Questions from Quizzes Flashcards by Raechel Rix

The Blood Brain barrier is most permeable to what kind of molecule?

The correct choice is: small, lipid-soluble.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is most permeable to small, lipid-soluble molecules. These molecules can readily diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the endothelial cells that form the BBB. Large lipid-soluble molecules and small water-soluble molecules typically have more difficulty crossing the BBB.

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The Central Nervous System (CNS) is comprised of:

the brain and spine

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Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the “reward circuit”? Choices: Ventral tegmental area (VTA), frontal lobe, nucleus accumbens, tectum

tectum

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Which division of the nervous system controls bodily organs, glands, ducts, and pupils?

autonomic

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What division of the nervous system controls the gut?

enteric

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what ionic movement begins an action potential?

entrance of sodium (Na+) ions

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An oin channel that contains a receptor site is called…?

an ionotropic receptor

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Which of the following is NOT a monoamine? Choices: serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, glutamate

glutamate

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Which neurotransmitter is particularly important for mood, appetite and sleep?

Serotonin

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Drugs administered “sublingually” (under the tongue) and drugs administered orally are absorbed mostly in the ____________ and ____________, respectively.

mouth; small intestine

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Which route of administration is characterized as “enteral”?

oral and rectal

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All of the following drug attributes decrease the likelihood of drug absorption EXCEPT:

high water-solubility
small size
large size
low lipid-soulubility

Small size = INCREASED LIKELIHOOD OF DRUG ABSORPTION

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What are the two main difference between capillaries in the periphery and capillaries in the brain?

Capillaries in the brain have tighter junctions and are surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells

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Of the following, which is the most dangerous mode of drug administration?

intravenous

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The degradation of drugs by enzymes present in the gastrointestinal tract and liver is known as:

first-pass metabolism

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Most drugs are excreted via the…

kidneys

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the time for the plasma level of a drug to fall by 50% is called the

elimination half-life

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The “steady-state” concentration of a drug (the stable level achieved in blood with repeated, regular dosing) is

achieved when the amount of drug administered per until time equals the amount eliminated per unit time

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The ability of liver enzymes to degrade a drug more efficiently in the continued presence of the drug is termed

metabolic tolerance

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Which of the following is NOT a positive symptom of schizoprenia?

Choices:
delusions
flat affect
hallucinations
disordered thinking

flat affect

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Cariprazine should not be used by

elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis

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The percentage of the world’s population suffering from schizophrenia is

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Which of the following is NOT a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Choices
lack of movement
poverty of speech
disorganized behavior
social withdrawal

disorganized behavior

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What is the primary indication of haloperidol?

psychosis

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In general, antipsychotics have a _____ potential for dependence, and a ___ potential for tolerance. weak or strong for each blank.

weak, weak

The most problematic side effect caused by clozapine is:

agranulocytosis

What is the most common side effect of treatment with olanzapine?

weight gain

Chlorpromazine was originally develop to be a

sedative

The uncontrollable movements of muscles, commonly in the limbs, face, and tongue, produced by acute treatment with antipsychotics are called

dystonia

Which statement below best describes the pharmacodynamics of escitalopram?

It primarily affects 5-HT systems, with minimal effects on NE/DA/ACh systems.

What type of antidepressant is amitriptyline?

TCA

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of bupropion?

It blocks DA and NE reuptake

The tricyclic antidepressants differ from Prozac and Zoloft in that they also have major effects on ________________.

norepinphrine

An SNRI would be a good treatment choice for someone

with MDD and pain

Venlafaxine is a/an

SNRI

Which neurotransmitters are affected by amitriptyline?

NE, ACh, 5-HT

The neurogenic theory of depression stems from recent findings that in the mature brain

neurons are capable of being repaired and produced

OF the following classes of antidepressant drugs, the one associated with the highest incidence of sexual dysfunction is

SSRIs

First-generation tricyclic antidepressants are defined by a commonality in basic

molecular structure

One of the biggest problems with carbamazepine is that it can induce

agranulocytosis

Bipolar patients spend most of their lives in a ____________ state.

asymptomatic

Antiepileptics include all of the following drugs except

lithium

The rate of suicide for bipolar patients is approximately _____ times that of the general population.

What is the original primary indication for lamotrigine?

seizure disorder/epilepsy

Valproate appears to be more effective for patients who have ________________, compared to lithium.

mixed episodes

Oxcarbazepine is an improvement of the carbamazepine molecule, and has a better side-effect profile. Which of the following is NOT one of the improvements?

less weight gain

Atypical antipsychotics are often used as a first-line treatment for Bipolar Disorder because

they have a better safety profile than lithium

One of the most serious side effects associated with taking Lamictal is

rash

Similarly to anti-depressants, lithium appears to

increase neuroprotective factors

It is recommended that pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders begins with

SSRIs

propanolol is a

beta blocker

Compared to benzodiazepines, SSRIs seem to be particularly effective for treating

OCD

Barbiturates and benzodiazepines bind to what kind of receptor?

GABAA

Propanolol is most commonly used to treat

Situational/Performance anxiety

Of the following anxiety disorders, which one has equal gender ratios?

