Quick Quizzes 11 - 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Archetype

A

(AHR kuh type) n an original model or pattern
similar to prototype, which is a first tentative model that will be improved later
An archetype is usually something that precedes something else. Plato is the archetype of all philosophers.

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2
Q

Ardent

A

(AHR dunt) adj passionate; enthusiastic

Larry’s ardent wooing finally got on Cynthia’s nerves, and she told him to get lost.

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3
Q

Arduous

A

(AHR joo us) adj hard; difficult

Climbing the mountain was arduous. We were so exhausted when we got to the top that we forgot to enjoy the view.

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4
Q

Aristocratic

A

(uh ris tuh KRAT ik) adj of noble birth; snobbish
Prince Charles is aristocratic. He is a member of the British aristocracy. Polo, which Prince Charles enjoys, is often said to be an aristocratic sport because it is typically played by privileged people.
see book for further explanations.

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5
Q

Artful

A

(AHRT ful) adj crafty; wily; sly
After dinner, the artful counselor told the campers that there was a madman loose in the woods, thus causing them to lie quietly in the tent.
Someone who is artless , on the other hand, is simple and honest.

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6
Q

Artifice

A

(AHRT uh fus) n a clever trick; cunning

The Trojan Horse was an artifice designed to get the soldiers inside the walls of Troy.

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7
Q

Ascendancy

A

(uh SEN dun see) n supremacy; domination

Small computers have been in ascendancy for the past few years.

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8
Q

Ascetic

A

(uh SET ik) adj hermitlike; practicing self-denial
The college professor’s apartment, which contained no furniture except a single tattered mattress, was uncomfortably ascetic. Ascetic can also be a noun. A person who leads an ascetic existence is an ascetic.
(A similar sounding word with a very different meaning is aesthetic. Don’t get them confused).

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9
Q

Assiduous

A

(uh SIJ oo us) adj hardworking; busy; quite diligent
Wendell was the only assiduous student in the entire math class; all the other students had to copy their homework from him.

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10
Q

Assimilate

A

(uh SIM uh layt) v to take in; to absorb; to learn thoroughly
To assimilate an idea is to take it in as thoroughly as if you had eaten it. (Your body assimilates nutrients from the food you eat.) Audrey didn’t have any friends when she first went to the new church, but she was gradually assimilated–she became part of the new community.

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11
Q

Assuage

A

(uh SWAYJ) v to soothe; to pacify; to ease the pain of; to relieve
The thunderstorm made the baby cry, but I assuaged her fears by singing her a lullaby.

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12
Q

Astute

A

(uh STOOT) adj shrewd; keen in judgment

Melissa was an astute judge of character; she was very good at seeing what people are really like.

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13
Q

Atheist

A

(AY thee ist) n one who does not believe in the existence of any god or divine being
Warren had always imagined a big religious wedding, but Emma, a life-long atheist, preferred a Vegas elopement.

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14
Q

Attrition

A

(uh TRISH un) n gradual wearing away, weakening, or loss; a natural or expected decrease in numbers or size
Mr. Gregory did not have the heart to fire his workers even though his company was losing millions each year. He altruistically preferred to lose workers through attrition when they moved away, retired, or decided to change jobs.

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15
Q

Audacity

A

(aw DAS uh tee) n boldness; reckless daring; impertinence
Edgar’s soaring leap off the top of the building was an act of great audacity.
Ivan had the audacity to tell that nice old lady to shut up.
A person with audacity is said to be audacious.
Bert made the audacious decision to climb Mt. Everest in bowling shoes.

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16
Q

Augment

A

(awg MENT) v to make bigger; to add to; to increase

The army augmented its attack by sending in a few thousand more soldiers.

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17
Q

Auspicious

A

(aw SPISH us) adj favorable; promising; pointing to a good result
A clear sky in the morning is an auspicious sign on the day of a picnic.

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18
Q

Austere

A

(aw STEER) adj unadorned; stern; forbidding; without excess
The Smiths’ house was austere; there was no furniture in it, and there was nothing hanging on the walls.
The noun austerity is generally used to mean roughly the same thing as poverty. To live in austerity is to live without comforts.

