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PSYC 475 > Questions from Quizzes > Flashcards

Questions from Quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

The Blood Brain barrier is most permeable to what kind of molecule?

A

The correct choice is: small, lipid-soluble.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is most permeable to small, lipid-soluble molecules. These molecules can readily diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the endothelial cells that form the BBB. Large lipid-soluble molecules and small water-soluble molecules typically have more difficulty crossing the BBB.

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2
Q

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is comprised of:

A

the brain and spine

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3
Q

Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the “reward circuit”? Choices: Ventral tegmental area (VTA), frontal lobe, nucleus accumbens, tectum

A

tectum

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4
Q

Which division of the nervous system controls bodily organs, glands, ducts, and pupils?

A

autonomic

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5
Q

What division of the nervous system controls the gut?

A

enteric

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6
Q

what ionic movement begins an action potential?

A

entrance of sodium (Na+) ions

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7
Q

An oin channel that contains a receptor site is called…?

A

an ionotropic receptor

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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT a monoamine? Choices: serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, glutamate

A

glutamate

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9
Q

Which neurotransmitter is particularly important for mood, appetite and sleep?

A

Serotonin

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10
Q

Drugs administered “sublingually” (under the tongue) and drugs administered orally are absorbed mostly in the ____________ and ____________, respectively.

A

mouth; small intestine

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11
Q

Which route of administration is characterized as “enteral”?

A

oral and rectal

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12
Q

All of the following drug attributes decrease the likelihood of drug absorption EXCEPT:

high water-solubility
small size
large size
low lipid-soulubility

A

Small size = INCREASED LIKELIHOOD OF DRUG ABSORPTION

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13
Q

What are the two main difference between capillaries in the periphery and capillaries in the brain?

A

Capillaries in the brain have tighter junctions and are surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells

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14
Q

Of the following, which is the most dangerous mode of drug administration?

A

intravenous

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15
Q

The degradation of drugs by enzymes present in the gastrointestinal tract and liver is known as:

A

first-pass metabolism

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16
Q

Most drugs are excreted via the…

A

kidneys

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17
Q

the time for the plasma level of a drug to fall by 50% is called the

A

elimination half-life

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18
Q

The “steady-state” concentration of a drug (the stable level achieved in blood with repeated, regular dosing) is

A

achieved when the amount of drug administered per until time equals the amount eliminated per unit time

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19
Q

The ability of liver enzymes to degrade a drug more efficiently in the continued presence of the drug is termed

A

metabolic tolerance

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20
Q

Which of the following is NOT a positive symptom of schizoprenia?

Choices:
delusions
flat affect
hallucinations
disordered thinking

A

flat affect

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21
Q

Cariprazine should not be used by

A

elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis

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22
Q

The percentage of the world’s population suffering from schizophrenia is

A

1%

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23
Q

Which of the following is NOT a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Choices
lack of movement
poverty of speech
disorganized behavior
social withdrawal

A

disorganized behavior

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24
Q

What is the primary indication of haloperidol?

A

psychosis

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25
Q

In general, antipsychotics have a _____ potential for dependence, and a ___ potential for tolerance.

weak or strong for each blank.

A

weak, weak

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26
Q

The most problematic side effect caused by clozapine is:

A

agranulocytosis

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27
Q

What is the most common side effect of treatment with olanzapine?

A

weight gain

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28
Q

Chlorpromazine was originally develop to be a

A

sedative

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29
Q

The uncontrollable movements of muscles, commonly in the limbs, face, and tongue, produced by acute treatment with antipsychotics are called

A

dystonia

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30
Q

Which statement below best describes the pharmacodynamics of escitalopram?

A

It primarily affects 5-HT systems, with minimal effects on NE/DA/ACh systems.

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31
Q

What type of antidepressant is amitriptyline?

A

TCA

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32
Q

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of bupropion?

A

It blocks DA and NE reuptake

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33
Q

The tricyclic antidepressants differ from Prozac and Zoloft in that they also have major effects on ________________.

A

norepinphrine

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34
Q

An SNRI would be a good treatment choice for someone

A

with MDD and pain

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35
Q

Venlafaxine is a/an

A

SNRI

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36
Q

Which neurotransmitters are affected by amitriptyline?

