Questions- Wrongies From Papers Flashcards
State four clinical signs consistent with acute ischaemia in a limb?
Paralysis, pallor, paraesthesia and pulselessness
State four cardiovascular compensatory mechanisms mediated by the SNS in hypovolaemic shock.
Vasoconstriction, increased HR, increased SV and positive inotropy
Give an anatomical explanation for the “Hand of benediction”
Failure of Flexion of the index and middle fingers: paralysis of the FDS, FDP and lumbricals to index and middle fingers, supplied by median nerve.
Intact Flexion of ring and little fingers: intact inner action of the FDP and lumbricals to ring and little fingers, supplied by ulnar nerve
Thumb is adducted: intact innervation to adductor pollicis, supplied by ulnar nerve
Thumb is extended at IPJs: intact innervation to extensor pollicis longus, supplied by the radial nerve
Describe how the normal ventricular septum forms
The muscular portion grows upwards from the floor of ventricles
The membranous portion is derived from the endocardial cushions and grows downwards to fuse with the muscular portion
Name two of the hallmarks of cancer and describe how each of these characteristics benefit the cancer cell
Self sufficient in growth signals, tumours have the capacity to proliferate without external stimuli- cell has proliferation advantage
Resistance to apoptosis- cell has a survival advantage
Give three specific examples of things that may cause damage to DNA and subsequent tumourigenesis
UV radiation
X ray
Obesity
Give two reasons why a woman in late pregnancy is predisposed to DVT
The presence of a pelvic mass- compresses venous outflow from the legs resulting in venous stasis
The patient may be less mobile than usual leading to venous stasis
What is an embolism?
The blockage of a blood vessel by a solid, liquid or gas at a site distant from its origin
What is a saddle embolus?
A large embolus that straddles the bifurcation of an artery
Apart from thrombi, state two things that can embolise
Air
Amniotic fluid
State three actions that should be taken to reduce to risk of transmitting a diarrhoeal infection
Nurse the patient in a side room
Hand washing with soap and water before and after seeing the patient
Wear gloves
What two virulence factors does C.difficile have that causes diarrhoea? Explain how they cause diarrhoea
Toxin A- an enterotoxin that causes excessive fluid secretion
Toxin B- a cytotoxin that damages protein synthesis and cell structure
Give precise names for two anatomical structures that usually contribute to the stability of the hip joint and that are likely to be affected during a total hip replacement
Joint capsule and iliofemoral joint
State in order the sequence of vessels a catheter will pass through to reach the coronary artery.
External iliac artery, common iliac artery and aorta
Where is the opening of the left coronary artery located?
Left aortic sinus just above the left leaflet of aortic valve