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19
Q

Autocratic

A

(aw tuh KRAT ik) adj ruling with absolute authority; extremely bossy
A two year old can be very autocratic–he wants what he wants when he wants it.
An autocrat is an absolute ruler. He rules an Autocracy a system in which the people don’t get a say.

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20
Q

Autonomous

A

(aw TAHN uh mus) adj acting independently
The West Coast office of the law firm was quite autonomous; it never asked the East Coast office for permission before it did anything.
An autonomous nation is one that is independent–it governs itself. It is said to have autonomy. To act autonomously is to act on your own authority. If something happens autonomously, it happens all by itself.

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21
Q

Avarice

A

(AV ur is) n greed; excessive love of riches
The rich man’s avarice was annoying to everyone who wanted to lay hands on some of his money.
Avarice is the opposite of generosity or philanthropy. To be avaricious is to love wealth above all else and not to share it with other people.

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22
Q

Avow

A

(uh VOW) v to claim; to declare boldly; to admit
At the age of twenty-five, Louis finally avowed that he couldn’t stand his mother’s apple pie.
To avow something is to declare or admit something that most people are reluctant to declare or admit.

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23
Q

Avuncular

A

(uh VUNG kyuh lur) adj like an uncle, especially a nice uncle
What’s an uncle like? Kind, helpful, generous, understanding, and so on, in an uncle-y sort of way. This is a fun word to use, although it’s usually hard to find occasions to use it.
Professor Zia often gave us avuncular advice; he took a real interest in our education and helped us with other problems that weren’t related to multi-dimensional calculus.

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24
Q

Awry

A

(uh RYE) adj off course; twisted to one side
The hunter’s bullet went awry. Instead of hitting the bear, it hit his truck.
When we couldn’t find the restaurant, our dinner plans went awry.

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25
Q

Axiom

A

(AK see um) n a self-evident rule or truth; a widely accepted saying
“Everything that is living dies” is an axiom. An axiom in geometry is a rule that doesn’t have to be proved because its truth is accepted as obvious, self-evident, or unprovable

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26
Q

Banal

A

(buh NAL) adj unoriginal; ordinary
The dinner conversation was so banal that Amanda fell asleep in her dessert dish.
A banal statement is a boring, trite, and uncreative statement. It is a banality.
This word can also be pronounced “BANE ul”

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27
Q

Bane

A

(bayn) n poison; torment; cause of harm
Bane means poison (wolfbane is a kind of poisonous plant), but the word is usually used figuratively. To say that someone is the bane of your existence is to say that that person poisons your enjoyment of life. Baneful means harmful.

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28
Q

Bastion

A

(BAS chun) n stronghold; fortress; fortified place
Mrs. Garnett’s classroom is a bastion of banality; that is, it’s a place where originality seldom, if ever makes its way inside.
The robbers terrorized the village for several weeks, then escaped to their bastion high in the treacherous mountains.

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29
Q

Beget

A

(bih GET) v to give birth to; to create; to lead to; to cause
Those who lie should be creative and have good memories, since one lie often begets another lie, which begets another.

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30
Q

Belabor

A

(bi LAY bur) v to go over repeatedly or to an absurd extent
For more than an hour, the boring preacher belabored his point about the values of motherhood.
Mr. Irving spent the entire period belaboring the obvious; he made the same dumb observation over and over again.

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31
Q

Beleaguer

A

(bih LEE gur) v to surround; to besiege; to harass

No one could leave the beleaguered city; the attacking army had closed off all the exits.

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32
Q

Belie

A

(bih LYE) v to give a false impression of; to contradict
Melvin’s smile belied the grief he was feeling; despite his happy expression he was terribly sad inside.
A word that is sometimes confused with belie is betray. To rework the first example above: Melvin was smiling, but a small tear in one eye betrayed the grief he was feeling.

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33
Q

Belittle

A

(bih LIT ul) v to make to seem little; to put someone down
We worked hard to put out the fire, but the fire chief belittled our efforts by saying he wished he had brought some marshmallows.
The chairman’s belittling comments made everyone feel small.

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34
Q

Belligerent

A

(buh LIJ ur unt) adj combative; quarrelsome; waging war
Al was so belligerent that the convention had the feel of a boxing match.
A bully is belligerent. To be belligerent is to push other people around, to be noisy and argumentative, to threaten other people and generally make a nuisance of oneself. Opposing armies in a war are referred to as belligerents. Sometimes one belligerent in a conflict is more belligerent than the other.