A

NE, ACh, 5-HT

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37
Q

The neurogenic theory of depression stems from recent findings that in the mature brain

A

neurons are capable of being repaired and produced

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38
Q

OF the following classes of antidepressant drugs, the one associated with the highest incidence of sexual dysfunction is

A

SSRIs

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39
Q

First-generation tricyclic antidepressants are defined by a commonality in basic

A

molecular structure

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40
Q

One of the biggest problems with carbamazepine is that it can induce

A

agranulocytosis

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41
Q

Bipolar patients spend most of their lives in a ____________ state.

A

asymptomatic

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42
Q

Antiepileptics include all of the following drugs except

A

lithium

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43
Q

The rate of suicide for bipolar patients is approximately _____ times that of the general population.

A

10

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44
Q

What is the original primary indication for lamotrigine?

A

seizure disorder/epilepsy

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45
Q

Valproate appears to be more effective for patients who have ________________, compared to lithium.

A

mixed episodes

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46
Q

Oxcarbazepine is an improvement of the carbamazepine molecule, and has a better side-effect profile. Which of the following is NOT one of the improvements?

A

less weight gain

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47
Q

Atypical antipsychotics are often used as a first-line treatment for Bipolar Disorder because

A

they have a better safety profile than lithium

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48
Q

One of the most serious side effects associated with taking Lamictal is

A

rash

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49
Q

Similarly to anti-depressants, lithium appears to

A

increase neuroprotective factors

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50
Q

It is recommended that pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders begins with

A

SSRIs

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51
Q

propanolol is a

A

beta blocker

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52
Q

Compared to benzodiazepines, SSRIs seem to be particularly effective for treating

A

OCD

53
Q

Barbiturates and benzodiazepines bind to what kind of receptor?

A

GABAA

54
Q

Propanolol is most commonly used to treat

A

Situational/Performance anxiety

55
Q

Of the following anxiety disorders, which one has equal gender ratios?

A

Social Anxiety

56
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common obsessive behavior seen in patients with OCD?

counting, checking, cleaning, or cartwheeling

A

cartwheeling

57
Q

The cortical hyperactivity seen in patients with anxiety disorders is thought to be due to all of the below EXCEPT
DA hypofunction
5-HT hypofunction
NE hyperfunction
GABA hypofunction

A

DA hypofunction

58
Q

Alprazolam is contraindicated in patients who

A

smoke

59
Q

The pharmacodynamic mechanism of St. John’s wort is very similar to that of

A

TCAs

60
Q

An important pharmacodynamic effect of Ginkgo biloba is

A

Anticoagulation

61
Q

Valerian is best described as a/n

A

Sedative

62
Q

Ma huang should not be combined with caffeine, as this can increase the risk of

A

Cardiac Arrest

63
Q

Which of the following plants is NOT used as an anxiolytic?

A

Ma Huang

64
Q

Valerian is commonly used to treat all of the following EXCEPT:

A

High Blood Pressure

65
Q

Which of the following conditions is ma huang used for?

A

asthma

66
Q

All of the following are active compounds found in kava EXCEPT

A

terpene trilactones

67
Q

Toxicity can result from the consumption of ginkgo biloba

A

seeds

68
Q

An important property of omega-3 fatty acids is that they have _____ effects

A

antiinflammatory

69
Q

Which of the following drug names are capitalized?

A

Trade

70
Q

“Pharmacodynamic” tolerance occurs in the _____; “metabolic” tolerance occurs in the _____.

A

Synapse/neuron ; liver

71
Q

The study of the effects a drug has when it binds to it’s target/receptor is termed

A

pharmacodynamics

72
Q

A drug that is more efficious than another drug has

A

a large maximum effect

73
Q

Most side effects are

A

predictable and mild

74
Q

The observation that caffeine exert as much central nervous system stimulation as amphetamine indicated that caffeine….

A

is less efficious than amphetamine

75
Q

During pregnancy how does intestinal motility react?

A

decreases

76
Q

A drug that is more potent than another drug has ____ ED50?

A

a smaller ED50

77
Q

According to the DEA, the most dangerous drugs are typically scheduled as ….

A

1

78
Q

Affinity refers to …. ?

A

the strength of attraction between a molecule (ligand) and it’s target (receptor)

79
Q

The therapeutic index (TI) refers to

A

Relative safety of a drug

80
Q

Compared to males, most females …

A

have more fat

81
Q

The dose of a drug that produces the desired effects in half of the subjects is called the drug’s …

A

ED50

82
Q

The term placebo is best described as…

A

A pharmacologically inactive substance that elicits a significant therapeutic response

83
Q

A drug that blocks the effect of the naturally occurring (endogenous) compound is called:

A

An antagonist

84
Q

Phenothiazines are in the class of antipsychotics known as

A

First generation antipsychotics

85
Q

The word tardive in tardive dyskinesia indicates that the symptoms

A

Appear later in treatment

86
Q

Amisulpiride is a good choice of antipsychotic for patients who have a high risk for

A

Diabetes

87
Q

The single best predictor of antipsychotic efficacy in a drug is an affinity for __________ receptors.

