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Biological Systems > Questions I Got Wrong > Flashcards

Questions I Got Wrong Flashcards

1
Q

Which bond represents a weak bond?

A

Hydrogen bond.

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2
Q

What is true about fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids do not dissolve in water easily.

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3
Q

What is not an extracellular role of carbohydrates?

A

Providing energy for muscle movement.

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4
Q

Do intermediate filaments play a role in intracellular movement?

A

No.

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5
Q

What is used to move the cell to its environment?

A

Flagella.

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6
Q

What is used to move the environment to the cell?

A

Cilia.

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7
Q

Why are the base pairing not adenine with guanine?

A

Because double ring structures have longer molecules than single ring structures.

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8
Q

What is a telomere?

A

Telomere- Region of repetitive sequence at each end of chromosomes.

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9
Q

What is a telomerase?

A

Telomerase- Responsible for progressive synthesis of telomeric DNA repeats.

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10
Q

Copies of a gene is called?

A

Alleles.

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11
Q

Beta oxidation is?

A

The breakdown of fatty acids.

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12
Q

A reducing chemical reaction will?

A

Add an electron to the substrate.

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13
Q

Autolysis means?

A

Enzymatic digestion of cells by its own enzymes resulting in dying or dead cells.

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14
Q

The extracellular matrix consists of?

A

A network of carbohydrates and proteins.

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15
Q

Autophagy means:

A

Process which worn out cells are digested.

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16
Q

Auto regulation means:

A

A process in which an internal system works to adjust a humans response to stimuli.

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17
Q

Lysis means:

A

Rupture of cell membrane leading to the cell dying or the contents being released.

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18
Q

Which of the following statements is true for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Ribosomes synthesise proteins using mRNA sequences.

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19
Q

Proliferation means?

A

It can describe cell division.

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20
Q

Which ONE of the following is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope?

A

RER.

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21
Q

An organelle located near the nucleus that consists of two cylindrical structures composed of clusters of microtubules is called the?

A

Centrosome.

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22
Q

In the fluid mosaic model, the mosaic portion is recognised as the __ and __?

A

Phospholipids.
Proteins.

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23
Q

Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure?

A

Proteins.

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24
Q

Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the membrane?

A

Double bonds in the fatty acid tail.

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25
Q

What problem is faced by organisms that live in fresh water?

A

Their bodies take in too much water.

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26
Q

What happens to the membrane of a vesicle after exocytosis?

A

It fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane.

27
Q

Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of ______ and used short term to perform from a(n) _____ molecule.

A

Glucose.
ATP.

28
Q

DNA replication involves unwinding two strands of parent DNA, copying each strand to synthesise complementary strands, and releasing the parent and daughter DNA. Which of the following accurately describes this process?

A

Anabolic.

29
Q

Which one of the following molecules is likely to have the most potential energy?

A

Sucrose.

30
Q

What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy?

A
  • Potential= Stored in chemical bonds.
  • Chemical= Released.
31
Q

When the system becomes more disordered during the reaction?

A

When S is positive.

32
Q

Example of second law of thermodynamics?

A

Knocking over a house of cards.

33
Q

An example of potential energy?

A

An electrochemical gradient.

34
Q

How many subunits on a G protein?

A

3.
Alpha, beta and Y.
When a signalling molecule binds to a G protein receptor a GDP molecule associated with the alpha subunit is exchanged for GTP.
Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP terminates the signal.

35
Q

Which step does active cell division not occur: G1, G0, G2 or G1’.

A

G0.

36
Q

Second messengers?

A

cAMP is a common second messenger which is synthesised from ATP by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, this then activates the enzyme protein kinases.

37
Q

Chromosomes are duplicated during what stage of the cell cycle?

A

S phase.

38
Q

The mitotic spindles arise from which cell structure?

A

Centrosome.

39
Q

What is the scientific name of the ring of cytoskeletal fibres that forms at the center of the cell during cell division?

A

Cleavage furrow.

40
Q

How many copies of each gene are present in human skin cells at G2 of interphase?

A

4.

41
Q

Sister chromatids are best described as two DNA molecules that have:

A

Virtually identical sequences of nucleotides.

42
Q

The centrosome is:

A

Is a cellular structure involved in the process of cell division.

43
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells produced during gametogenesis in fruit flies?

A

The daughter cells each contain 4 chromosomes after meiosis 1 and 4 chromosomes after meiosis 2.

44
Q

What structure is most important in forming the tetrads?

A

Synaptonemal complex.

45
Q

Which of the options, A to D, is a Medici process that does not give rise to genetic variation?

A

Crossing over of sister chromatids.

46
Q

During which phase do structural support organelles and cellular movement organelles dismantle?

A

G2 phase.

47
Q

In human somatic cell that has been photographed during G2 phase, there are _____ sister chromatids present.

A

92.

48
Q

Given that the correct number of chromosomes is vital to the proper functioning of a cell, which of the statements below is correct if a cell passes from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle?

A

The cell completed the process of cell division or it dies.

49
Q

Which of the following is not true of mitotic cell division?

A

It does not require DNA replication.

50
Q

Reproduction by mitotic cell division?

A

All of these choices are correct.

51
Q

The division of genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is called?

A

Mitosis.

52
Q

The centromere is?

A

All of these choices are correct.

53
Q

Which of the following was NOT one of Mendel’s conclusions based on his monohybrid crosses?

A

Genes are carried on chromosomes.

54
Q

When these plants are allowed to fertilise themselves, the F2 plants occur in a ratio of 3 tall to 1 short. Which of the following is NOT a valid conclusion from these results?

A

The tall and short traits assort independently of each other in this cross.

55
Q

The experiments by Hershey and Chase helped confirm that DNA was the hereditary material on the basis of the finding that:

A

Radioactive phosphorus was found in the cell.

56
Q

How did Meselson and Stahl support Watson and Crick’s double-helix model?

A

They demonstrated that each strand acts as a template for synthesising a new strand of DNA.

57
Q

Where DNA replication begins?

A

At the replication forks.

58
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A

Short DNA fragments are formed on the lagging stand synthesised in a direction away from the replication fork.

59
Q

What is the role of a primer in DNA replication?

A

Primer provides a 3’ OH group for DNA pol to start adding nucleotides.

60
Q

As part of their normal function, many proteins bind to DNA briefly and then release it again. Which types of bonds might be involved in these transient protein- DNA interactions? Select all answers that apply.

A
  • Hydrogen.
  • Ionic.
  • Van Der Waals forces.
61
Q

In double-stranded DNA, the sugar-phosphate backbones are:

A

On the outside, separated by grooves of unequal size.

62
Q

The RNA component of ribosomes are synthesised in the?

A

Nucleolus.

63
Q

Purines have 2 rings and pyrimidines have 1.

A

Biological Systems (3 decks)

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