Questions found on anatomy and physiology test Flashcards
Which of the following accurately describes the path of blood through the heart?
After traveling through the lungs, oxygenated, blood enters into the left atrium, then through the mitral valve to the left ventricle
Which of the following ions plays a crucial role in the depolarization phase of an action potential?
Sodium
Which of the following is the correct order of structure that air would pass through during inhalation?
Nose/mouth➡️Pharynx➡️Larynx➡️Trachea ➡️Lungs➡️Bronchi➡️Bronchioles➡️Alveoli
The hormone insulin is produced by which cell in the pancreas?
A. Alpha cells - “ascending”- glucagon
B. Beta cells - “beta brings it down” - insulin✅
C. Delta cells- “delta decrease” somatostatin
D. Gamma cells- “gamma guides”- pancreatic polypeptides
The “flight or fight” response is meditated by the sympathic or parasympathetic nervous system?
A. Sympathetic - “flight or fight” “stress” “speed up”✅
B. Parasympathetic “rest and digest” “speed up”
C. Both
D. Neither
The pericardium is a double-layer sack that contains the heart and the roots of which of the following?
The great vessels
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the voluntary motor control?
A. Cerebellum = coordination + balance - voluntary
B. Medulla oblongata = mandatory- breathing, HR, BP
C. Frontal lobe = frontline commander- voluntary ✅
D. Parietal lobe = perception + position -sensory
The filtration unit of a kidney known as nephron does not include which of the following structures is it?
Gallbladder
The period of the cardiac cycle, during which the Ventricle are filled with blood is known as?
A. Diastole- dilation= relax- filled of blood✅
B. Systole- squeeze= contraction
C. Repolarization- reset
D. Ejection phase-exit - blood exiting the heat ❤️
The semicircular canals found in the inner ear, are primarily responsible for which of the following?
Balance and spatial orientation
Which blood group is a universal donor?
O
Blood oxygen levels are most likely low when blood?
Fills the right atrium
An intracellular chemical signal can be produced in the cell membrane. Once it is produced, where does it go?
To another part of the same cell
After food has been masticated in the the oral cavity, where do it go next?
Pharynx
The diffusion of nutrients through the wall of the digestive system is critical to homeostasis in the body. Where does the majority of this diffusion take place in the digestive system?
Small stomach
As soon as an invader- enter the body, the body begins to fight?
Pathogen
Where is skeletal muscle found?
Attached to bone
Of a person smells something sweet, what form of information is the initially perceived as in the nervous system.
Sensory
While hiking, a person is startled after encountering a bear. Her palms get sweaty and her heart starts racing, which part of her nervous system was directly stimulated?
sympathetic
Which of the following types of tissue includes cells of the immune system and of the blood?
Connective
What best describe homeostasis?
A relatively constant environment within the body
Fertilization (the fusing of one sperm and an ovum) results in a(n)?
Zygote
Which of the following are included in the male reproductive system?
The penis and epididymis
Which structure plays a role in air conduction?
Trachea
What body system is in the skeletal system most closely associated with when hematopoiesis?
Cardiovascular system
What is the final structure through which urine must travel to empty out the body?
Urethra
Which of the following describes a codon?
- codon is a sequence of three nucleotide that code for a specific amino acid
-A stop codon signals to stop protein synthesis
-a start codon initiates protein synthesis, and the nucleotide sequence for a start codon is AUG
True regarding crossing over n recombination
Crossing over or re-combination creates genetic diversity Cresant over contributes to the fact that all four gametes( at the end of meiosis ll) will be different from each other and different from their parents so 
Biological hierarchy of the body
Atom- biomolecules -cells -tissues- organs organ system -organism
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between organs system, and organism in the biological hierarchy
Organisms are composed of multiple organ system, working together to ensure survival
Modern cell theory
– The cell is the smallest living unit in all organism
– All living things are made up of cells
– All cells come from other pre-existing cells
Prokaryotes
( Bacteria, Archea)
- DNA (no nucleus)
- Cytoplasm
-Ribosomes
-cell membrane
Pro = No
❌ No Nucleus
❌ Membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes
(Fungi, animals, protist, and plants)
- DNA(in nucleus)
-cytoplasm - ribosomes
-cell membrane
EU = Do
✅ Has nucleus
✅ membrane bound organelles
Cell membrane
Separate the interior of the cell from the outside environment
Selective permeable
Only specific materials pass in and out of
Keeps cells stable, also known as Homeostasis
Self regulated process by which biological system maintains stability while adjusting to changing external environment
Cytoplasm
Gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell
Cytoskeleton
Network network or fiber that provides structural support for the cells and organelles
Helps with cellular movement
Cytoskeleton
Network network or fiber that provides structural support for the cells and organelles
Helps with cellular movement
Ribosomes
Intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein sites of protein synthesis in the cell
Amino acids
Small molecule that are the building blocks of protein