A

D2

88
Q

An off-label use for risperidone is

A

OCD

89
Q

Loxapine is the only antipsychotic that

A

Is administered via inhalation

90
Q

The uncontrollable movements of muscles commonly in the limbs, face, and tongue produced by ACUTE treatment with antipsychotics are called

A

Dystonia

91
Q

The major side effect of the first-generation antipsychotics is

A

motor impairment

92
Q

Impairment of memory is a side effect clearly associated with the use of

A

TCAs

93
Q

Compared to SSRIs, TCAs are:

A

Equally effective, but have different side effects

94
Q

The tricyclic antidepressants differ from Prozac and Zoloft in that they also have major effects on ________________.

A

Norepinephrine

95
Q

If an SSRI is taken in conjunction with an MAOI, the levels of 5-HT can become dangerously high leading to ___________________.

A

Serotonin syndrome

96
Q

Orthostatic hypotension is a common side effect of

A

TCAs and MAOIs

97
Q

Venalfaxine is a/an

A

SNRI

98
Q

Topamax is used in the treatment of Bipolar Disorder to decrease

A

Weight gain

99
Q

Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) is sometimes used to treat Bipolar Disorder because

A

It has rapid effects

100
Q

Atypical antipsychotics are often used as a first-line treatment for Bipolar Disorder because

A

They have a safer profile than lithium

101
Q

The rate of suicide for bipolar patients is approximately _____ times that of the general population.

A

10

102
Q

Which of the following is NOT a side-effect of lithium?

A

EPS

103
Q

The classic drug for treating bipolar disorder is

A

Lithium

104
Q

The therapeutic index for lithium is _______; the antidote for overdose is __________

A

Low; unavailable

105
Q

Similarly to antidepressants lithium appears to

A

Increase neuroprotective factors

106
Q

In addition to treating anxiety, Buspirone can be used to improve the ________________ side effects caused by SSRIs.

A

Sexual

107
Q

Compared to barbiturates, benzodiazepines are

A

Safer

108
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT thought to be important to the etiology of anxiety?

A

Dopamine

109
Q

Barbiturates are in a class of drugs known as

A

Sedative-hypnotics

110
Q

Venlafaxine is associated with a higher risk of ___________ in young (<24) patients.

A

suicide

111
Q

The most common sub-type of anxiety disorder is

A

phobia

112
Q

Stimulation of the GABAA1 receptor is thought to result in all the following effects EXCEPT

A

Anxiolysis

113
Q

The most common cause of death when combining benzodiazepines with another CNS depressant (like alcohol) is

A

respiratory depression

114
Q

The anticipatory anxiety experienced by people who have panic attacks can sometimes progress to

A

Agoraphobia

115
Q

Drugs that reduce the activity of the _____________ seem to be particularly efficacious for treating Panic Disorder.

A

Locus coeruleus

116
Q

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Buspirone?

A

It is immediately effective

117
Q

Unlike other anxiolytics, beta-blockers primarily work:

A

Peripherally

118
Q

The cortical hyperactivity seen in patients with anxiety disorders is thought to be due to all of the following EXCEPT:

A

DA hypofunction

119
Q

Which of the following is NOT a concern regarding barbiturates?

A

Some have extremely long half-lives

120
Q

In the past, use of kava has been linked to

A

Hepatotoxicity

121
Q

Pharmacodynamically, valerian is classified as an

A

GABA agonist

122
Q

Kava has pharmacodynamic effects very similar to

A

Alcohol

123
Q

The active ingredient in St. John’s wort is thought to be

A

Hypericum perfortatum

124
Q

Kava grows naturally in what part of the world?

A

South Pacific

125
Q

Ginkgo biloba is mainly used to improve:

A

Cognition

126
Q

Which of the following plants is NOT used as an anxiolytic?

A

ma huang

127
Q

Valerian is commonly used to treat all of the following EXCEPT

A

High blood pressure

128
Q

Ginkgo biloba should not be combined with

A

aspirin

129
Q

What is the ideal ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids?

A

1:1

PSYC 475 (6 decks)

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