FINAL EXAM - quiz questions Flashcards by Raechel Rix

The “Rat Park” experiments, by Bruce Alexander, demonstrated that addiction rates are powerfully determined by

Social and environmental factors

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Drug vaccines, such as NicVax, are probably most effective at

Preventing addiction

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What proportion of patients addicted to alcohol/drugs have also been diagnosed with a psychiatric disease?

1/3

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The use of Chantix to help people stop using nicotine is an example of what kind of pharmaceutical approach?

Partial agonist substitution

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The mesolimbic pathways begins in the VTA and terminates in the

Nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex

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The use of clonidine to treat alcohol/opiate addiction is an example of which pharmaceutical treatment strategy?

Withdrawal maintenance

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The biological definition of addiction states that addictive substances

Activate the VTA pathway

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Administration of Methadone to heroin addicts is an example of

Agonist substitution

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The drugs used in agonist substitution protocols tend be chosen because they

Have longer half-lives

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Using naltrexone to treat alcohol abuse is an example of which pharmaceutical approach?

Antagonist administration

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Relapse is most likely induced by all of the following EXCEPT

decreased sensitivity of DA receptors

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The reason antagonist administration strategies are often unsuccessful is due to

patient non-compliance

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The following are all advantages of the partial-agonist substitution pharmacological approach EXCEPT:

blocks pleasurable effects of the drug

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Ibuprofen is an especially good choice for

Nursing mothers

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Compared to morphine, heroin is

More lipid soluble

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Suboxone is the combination of buprenorphine and

Naloxone

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Which of the following nuclei is NOT a part of the descending pain modification system?

Nucleus basalts

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To which receptor does oxycodone bind the most?

Mu opioid

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Acetaminophen is not recommended for people who have

Rheumatoid arthritis

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What is the pharmacodynamic action of aspirin?

Non-selective COX inhibitor

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The cell bodies of nociceptors are found in the

Dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord

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In addition to stimulating mu opioid receptors, tapentadol also

Blocks the NET

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What is the primary indication for acetaminophen?

analgesia and antipyresis

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Which of the following drugs is a good choice for “poor metabolizers” or patients with compromised liver function?

Propoxyphene

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The metabolism of codeine into morphine can be blocked by

SSRIs

Dull, diffuse pain signals are transmitted via __________ fibers.

Which of the orders below describes the level of opiate potency, from lowest to highest?

Opium, morphine, heroin

The route of administration affects nicotine's

Efficacy and potency

Varenicline is a/an

Nicotine partial agonist

Varenicline should not be combined with alcohol because taking the two together

Increases the effects of alcohol

In terms of toxicity, nicotine has been compared to

Cyanide

Nicotine is an ACh

Agonist

Nicotine might be a helpful therapeutic for the treatment of

Alzheimer’s Disease

Nicotine is

Both a stimulant and sedative

Caffeine is used therapeutically to treat

Respiratory problems

Nicotine is extremely toxic when

Taken orally

A serious side effect of varenicline is

Seizures

Which of the following compounds is NOT commonly found in e-cigarettes?

BPA

Nicotine has a negative interaction with

Oral contraceptives

Caffeine is used "off label" to treat migraine headaches, probably because it can

Constrict cerebral blood vessels

Caffeine is a/an

Adenosine antagonist

Which of the following is NOT a serious side effect of methamphetamine use?

Liver failure

Compared to modafinil, methylphenidate is _______ effective for the treatment of ADHD, and ________ effective for the treatment of narcolepsy

Equally, more

The major pharmacodynamic mechanism of amphetamine is

Increased release of neurotransmitters

Methamphetamine is made from amphetamine by substituting a ________ group.

-CH3 (methyl)

The primary indication of sibutramine is the treatment of

Obesity

Withdrawal symptoms of amphetamine dependency include all of the following EXCEPT:

Altered pain threshold

Formication is defined as:

Feeling of insects crawling under skin

An important target area in the brain for the therapeutic effects of methylphenidate is the

Prefrontal cortex

Methylphenidate blocks the reuptake of

DA and NE

Methamphetamine produces anorexigenic effects by

Increasing CART production in the hypothalamus

A drug that has the same effect as adrenaline is known as a

Sympathomimetic

The therapeutic use(s) of amphetamine is/are:

treatment of both narcolepsy and ADHD

The peripheral side effects of psychostimulants resemble activation of the

sympathetic nervous system

Who is most likely at risk of death after consuming cocaine?

an older adult in his 70s

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of methylphenidate?

Blocks DA reuptake, increases DA release, stimulates DA receptors

Zolpidem is a

non-benzodiazepine BZRA

Aldehyde dehydrogenase is an important enzyme in the metabolism of alcohol because it converts __________ into ____________.

acetaldehyde; acetate

An individual's reduction in problem-solving abilities when under the influence of alcohol is probably due to

an increase of DA release in the frontal lobes

Ethanol is readily soluble in

Both fat and water

Temazepam is listed as pregnancy category ______.

The pharmacodynamic mechanism of naltrexone is to

block opiate receptors

Benzodiazepines have largely replaced treatment for insomnia for the following reasons EXCEPT:

they are less addictive

A reason that women have higher blood ethanol levels than men, after accounting for size/body weight, is because women have

lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their GI system

Severe acute liver toxicity can occur when alcohol is combined with

Acetaminophen

Zolpidem is used as a sleep aid because it has a relatively ___________ half-life and __________ metabolites.

Short; inactive

What class of sedative is temazepam?

Benzodiazepine

Eszopiclone has been FDA approved for continuous use up to

6 months

The half-life of ethanol is determined by all of the following EXCEPT:

Amount consumed

The main ROA for dronabinol is

Oral

The route of administration of Sativex is

Oral mucosal spray

The most ubiquitous receptors in the brain appear to be those responsive to

Cannabinoids

Marinol is a

synthetic cannabinoid agonist

Nabiximols is a

non-synthetic cannabinoid agonist

In California marijuana was legalized for non-medical use in

2016

Which of the following is NOT an off-label use for Epidiolex?

Weight loss

In the US marijuana is currently listed under which DEA schedule?

Schedule I

Hashish and marijuana differ mainly in their

Potency

A primary indication for cannabidiol is

Seizure reduction

In the US _______ states have legalized marijuana for either medical or recreational use.

THC can take up to 5 weeks to be completely excreted from the body because

it is highly lipid soluble

Which of the following is NOT a primary indication of dronabinol?

Anxiety

The psychedelic whose action does not directly involve serotonin, dopamine, or acetylcholine neurons is:

PCP

The catecholaminelike psychedelics have major effects on the following neurotransmitters:

serotonin and dopamine

The use of psychedelics is not recommended for people who have a history of

Schizophrenia

PCP is a/n

glutamate antagonist

What is the legal status of peyote in the U.S.?

It is protected under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act for use by members of the Native American Church

Myristicin is derived from

Nutmeg

A therapeutic use of scopolamine is the treatment of

Motion sickness

The molecular structure of LSD is very similar to that of

serotonin

The neurotransmitter affected by the psychedelic scopolamine is

Acetylcholine

LSD has been studied as a treatment for all of the following EXCEPT:

Cancer

Melscaline is commonly derived from

Peyote cactus

The NMDA antagonist class of psychedelics was initially developed as

Anesthetics

LSD is derived from

Ergot

What is the psychedelic class of mescaline?

Enactogen