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35
Q

Bemused

A

(bih MYOOZD) adj confused; bewildered
The two stood bemused in the middle of the parking lot at Disneyland, trying to remember where they had parked their car.
To muse is to think about or ponder things. To be bemused, then, is to have been thinking about things to the point of confusion. People often use the word bemused when they really mean amused, but bemusement is no laughing matter. Bemused means confused.

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36
Q

Benefactor

A

(BEN uh fak tur) n one who provides help, especially in the form of a gift or donation.
To give benefits is to be a benefaactor. To receive benefits is to be a beneficiary. People very, very often confuse these two words. It would be to their benefit to keep them straight.

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37
Q

Beneficiary

A

(ben uh FISH ee ary) n one who receives benefits
If your neighbor rewrites his life insurance policy so that you will receive all his millions when he dies, then you become the beneficiary of the policy. If your neighbor dies, he is your benefactor.

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38
Q

Malefactor

A

(MAL uh fak tur) n a person who does bad things

Batman and Robin made life hell for malefactors in Gotham City.

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39
Q

Benevolent

A

(beh NEV uh lunt) adj generous; kind; doing good deeds
Giving money to the poor is a benevolent act. To be benevolent is to bestow benefits. The United Way, like any charity, is a benevolent organization.

40
Q

Malevolent

A

(muh LEV uh lunt) means evil, or wishing to do harm

41
Q

Benign

A

(bih NYNE) adj gentle; not harmful; kind; mild
Karla has a benign personality; she is not at all unpleasant to be with.
Charlie was worried that he had cancer, but the lump on his leg turned out to be benign.
The difference between a benign person and a benevolent one is that the benevolent one is actively kind and generous while the benign one is more passive.

42
Q

Malignant

A

(muh LIG nant) adj deadly, mean, nasty, evil, full of ill will
A malignant tumor is the opposite of a benign tumor. It can kill you.
An adjective that means the same thing is malign. As a verb, malign has a different meaning.

43
Q

Malign

A

(muh LINE) v To malign someone is to say unfairly bad things about that person, to injure that person by telling evil lies about him or her. Slander and malign are synonyms.

44
Q

Bequest

A

(bih KWEST) n something left to someone in a will
If your next-door neighbor leaves you all his millions in a will, the money is a bequest from him to you. It is not polite to request a bequest. Just keep smiling and hope for the best.
To leave something to someone in a will is to bequeath it. A bequest is something that has been bequeathed.

45
Q

Bereaved

A

(buh REEVD) adj deprived or left desolate, especially through death
The children were bereaved b y the death of theri pet. Then they got a new pet.
Bereft means the same thing as bereaved.

46
Q

Beset

A

(bih SET) v to harass; to surround
The bereaved widow was beset by grief.
Problems beset the expedition almost from the beginning; and the mountain climbers soon returned to their base camp.

47
Q

Blasphemy

A

(BLAS fuh mee) n irreverence; an insult to something held sacred; profanity
In the strictest sense, to commit blasphemy is to say nasty, insulting things about God. The word is used more broadly, though, to cover a wide range of nasty, insulting comments.
To blaspheme is to use swear words or say deeply irreverent things. A person who says such things is blasphemous.

48
Q

Blatant

A

(BLAYT unt) adj unpleasantly or offensively noisy; glaring
David was blatantly critical of our efforts; that is, he was noisy and obnoxious in making his criticisms.
Blatant is often confused with flagrant, since both words mean glaring. Blatant indicates that something was not concealed very well, whereas flagrant indicates that something was intentional. A blatant act is usually also a flagrant one, but a flagrant act isn’t necessarily blatant. You might want to refer to the listing for flagrant.

49
Q

Blight

A

(blyte) n a disease in plants; anything that injures or destroys
An early frost proved a blight to the citrus crops last year, so we had no orange juice for breakfast.

50
Q

Blithe

A

(blythe) adj carefree; cheerful
The blithe birds in the garden were making so much noise that Jamilla began to think about the shotgun in the attic.
The children were plying blithely in the hazardous-waste dump. While they played, they were blithely unaware that they were doing something dangerous.
To be blithely ignorant is to be happily unaware.