Nucleus
Membrane enclose organelles within a cell that contain the chromosome (DNA )
Nucleolus
Area inside the nucleus of a cell that is made up of RNA and protein, and is where Ribosome are made
Mitochondria
Generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reaction
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level
Responsible for assembling proteins, using instructions and coded in MRNA 
Ribosomes
Known as the powerhouse of the cell, due to its role in producing ATP, is the main currency
Mitochondria
Mitosis
Cell division that result in two daughters cells that each have the same number and kind of chromosomes
2n(diploid)
46 total chromosomes
(Before)Prophase: chromosomes become visible as the condense and thicken
(Middle)Metaphase: chromosomes align in the middle of the cell’s center forming a single row
(Away)Anaphase: Chromatide are separate and drawn to the opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers
Telophase: chromosomes reach the opposite side of the cell, forming new nuclear envelope around the chromosomes
Cytokinesis: splits the cytoplasm of the cell two identical, diploid cells
Meiosis
Subdivision that result in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parents cell
Primary spermatocyte (males)
Primary oocyte(female)
Prophase 1 : chromosomes condensation and pairing of homologous chromosomes
Prophase 2: chromosomes condensation in both cells
Metaphase 1: chromosomes align in the middle of the cell’s center, maintaining their homologous pairs
Metaphase 2: chromosomes align in the middle of the cell’s center forming a single row
Anaphase1: chromosomes are separated and drawn to the opposite ends of the cell by spindle fiber
Anaphase 2: chromatids are separated and drawn to the opposite ends of the cells by spindle fiber
Telophase 1: chromosomes reach the opposite side of the cell, forming new nuclear envelope around the chromosomes
Telophase 2: chromosomes reach the opposite side of the cell forming new nuclear envelope around the chromosome
Cytokinesis: splits the cytoplasm of the cell
Four non-identical cells (gametes)
During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur, contributing to genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes?
Prophase I
Which of the following statement accurately distinguish between mitosis and meiosis in terms of genetic outcome?
Mitosis result in two genetically, identical, myosis produces for genetically unique haploid cell
In meiosis homologous chromosomes segregate during an phase 1, what is the significance of this event, in terms of genetic variation?
It allows for the random assortment of chromosomes, contributing to genetic diversity among offspring
Heredity
The passing on of physical and mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another
Ex- height, color, diseases, and hair color
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Self- replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes
Pairing of Nucleotide bases
A-T (Apples in the Tree)
C-G (Car in the Garage)
Double Helix shape
Nucleotide bases: held together with hydrogen bonds
Phosphate-Deoxribose-Nitrogenous
Genes
A unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring
Chromosome
A threadlike structure of nucleic aid and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells carrying the genetic information in the form of gene
Humans have 46 chromosomes
23 from mom
23 from dad
Which of the following best explains the relationship between DNA and chromosomes within the contact of hereditary?
Chromosomes are composed of DNA, and genes are specific segment of chromosomes that dictate individual traits
Which of the following best describes the function of regulatory genes in gene expression
They produce proteins or RNA that can control the expression of other genes
Ribonucleic Acid
a nucleic acid presents in all living cells who principle role is to act as a messenger carrying instruction from DNA for controlling synthesis of proteins
Present inside and outside of the nucleus
Single stranded
Pairing of nucleotide bases:
A-U
C-G
Ribose (a sugar)
mRNA - carries genetic information to make proteins
rRNA- serves as a location for protein systems
tRNA- an adapator molecule that decodes a mRNA INTO a protein
Transcription vs translation
Transcription - process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence
- connects complementary RNA to the DNA
- process of translating the sequence of a mRNA TO AMINO ACID DURING PROTEINS SYNTHESIS
Translation- process of translating the sequence of mRNA to amino acid during protein synthesis
-Transfer RNA ( tRNA)
Condom- sequence of three consecutive nucleotide in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid
Which component is essential initiating the transcription of a gene mRNA eukaryotic cell
RNA polymerase
The role of mRNA and protein synthesis
It serves as a template for assembling amino acids into proteins
Allele
One of two or more alternatives forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
F uppercase letter is dominant
-Traits will be expressed due to dominance
f lowercase letter is recessive
-Traits not expressed if there is a dominant allele
Genotype : a term that refers to the two alleles present at a specific locus in the genome refers to the entire genetic makeup of an individual
Two types of Genotypes
Homozygous Genotype
“Homo” means same
FF- Homozygous dominant ff- Homozygous recessive
Heterozygous genotype- “Hetro” mean different
Two recessive alleles = ff
Two dominant alleles = FF
One dominant/ one recessive allele = Ff
What is the atomic number of an atom?
