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Cancer > Questions from podcasts > Flashcards

Questions from podcasts Flashcards

1
Q

What do we mean by selective advantage?

A

Acquiring mutations which allow cells to out compete other cells and overcome environmental/growth constraints

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2
Q

How are new cells produced?

A

Cell division from stem cells

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3
Q

How do old cells die?

A

Apoptosis

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4
Q

What does a tumour need to develop?

A 
Growth constraints to be overcome
Features of limitless replication/immortality
Angiogenesis (for oxygen)
Ability to invade
Evade apoptosis
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5
Q

Do tumours develop over short or long period of time?

A

Long

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6
Q

In colorectal cancer are the precursor lesions similar or different to the normal tissue?

A

Very different

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7
Q

What is the minimum number of mutations thought to be required for malignant conversion?

A

5-6

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8
Q

Why would specific mutations be selected?

A

Because they give a selective growth advantage at that stage

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9
Q

What is it called when a mutation is essential?

A

Oncogene addiction

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10
Q

What is it called when a mutation is not essential?

A

Oncogene amnesia

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11
Q

What does synthetic lethality mean?

A

Presence of a mutation causes dependence on another non-mutated gene

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12
Q

Example of synthetic lethality

A

BRCA1 mutation and PARP inhibitors

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13
Q

What is the role or PARP?

A

Important in repair of ssDNA breaks

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14
Q

What does haematopoiesis mean?

A

Production of blood cells and platelets and occurs in the bone marrow

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15
Q

Characteristics of haematopoietic stem cell

A

Versatility
Adaptable
Productive
Ability to retain its stemness

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16
Q

What is flow cytometery?

A

A technique used for cell counting and sorting and biomarker detection. It is mainly used in haematology

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17
Q

How often do haematopoietic stem cells divide?

A

Approx once a year

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18
Q

Explain the TNM staging process

A

T - tumour size
N - node involvement
M - metastasis

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19
Q

As tumour stage increases what happens to prognosis?

A

The prognosis worsens

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20
Q

CEA is an example of a product secreted by what kind of tumour?

A

Colorectal cancer

21
Q

Name some examples of serological markers

A 
CEA
CA125
AFP
CA19.9
PSA
22
Q

CA125 is an example of a product secreted by what kind of tumour?

A

Ovarian cancer

23
Q

CA19.9 is an example of a product secreted by what kind of tumour?

A

Pancreatic cancer

24
Q

AFP is an example of a product secreted by what kind of tumour?

A

Hepatocellular cancers

25
Q

PSA is an example of a product secreted by what kind of tumour?

A

Prostate cancers

26
Q

What does resection mean when talking about pathology?

A

Removing part or all of

27
Q

What effect does formalin have on tissue?

A

It causes cross-linking of DNA and proteins

28
Q

What information do we want from molecular analysis?

A

Predisposition (risk of developing cancer)
Profile (gene variants present)
Prognosis (informing outcome)
Predictive (will they respond to therapy)
Pharmacogenetic (how they will handle therapy germline)
Pharmacotherapeutics (targetable genes)

29
Q

Problem with pyrosequencing

A

Doesnt handle repeat sequences very well

30
Q

Do we offer PND for inherited BRCA1/2 mutations?

A

Generally not because might not affect these individuals until they are 40-50

31
Q

What are phaeochromocytomas indicative of

A

Inherited predisposition syndrome VHL

32
Q

What is more time consuming sanger or NGS?

A

Sanger

33
Q

When are splice changes hard to detect?

A

When they are further into the intron

34
Q

What does Amsterdam criteria require before someone is tested for colorectal cancer

A

Three individuals of early onset colorectal cancer

35
Q

MLH1 (bound to DNA) is in a pair with

A

PMS2

36
Q

MHS2 (bound to DNA) is in a pair with

A

MSH6

37
Q

What does neoadjuvant mean?

A

Treatment given before definitive (curative) treatment

38
Q

What does adjuvant mean?

A

Treatment given after the curative treatment i.e. given to reduce the chances of recurrence

39
Q

What does concurrent treatment mean?

A

Given alongside definitive treatment

40
Q

What type of cancer can radiotherapy not be used for?

A

Deep seated tumours as it damages normal tissue

41
Q

What does staging of disease mean?

A

Mapping the spread, this defines the prognosis and directs management

42
Q

Different types of lung cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma

43
Q

Does lung cancer generally present early or late?

A

Late - so poor prognosis

44
Q

Is ALK an oncogene or a tumour suppressor?

A

Oncogene

45
Q

What is the role of an oncogene?

A

Action positively promotes cell proliferation

46
Q

What is the role of a tumour suppressor gene?

A

Action inhibits cell proliferation

47
Q

Individuals who are born with mutation in a tumour suppressor gene are said to have been born with what?

A

“first hit” of the “two hit hypothesis”

48
Q

Name key features of familial cancer predisposition

A

Early onset tumours
Multiple tumours in close relatives
Multiple tumours within an individual
Clusters of different tumours on a recognisable pattern

49
Q

What is Von Hippel-Lindau?

A

AD, pancreatic cysts/tumours. renal cancer, phaeochromocytoma

Cancer (9 decks)

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