Questions- Wrongies From PP

Question 1

Describe the histological appearance of coagulative necrosis

Answer 1

Loss of cell detail but ghost outline of tissue architecture endures

Question 2

Why is there swelling during ischaemia?

Answer 2

Loss of function of energy dependent membrane pumps, therefore sodium and water accumulate in cytoplasm

Question 3

Name four differences between oncosis and apoptosis

Answer 3

Oncosis- sheets of cell affected, associated inflammation, cell swelling and always pathological
Apoptosis- single cells affected, no associated inflammation , cell shrinkage and can be pathological or physiological

Question 4

Why is swelling seen in an inflamed area?

Answer 4

Chemical mediators such as histamine, serotonin and bradykinin are released.
They cause arterial dilation and endothelial contraction.
Arteriolar dilatation results in increased hydrostatic pressure within capillaries and venules, and fluid is pushed out of the venules through the gaps between the endothelial cells into tissue spaces
As the conc. of protein within the tissue spaces is increased the osmotic pressure of the tissues spaces increases which serves to pull further fluid into the tissue spaces and to hold it there.

Question 5

Give two functions of the complement system

Answer 5

Killing bacteria by forming the membrane attack complex which punches holes in them.
Opsonisation (C3b) is an opsonin

Question 6

Describe the main clinical features of inherited angio-oedema

Answer 6

Attacks of non-itchy cutaneous angio-oedema especially of the face and airway
Recurrent abdominal pain which is due to intestinal oedema
Often a family history of sudden death due to laryngeal involvement

Question 7

Describe the histological appearance of a Langhans giant cell

Answer 7

Nuclei arranged around the periphery of the giant cell

Question 8

Describe the histological appearance of a Touton giant cell

Answer 8

Nuclei arranged in a ring towards the centre of cell

Question 9

Where can you see granulomas?

Answer 9

Leprosy and Crohn’s disease

Question 10

Name the principal cellular constituents of granulation tissue

Answer 10

Fibroblasts + myofibroblasts

Endothelial cells and capillaries

Question 11

List 4 local factors that can impair the healing if any wound

Answer 11

Poor blood supply, local infection, presence of foreign bodies and large haematoma

Question 12

Describe the route of a typical thrombo-embolism from the leg veins to the lungs

Answer 12

Deep veins of calf- iliac veins- inferior vena cava- right atrium- right ventricle- pulmonary artery

Question 13

Common abnormality in eyes and associated condition.

Answer 13

Xanthelasma and hyperlipidaemia

Question 14

What’s the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

Answer 14

Hyperplasia is an increase in tissue due to increased cell numbers
Hypertrophy is an increase in tissue due to an increase in cell size without increase in cell numbers

Question 15

Give two causes of ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 15

Systemic hypertension and ischaemic heart disease

Question 16

Five four causes of atrophy

Answer 16

Reduced functional demand (atrophy of disuse)
Inadequate blood supply
Aging
Pressure

Question 17

What happens in metaplasia?

Answer 17

Stem cells within tissue are reprogrammed and express different genes resulting in a switch from producing one type of cell to the production of cells with a different phenotype. So cells of one type are eliminated are replaced

Question 18

What is Barrett’s oesophagus, what causes it and to which type of cancer does it usually lead?

Answer 18

Metaplasia of the stratified squamous epithelium of the lower oesophagus to gastric or intestinal type epithelium
Caused by persistent acid reflux
Leads to adenocarcinoma

Question 19

Why do both alleles of a tumour suppressor gene need to be mutated in order for cancer to develop but only one allele of a proto-oncogene needs to be mutated?

Answer 19

Mutations in tumour suppressor genes are inactivating and so both alleles need to be mutated in order for proteins which act as brakes on the cell cycle to be ineffective
Mutations in proto-oncogenes are activating and therefore mutation in only one allele is needed for the proteins which act as neoplastic growth enhancers to favour neoplastic growth

Question 20

With reference to the colonic adenoma-carcinoma sequence briefly describe what is meant by the term progression in cancer?

Answer 20

Malignant tumours require alterations affecting a combination of multiple tumour suppressor genes and Proto oncogenes this has been demonstrated by the colonic adenoma carcinoma sequence. Early adenomas, later adenomas, primary carcinoma and metastatic carcinomas showed that stepwise accumulation of mutations occurs during the sequence overtime. This accumulation of multiple mutations is called progression

Question 21

Give three tumour markers and their associated cancer

Answer 21

Calcitonin: medulla carcinoma of the thyroid
Prostate specific antigen: prostate cancer
CA-125: ovarian cancer

Question 22

What is the most common type of cervical cancer?

Answer 22

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 23

Difference between CIN and cervical cancer?

Answer 23

In CIN dysplasia p cells are confined to the epithelium and no stromal invasion is seen. In cervical cancer malignant cells have invaded through the basement membrane and are present in the sub epithelial tissue

Question 24

By what means is the HPV virus known to cause cancer?

Answer 24

HPV produces two proteins E6 and E7 that inactivate tumour suppressor proteins, speed the cell through the cell cycle, inhibit apoptosis and combat cellular senescence

Question 25

Name the 5 cancers that frequently metastasise to bone

Answer 25

Breast, kidney, bronchus, thyroid and prostate