Number of protons in an atom
What is the term for a change in which a new substance is formed?
Chemical change
What is the term for the substance that are formed in a chemical reaction?
Products
Which part of the cell serves as the control center and contains genetic material
Nucleus
Which molecule carries the genetic information from DNA to the protein, making part of the Cell
RNA
Which type of maromolecule is used primary for a long-term energy storage and insulation in the body
Lipids
Which type of microorganism is responsible for causing diseases, like flu and COVID-19
Virus
What is a role in mitochondria in a cell?
Production of energy
What type of macromolecule is DNA?
Nucleic Acid
What type of Maromolecules is made of amino acid?
Proteins
Which of the following diseases caused by bacteria?
Tuberculosis
Which part of a cell is responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris
Lysosomes
What is the process by which DNA is copy called?
Replication
What type of macromolecule is the primary source of energy?
Carbohydrates
What is a role of antibiotics and treating diseases?
They killed that bacteria
What are the small structures within cells that perform specific function called?
Organelles
What is the name for three-base sequence of nucleotide in mRNA that for a specific amino acid?
Codon
What are the four main type of Macromolecule found in living organism?
Protein nucleic acid carbohydrates lipids
Which of the following is located in the nucleus of atom
Protons and neutrons
Which of the following is a physical change?
Melting of an ice
In a balance, chemical equation, the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side equals the product side.
This statement illustrates:
Law of conservation of mass
Increasing the temperature usually has the effect on a chemical reaction
Speed it up
What happens to the solubility of most solid solutes in liquid Solvent as a temperature increases?
It increases
What happens to the solubility of most solid solutes in liquid Solvent as a temperature increases?
It increases
What part of an atom carries a negative charge
Electron
What is a substance called that speaks up a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction?
Catalyst
Is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed by their reaction
How does an increase in the concentration of reactants affect the rates of a chemical reaction?
Increases the rate of reaction
What does it mean when a solution is saturated?
It cannot dissolve anymore solute
What ion is common to all acid?
Hydrogen (H+)
What is the main difference between a cation and an anion?
Cation are positively charge, and anion are negatively charged
Which period does an element belong to if it has three energy levels or shells?
Period 3
Period 3 represent the number of electron shells or energy level that and Adam of the element has
Which period does an element belong to if it has three energy levels or shells?
Period 3
Period 3 represent the number of electron shells or energy level that and Adam of the element has
How many electrons can each orbital hold?
Two
What is the maximum number of valance electrons that an atom can have?
Eight
Which of the following best describes ionic bonding
Transfer of electrons from one atom to another
Which of the following statements about covalent bonding is true?
Occur when electrons are shared between atoms
In which state of matter do particles move most freely?
Plasma
In a balance chemical equation, what principle is observed
Principle of conversation of mass
What type of element form ionic bonds?
Metals and nonmetals
What type of element form covalent bond?
Nonmetals only
When one refers to the medial side of the foot, they are talking about the side closest to
The other foot
“Medial” refers to a location closer to the middle line or center of the body
Which factor does an influence blood pressure?
Blood pH
Permanently affects the acidity or alkalinity of the blood but not directly the pressure
The blood type known as the universal recipient is
Type AB
Which layer the heart is the innermost layer that lines in the chambers?
Endocardium
It is a thin layer that comes into direct contact with the blood inside the heart
What’s the difference between systolic and diastolic?
Pressure pressure
Which blood vessel carries oxygen– rich blood away from the heart to the body tissue
Arteries
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Which of the following structures in the hearts act as natural pacemaker by setting the rhythm of heart contraction?
SA NODE
sinoatrial mode,
Often term, the natural pacemaker of the heart initials, the electrical impulses, governing the heart rate
Blood from the lower parts of the body is returned to the heart by
Inferior vena cava
Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body back to the right atrium of the heart
Which of the following factors can lead to an increase in blood pressure
Increase blood volume
What blood type has neither a nor B antigen in the surface of its red blood cell
Typo o
The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the heart chambers are relaxed, and filling with blood is known as?
Diastole
The main artery leaving the left ventricle and supplying oxygenated blood to the body is
Aorta
Is the main and largest artery in the human body, originated from the left ventricle of the heart, and supplying oxygenated blood to the circular system
Which cardiac valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta?
