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Psychology 1A > Questions I forget: Research Methods > Flashcards

Questions I forget: Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Define epistemology

A

the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of humanknowledge.

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2
Q

What is an alternative prediction?

A

Your prediction

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3
Q

Two-tailed hypothesis

A

a hypothesis that does not state the direction of the relationship

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4
Q

Scientific Theory

A

comprehensive explanation supported by a vast body of evidence

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5
Q

Null hypothesis

A

accepted if the prediction is not supported by the data

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6
Q

Structuralism

A

an approach to psychology interested in the contents and structure of the mind

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7
Q

what is a cause-and-effect relationship?

A

when it is proven that one variable directly affects the other (this is almost impossible to guarantee)

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8
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable that gets manipulated

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9
Q

When was the British Psychological Society founded?

A

1901

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10
Q

When was the american psychological association founded?

A

1892

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11
Q

What are levels (or conditions)?

A

different types of independent variable in a study

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12
Q

What is Independent (between-subjects) design?

A

When different participants experience different levels of the independent variable

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13
Q

What is Repeated measures (within-subjects) design?

A

when all participants experience all levels of the independent variable

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14
Q

What is counter-balancing?

A

when participants are randomly assigned to conditions

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15
Q

what does N stand for in a study

A

number of participants

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16
Q

What is repeated measures (within-subjects) design?

A

when all the participants experience all levels of the independent variable

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17
Q

What is the hawthorne effect?

A

when the behaviour of the participants in a study is affected by the presence of the researcher

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18
Q

What is the social Learning theory?

A

an approach in psychology that is interested in how people learn through observation

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19
Q

What is humanistic psychology?

A

an approach in psychology that emphasises the importance of the individual and the importance of self-actualisation

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20
Q

What is psychometrics?

A

the science of measuring psychological phenomena

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21
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

the process of learning through reinforcement and punishment

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22
Q

What are confounding (or extraneous) variables

A

variables that either have not or cannot be controlled

23
Q

What is the population in psychology?

A

the group of people the theory is based on

24
Q

What is random sampling ?

A

a method of selecting a sample from a population by selecting individuals from the population at random

25
Q

What is Convenience (or opportunity) sampling?

A

when the researcher selects participants from a group that is easy to access

26
Q

What is a P-value?

A

the probability of the observed result occurring by chance alone

27
Q

What is a Type I error?

A

(or a false positive) is when a null hypothesis is rejected when it should have been accepted

28
Q

What is a familywise error?

A

the probability of making more false positives the more tests are run simultaneously

29
Q

What is HARKing?

A

when researchers hypothesise after results are known

30
Q

What is the file drawer effect?

A

unpublished or unreplicated studies being hidden from view

31
Q

What is publication bias?

A

when studies with statistically significant results are published while those without are not

32
Q

What is Independent (between-subjects) design?

A

when different participants experience different levels of the independent variable

33
Q

What is the sharp-shooter fallacy?

A

when someone cherry-picks specific data points or patterns after the study has concluded and claims that they have significance

34
Q

What is falsification?

A

when one manipulates or distorts existing data

35
Q

What do registered reports comprise of?

A

developing a hypothesis; designing a study; peer review; collecting and analysing data; writing a report; peer review; and publishing the report

36
Q

What are non-sequiturs?

A

statements that do not follow logically from the premises

37
Q

What is literate programming?

A

documentation directly attached to the analysis script

38
Q

What is a data repository?

A

a database that stores data in a structured format

39
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

study that looks at different subsections of a population at one point in time

40
Q

What is a cohort?

A

a subsection of a population all born at a similar time

41
Q

What are the cohort effects?

A

when different cohorts have fundamental differences that can affect the findings of a study

42
Q

What is an accelerated longitudinal study?

A

looks at multiple cohorts over a shorter period of time (a combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional)

43
Q

What are prospective studies?

A

when longitudinal studies are set up to collect data over time in the future

44
Q

What are retrospective studies?

A

when pre-existing longitudinal data is used to test a hypothesis

45
Q

What is internal validity?

A

how well the study is measuring what it is supposed to be measuring

46
Q

What is external validity?

A

the extent to which the findings of a study can generalised to other populations

47
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

how well the study’s results translate to a real-world setting

48
Q

What are cross-lagged correlations?

A

when a correlation measured at an earlier moment in time also correlates with that same correlation at a later point (diagonal correlation)

49
Q

What are prospective studies?

A

when longitudinal studies are set up to collect data over time in the future

50
Q

What is efficacy in relation to studies?

A

whether the treatment can work

51
Q

What is a feasibility study?

A

attempts to measure the acceptability and practicality of a treatment

52
Q

What is adherence (or compliance)?

A

how many participants stick to the treatment regime

53
Q

What does drop out (or attrition) relate to in a study?

A

how many participants leave the study before it is completed

54
Q

What is a cross-generational problem?

A

a skew in data brought about by generational-specific factors

Psychology 1A (3 decks)

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