51
Q

Bourgeois

A

(boor ZHWAH) adj middle class, usually in a perjorative sense, boringly conventional
The original bourgeoisie (boor zhwaw ZEE) were simply people who lived in cities, an innovation at the time. They weren’t farmers and they weren’t nobles. They were members of a new class–the middle class. Now the word is used mostly in making fun of or sneering at people who seem to think about nothing but their possessions and other comforts and about conforming with other people who share those concerns.
A hip young city dweller might reject life in the suburbs as being too bourgeois. A person whose dream is to have a swimming pool in his backyard might be called bourgeois by someone who thinks there are more important things in life. Golf is often referred to as a bourgeois sport.

52
Q

Bovine

A

(BO vyne) adj cow related; cowlike
Cows are bovine, obviously. Eating grass is a bovine concern. There are a number of similar words based on other animals…

53
Q

Canine

A

(KAY nyne) dogs

54
Q

Equine

A

(EE kwyne) horses

55
Q

Feline

A

(FEE lyne) cats

56
Q

Piscine

A

(PYE seen) fish

57
Q

Porcine

A

(POR syne) pigs

58
Q

Ursine

A

(UR syne) bears

59
Q

Brevity

A

(BREV i tee) n briefness
The audience was deeply grateful for the brevity of the after-dinner speaker’s remarks.
The reader of this book may be grateful for the brevity of the example.
Brevity is related to the word abbreviate.

60
Q

Broach

A

(brohch) v to open up a subject for discussion, often a delicate subject
Henrietta was proud of her new dress, so no one knew how to broach the subject with her of how silly grandmothers look in leather.

61
Q

Bucolic

A

(byoo KAHL ik) adj charmingly rural; rustic, countrylike
The changing of the autumn leaves, old stone walls, distant views, and horses grazing in green meadows are examples of bucolic splendor.
The bucolic scene didn’t do much for the city child, who preferred screaming fire engines and honking horns to the sounds of a babbling brook.

62
Q

Bureaucracy

A

(byoo RAHK ruh see) n a system of government administration consisting of numerous bureaus or offices, especially one run according to inflexible and inefficient rules; any large administrative system characterized by inefficiency, lots of rules, and red tape.
The Department of Motor Vehicles is a bureaucracy. The forms you have to fill out all request unnecessary information. After you finally get everything all filled out and handed in, you don’t hear another word from the department for may months.
The people who work in a bureaucracy are called bureaucrats. These people and the inefficient procedures they follow might be called bureaucratic. Administrative systems outside the government can be bureaucratic, too. A high school principal who requires teachers and students to fill out forms for everything might be called bureaucratic.

63
Q

Burgeon

A

(BUR jun) v to expand; to flourish

The burgeoning weeds in our yard soon overwhelmed the grass.

64
Q

Burlesque

A

(bur LESK) n a ludicrous, mocking, lewd imitation
Vaudeville actors frequently performed burlesque works on the stage.
Burlesque, parody, lampoon, and caricature share similar meanings.

65
Q

Bequeath

A

(buh KWEETH) v to leave something to someone in a will.

66
Q

Cacophony

A

(kuh KAHF uh nee) n harsh-sounding mixture of words, voices, or sounds
The parade’s two marching bands played simultaneously; the resulting cacophony drove many spectators to tears.
A cacophony isn’t just a lot of noise–it’s a lot of noise that doesn’t sound good together. A steam whistle blowing isn’t a cacophony. But a high school orchestra that had never rehearsed together might very well produce a cacophony. The roar of engines, horns, and sirens arising from a busy city street would be a cacophony. A lot of people all shouting at once would produce a cacophony.
Euphony is the opposite of cacophony. Euphony is pleasing sound.

67
Q

Cadence

A

(KAYD uns) n rhythm; the rise and fall of sounds

We wished the tone of Irwin’s words would have a more pleasing cadence, but he spoke in a dull monotone.

68
Q

Cajole

A

(kuh JOHL) v to persuade someone to do something he or she doesn’t want to do
I didn’t want to give the speech, but Enrique cajoled me into doing it by telling me what a good speaker I am. As it turned out, he simply hadn’t been able to find anyone else.