Aortic valve
When an individual blood pressure is measured as 120/80 MM HG the “120” represents
Systolic
First number
Where is the heart located in the human body?
In the thoracic cavity 🦷
What is the main function of the alveoli in the lungs?
Exchange of gases
Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
Arteries
What is the role of the smart intestine and the digestive system?
Absorbs nutrients from food
The wall of the small intestines are lined with tiny, finger – like structures called villi, which increased the surface area for absorption
The brain and spinal cord of the pizza, part of which component of the nervous system
Central nervous system
Is responsible for processing information receive from all parts of the body and coordinating activities
What type of muscle is under voluntary control?
Skeletal muscle
Which organ produces egg in a female reproductive system
Ovary
Which organ produces egg in a female reproductive system
Ovary
The hair skin nails are part of which system
Integumentary system
Includes protecting the body from external damage, helping to regulate body temperature, and aiding in sensation
The thyroid is part of which system
Endocrine system
Natara glands produce homerless that regulate the bodies, metabolic rate as well as heart and digestive function, muscle control, brain, development, and mood
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
Filtering blood removing waste
What type of cell can recognize and remember specific pathogens?
B cells
Which organ produces bias, and substance that helped digestive
Liver
What protein found a muscle interacts with myosin to contract and relax the muscle?
Actin
What protein found a muscle interacts with myosin to contract and relax the muscle?
Actin
What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
Skin and mucous membrane
What time reverse the front or interior portion of the body?
Ventral
If a wound is closer to the surface, then the internal organs it is said to be
Superficial
Which describes the anatomical position the palms of the hand face
Forward
Which layer of the heart contains cardiac muscle tissue?
Myocardium
Middle layer
Blood flows from the heart to the lungs is known as
Pulmonary circulation
Elevated sodium intake, potentially lead to
Increase blood pressure
Which term is used to describe a structure closer to the head or upper part of the body
Superior
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the
Superior and inferior vena cava
The vascular system that applies blood to the heart muscle itself is known as
Coronary circulation
Movement of blood through the vessel that apply the heart muscle
The valve prevents the back flow into the right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
The “lub-dub” sound of the heart is primary produced by:
Valve closures
Which of the following sequence correctly represents the hierarchy biological organizations from the largest to smallest
Oregon system – organs – tissue – cells – molecules
Which cell organelle is primary responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosome
Which cell organelle is primary responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosome
There are which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
Meiosis results in
Four haploid daughter cells
Which of the following is not a component of a nucleoid?
Amino acid
The process by which an RNA molecule is synthesized from a DNA template, known as
Transcription
If a DNA strand has a strand has a sequence 5’- ATGCTA-3’ its complementary RNA strand will be:
3’- UACGAU -5’
Which of the following structures contain genetic information in the form of genes?
Chromosomes
Which of the following structures contain genetic information in the form of genes?
Chromosomes
A mutation, in which type of RNA could impact proteins synthesis by preventing the attachment of an amino acid
tRNA
The segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein, or a functional RNA is termed
Gene
Which of the following process uses an mRNA template to synthesize a chain of amino acid
Translation
Chromosomes that are not involved in determining the sex of an organism are called?
Autosomes
During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes, separate, and move to opposite poles of the cell?
Anaphase 1
In the structure of DNA, cytosine forms a base pair with:
Guanine
The primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is:
Making up the structural of ribosomes
If a segment of DNA undergoes a mutation where a thymine is replaced with a cytosine, this type of mutation is called
Substitution
Which cellular process ensures that each new cell receives an exact copy of the DNA
Replication
The part of the cell cycle during which the cell grows and DNA is replicated is called
Interphase
If an organism diploid number is 12, how many chromosomes will its gametes have after meiosis
6
Meiosis reduces the chromosome by half.
The “central dogma” of the molecular biology states that
DNA synthesis RNA which synthesis proteins
What ensures that specific amino acids are added in the correct sequence during protein synthesis
The sequence of nucleotide in DNA
If a person inherits one allele for blue eyes and one allele for brown eyes, and brown dominant over blue, the person’s phenotype will be:
Brown eyes
Which cellular organelle contains enzymes that can digest worn-out organelles and foreign substances
Lysosomes
Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA
Double- stranded Helix
Which phase of mitosis immediately follows metaphase and involves sister chromatids being pull apart
Anaphase
Sister chromatids are
Identical copies of the same chromosome connected at the centromere
A condom consist
Three nucleotide bases
If a DNA strand has the sequence 5’- GTAATC- 3’, it’s complementary strand will be
3’ CATTAG- 5’
