

What is the uncoupler protein?

A

Thermogenin

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20
Q

Net yield of ATP from OXPHOS

A

30 ATP per glucose (G-3-P shuttle)

32 ATP per glucose (mal-asp shuttle)

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21
Q

What is a reperfusion injury?

A

Occurs after ischemia. When O2 finally returns, causes burst of ROS due to O2 reacting with many reduced CoQ, cytochromes, flavins, etc

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22
Q

What is the rate-limiting step of fatty acid synthesis?

A

Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA by ACC to make Malonyl CoA

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23
Q

carbons in citrate

A

6

24
Q

carbons in Acetyl CoA

A

2

25
Q

carbons in malate

A

4

26
Q

carbons in pyruvate

A

3

27
Q

What cofactor does ACC require? What does it do?

A

Biotin. Acts as CO2 carrier/activator-bound to NH3 of lysines

28
Q

What is more specific: malonyl transferase or acetyl transferase?

A

Malonyl

29
Q

Starting molecule for building odd chain FAs

A

Proprionyl group (C3) instead of acetate (C2)

30
Q

What is the reducing agent in fatty acid synthesis?

A

NADPH

31
Q

When does FA synthesis stop?

A

When C16 palmitoyl group is formed

32
Q

What type of enzyme hydrolyzes palmitoyl-ACP?

A

Thioesterase

33
Q

Four levels of ACC regulation

A
  1. Transcriptional
  2. Polymerization
  3. Phosphorylation
  4. Hormones
34
Q

What is polymerization of ACC?

A

Allosteric control by palmitoyl CoA and citrate

35
Q

What does 16:1, delta 9 mean?

A

16 carbon molecule with one double bond between carbons 9 and 10

36
Q

FAS overexpression is associated with…

A

Tumors

FAS is proposed to act as an oncogene

37
Q

What must happen to TGs before they can undergo oxidation?

A

Must chop off FAs using triacylglycerol lipases. Free FAs then enter mitochondrial matrix

38
Q

What are free fatty acids typically bound to in cytoplasm?

A

Glycerol
CoenzymeA
Carnitine

39
Q

What are free fatty acids typically bound to in blood?

A

Typically found in lipoproteins

Also circulate found to serum albumin

40
Q

What drives fatty acid oxidation strongly forward?

A

Hydrolysis of PPi (effectively breaking 2 ATP)

41
Q

Four key repeated actions of fatty acid oxidation

A

Oxidation
Hydration
Oxidation
Thiolysis

42
Q

What is the point of fatty acid oxidation?

A

Create ATP and NADPH (reducing power)

43
Q

Two sites of FA oxidation

A

Peroxisomes

Mitochondrial matrix

44
Q

Where are FAs elongated?

A

ER

45
Q

What part of FA can be used to make glucose?

A

Odd chain omega end

46
Q

What are main ketone bodies?

A

Acetone
Acetoacetate
B-hydroxybutyrate

47
Q

How are ketones transported in blood?

A

Easily. Do not require albumin or other binding proteins

48
Q

Glucose lower than _____ results in coma, death

A

2.2 mM / 40 mg

49
Q

Normal blood glucose range

A

60-90 mg/mL

3.3-5 mM/mL

50
Q

What is a sterol?

A

Contains hydroxyl group at C3

51
Q

Cholesterol is converted to ______ for cell _____ or _____ in blood

A

Cholesteryl esters
Storage
Transport

52
Q

Three levels of HMG-CoA regulation

A
  1. SREBPs
  2. SRE (Sterol-Regulatory Elements)
  3. SCAP (SREBP-Cleavage Activating Protein)
53
Q

Which cholesterol intermediate is used as a precursor for many molecules?

A

5-carbon isoprene

54
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor of _____ hormones

A

Steroid

55
Q

atherosclerosis

A

Macrophages are recruited into the arterial intima by upregulated adhesion molecules, where they relentlessly ingest oxidized LDL or cholesterol-rich lipoprotein remnants, becoming ‘foam cells.’ These cells are the beginning of arterial plaques.

56
Q

Cholestyramine mechanism

A

Inhibits enterohepatic circulation of bile acids

CMBM E2 CB (6 decks)

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