69
Q

Callow

A

(KAL oh) adj immature
The patient was alarmed by the callowness of the medical staff. The doctors looked too young to have graduated from high school, much less from medical school.
To be callow is to be youthfully naive, inexperienced, and unsophisticated.

70
Q

Candor

A

(KAN dur) n truthfulness; sincere honesty
My best friend exhibited candor when he told me that for many years now he has believed me to be a jerk.
Teddy appreciated Ross’s candor; Teddy was glad to know that Ross thought Teddy’s sideburns looked stupid.
To show candor is to be candid. What is candid about the camera on “Candid Camera”? The camera is candid because it is truthful in showing what people do when they can’t turn off the coffee machine in the office where they’re applying for a job. Candid does not mean concealed or hidden, even though the camera on “Candid Camera is concealed. To be candid is to speak frankly.

71
Q

Capitalism

A

(KAP uh tuh liz um) n an economic system in which businesses are owned by private citizens (not by the government) and in which the resulting products and services are sold with relatively little government control.
The American economy is capitalist. If you wanted to start a company to sell signed photographs of yourself, you could. You, and not the government, would decide how much you would charge for the pictures. Your success or failure would depend on how many people decided to buy your pictures.

72
Q

Capitulate

A

(kuh PICH uh layt) v to surrender; to give up or give in
On the twentieth day of the strike, the workers capitulated and went back to work without a new contract.
So few students paid attention to Mr. Hernandez that he had to recapitulate his major points at the end of the class.
To recapitulate is not to capitulate again. To recapitulate is to summarize.

73
Q

Recapitulate

A

to summarize

74
Q

Capricious

A

(kuh PRISH us) adj unpredictable; likely to change at any moment
Arjun was capricious. One minute he said his favorite car was a Volkswagen Jetta; the next minute he said it was a Passat.
The weather is often said to be capricious. One minute it’s sowing; the next minute it’s 120 degrees in the shade.
Kendra attempted a quadruple somersault off the ten-meter diving board as a caprice. It was a painful caprice.
A caprice (kuh PREES) is a whim.

75
Q

Caricature

A

(KAR uh kuh chur) n a portrait or description that is purposely distorted or exaggerated, often to prove some point about its subject
Khoa sat for a caricature at the end of the marathon, but wasn’t pleased with the result: The portrait exaggerated his already dominant acne.
Editorial cartoonists often draw caricatures. Big noses, enormous glasses, floppy ears, and other distortions are common in such drawings.
A caricature uses exaggeration to bring out the hidden character of its subject.
The word can also be used as a verb. To caricature someone is to create such a distorted portrait.

76
Q

Castigate

A

(KAS tuh gayt) v to criticize severely; to chastise

Jose’s mother-in-law castigated him for forgetting to pick her up at the airport.

77
Q

Catalyst

A

(KAT uh list) n in chemistry, something that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed; anyone or anything that makes something happen without being directly involved in it
When the mad scientist dropped a few grains of the catalyst into his test tube, the bubbling liquid began to boil furiously.
This word is often used outide the laboratory as well. The launching of Sputnik by the Russians provided the catalyst for the creation of the modern American space program.
The tragic hijacking provided the catalyst for Congress’s new anti-terrorist legislation.

78
Q

Categorical

A

(kat uh GOR uh kul) adj unconditional, absolute
A categorical denial is one without exceptions–it covers every category.
Crooked politicians often make categorical denials of various charges against them. Then they go to jail.
I categorically refuse to do anything whatsoever at any time, in any place, with anyone.

79
Q

Catharsis

A

(kuh THAR sis) n purification that brings emotional relief or renewal
To someone with psychological problems, talking to a psychiatrist can lead to a catharsis. A catharsis is a sometimes traumatic event, after which one feels better.
A catharsis is is cathartic. Some people find emotional movies cathartic–watching one often allows them to release buried feelings.
Cathartic can also be a noun.

80
Q

Catholic

A

(KATH lik) adj universal, embracing everything
Da Vinci was a catholic genius who excelled at everything he did.
Parochial means narrow-minded, so parochial and catholic are almost opposites.
Catholic with a small c means universal. Catholic with a large C means Roman Catholic or pertaining to an ancient, undivided Christian church.