Social Anxiety

Which of the following is NOT a common obsessive behavior seen in patients with OCD? counting, checking, cleaning, or cartwheeling

cartwheeling

The cortical hyperactivity seen in patients with anxiety disorders is thought to be due to all of the below EXCEPT DA hypofunction 5-HT hypofunction NE hyperfunction GABA hypofunction

DA hypofunction

Alprazolam is contraindicated in patients who

smoke

The pharmacodynamic mechanism of St. John's wort is very similar to that of

TCAs

An important pharmacodynamic effect of Ginkgo biloba is

Anticoagulation

Valerian is best described as a/n

Sedative

Ma huang should not be combined with caffeine, as this can increase the risk of

Cardiac Arrest

Which of the following plants is NOT used as an anxiolytic?

Ma Huang

Valerian is commonly used to treat all of the following EXCEPT:

High Blood Pressure

Which of the following conditions is ma huang used for?

asthma

All of the following are active compounds found in kava EXCEPT

terpene trilactones

Toxicity can result from the consumption of ginkgo biloba

seeds

An important property of omega-3 fatty acids is that they have _____ effects

antiinflammatory

Which of the following drug names are capitalized?

Trade

"Pharmacodynamic" tolerance occurs in the _____; "metabolic" tolerance occurs in the _____.

Synapse/neuron ; liver

The study of the effects a drug has when it binds to it's target/receptor is termed

pharmacodynamics

A drug that is more efficious than another drug has

a large maximum effect

Most side effects are

predictable and mild

The observation that caffeine exert as much central nervous system stimulation as amphetamine indicated that caffeine....

is less efficious than amphetamine

During pregnancy how does intestinal motility react?

decreases

A drug that is more potent than another drug has ____ ED50?

a smaller ED50

According to the DEA, the most dangerous drugs are typically scheduled as ....

Affinity refers to .... ?

the strength of attraction between a molecule (ligand) and it's target (receptor)

The therapeutic index (TI) refers to

Relative safety of a drug

Compared to males, most females ...

have more fat

The dose of a drug that produces the desired effects in half of the subjects is called the drug's ...

ED50

The term placebo is best described as...

A pharmacologically inactive substance that elicits a significant therapeutic response

A drug that blocks the effect of the naturally occurring (endogenous) compound is called:

An antagonist

Phenothiazines are in the class of antipsychotics known as

First generation antipsychotics

The word tardive in tardive dyskinesia indicates that the symptoms

Appear later in treatment

Amisulpiride is a good choice of antipsychotic for patients who have a high risk for

Diabetes

The single best predictor of antipsychotic efficacy in a drug is an affinity for __________ receptors.

An off-label use for risperidone is

OCD

Loxapine is the only antipsychotic that

Is administered via inhalation

The uncontrollable movements of muscles commonly in the limbs, face, and tongue produced by ACUTE treatment with antipsychotics are called

Dystonia

The major side effect of the first-generation antipsychotics is

motor impairment

Impairment of memory is a side effect clearly associated with the use of

TCAs

Compared to SSRIs, TCAs are:

Equally effective, but have different side effects

The tricyclic antidepressants differ from Prozac and Zoloft in that they also have major effects on ________________.

Norepinephrine

If an SSRI is taken in conjunction with an MAOI, the levels of 5-HT can become dangerously high leading to ___________________.

Serotonin syndrome

Orthostatic hypotension is a common side effect of

TCAs and MAOIs

Venalfaxine is a/an

SNRI

Topamax is used in the treatment of Bipolar Disorder to decrease

Weight gain

Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) is sometimes used to treat Bipolar Disorder because

It has rapid effects

Atypical antipsychotics are often used as a first-line treatment for Bipolar Disorder because

They have a safer profile than lithium

The rate of suicide for bipolar patients is approximately _____ times that of the general population.

Which of the following is NOT a side-effect of lithium?

EPS

The classic drug for treating bipolar disorder is

Lithium

The therapeutic index for lithium is _______; the antidote for overdose is __________

Low; unavailable

Similarly to antidepressants lithium appears to

Increase neuroprotective factors

In addition to treating anxiety, Buspirone can be used to improve the ________________ side effects caused by SSRIs.

Sexual

Compared to barbiturates, benzodiazepines are

Safer

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT thought to be important to the etiology of anxiety?

Dopamine

Barbiturates are in a class of drugs known as

Sedative-hypnotics

Venlafaxine is associated with a higher risk of ___________ in young (<24) patients.

suicide

The most common sub-type of anxiety disorder is

phobia

Stimulation of the GABAA1 receptor is thought to result in all the following effects EXCEPT

Anxiolysis

The most common cause of death when combining benzodiazepines with another CNS depressant (like alcohol) is

respiratory depression

The anticipatory anxiety experienced by people who have panic attacks can sometimes progress to

Agoraphobia

Drugs that reduce the activity of the _____________ seem to be particularly efficacious for treating Panic Disorder.

Locus coeruleus

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Buspirone?

It is immediately effective

Unlike other anxiolytics, beta-blockers primarily work:

Peripherally

The cortical hyperactivity seen in patients with anxiety disorders is thought to be due to all of the following EXCEPT:

DA hypofunction

Which of the following is NOT a concern regarding barbiturates?

Some have extremely long half-lives

In the past, use of kava has been linked to

Hepatotoxicity

Pharmacodynamically, valerian is classified as an

GABA agonist

Kava has pharmacodynamic effects very similar to

Alcohol

The active ingredient in St. John’s wort is thought to be

Hypericum perfortatum

Kava grows naturally in what part of the world?

South Pacific

Ginkgo biloba is mainly used to improve:

Cognition

Which of the following plants is NOT used as an anxiolytic?

ma huang

Valerian is commonly used to treat all of the following EXCEPT

High blood pressure

Ginkgo biloba should not be combined with

aspirin

What is the ideal ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids?

1:1