81
Q

Caustic

A

(KAW stik) adj like acid; corrosive
Paint remover is a caustic substance; if you spill it on your skin, your skin will burn.
The caustic detergent ate right through Henry’s laundry.
The teacher’s caustic criticism of Sally’s term paper left her in tears.
Caustic can be used figuratively as well. A caustic comment is one that is so nasty or insulting that it seems to sting or burn the person to whom it is directed.

82
Q

Celibacy

A

(SEL uh buh see) n abstinence from sex
People who practice celibacy don’t practice sex. Celibacy is one of the requirements for Catholic priesthood.
To practice celibacy is to be celibate. You will look a very long time in Hollywood before you find a celibate celebrity.

83
Q

Censure

A

(SEN shur) v to condemn severely for doing something bad
The Senate sometimes censures senators for breaking laws or engaging in behavior unbecoming to an elected official.
Censure can also be a noun.
The clumsy physician feared the censure of his fellow doctors, so he stopped treating anything more complicated than the common cold.
A Senate that made a habit of censuring senators might be said to be censorious. To be censorious is to be highly critical–to do a lot of censuring.

84
Q

Cerebral

A

(suh REE brul) adj brainy; intellectually refined
Your cerebrum is the biggest part of your brain. To be cerebral is to do and care about things that really smart people do and care about.
A cerebral discussion is one that is filled with big words and concerns abstruse matters that ordinary people can’t understand.
Sebastian was too cerebral to be a baseball announcer; he kept talking about the existentialism of the outfield.
This word can also be pronounced “SER uh brul”

85
Q

Chagrin

A

(shuh GRIN) n humiliation; embarrassed disappointment
Much to my chagrin, I began to giggle during the eulogy at the funeral.
Doug was filled with chagrin when he lost the race because he had put his shoes on the wrong feet.
The word chagrin is sometimes used incorrectly to mean surprise. There is, however, a definite note of shame in chagrin. To be chagrined is to feel humiliated or mortified.

86
Q

Charisma

A

(kuh RIZ muh) n a magical-seeming ability to attract followers or inspire loyalty
The glamorous presidential candidate had a lot of charisma; voters didn’t seem to support him so much as to be entranced by him.
To have charisma is to be charismatic.

87
Q

Charlatan

A

(SHAR luh tun) n fraud; quack; con man
Buck was selling what he claimed was a cure for cancer, but he was just a charlatan (the pills were jelly beans).
The flea market usually attracts a lot of charlatans who sell phony products that don’t do what they claim they will.

88
Q

Chasm

A

(KAZ um) n a deep, gaping hole; a gorge

Mark was so stupid that his girlfriend wondered whether there wasn’t a chasm where his brain should be.

89
Q

Chastise

A

(chas TYZE) v to inflict punishment on; to discipline

Mother chastised us for firing our bottle rockets through the living-room window.

90
Q

Chicanery

A

(shi KAY nuh ree) n trickery; deceitfulness; artifice, especially legal or political
Political news would be dull were it not for the chicanery of our elected officials.

91
Q

Chimera

A

(kye MEER uh) n an illusion; a foolish fancy

Ivy’s dream of becoming a movie star was just a chimera.

92
Q

Choleric

A

(KAHL ur ik) adj hot-tempered; quick to anger

When the grumpy old man was in one of his choleric moods, the children refused to go near him.

93
Q

Chronic

A

(KRAHN ik) adj constant; lasting a long time; inveterate
DJ’s chronic back pains often kept him from football practice, but the post-game internal bleeding lasted only a day.
Someone who always comes in last could be called a chronic loser. Chronic is usually associated with something negative or undesirable: chronic illness, chronic failure, chronic depression. You would be much less likely to encounter a reference to chronic success or chronic happiness, unless the writer or speaker was being ironic.

94
Q

Chronicle

A

(KRAHN uh kul) n a record or account of events in order of time; a history
Sally’s diary provided her mother with a detailed chronicle of her daughter’s extracurricular activities.
Chronicle can also be used as a verb.
The reporter chronicled all the events of the revolution.
Chronology and chronicle are nearly synonyms: Both provide a chronological list of events. Chronological means in order of time.

95
Q

Chronology

A

list in time order

96
Q

Chronological

A

in order of occurrence