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Questions found on anatomy and physiology test Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following accurately describes the path of blood through the heart?

A

After traveling through the lungs, oxygenated, blood enters into the left atrium, then through the mitral valve to the left ventricle

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2
Q

Which of the following ions plays a crucial role in the depolarization phase of an action potential?

A

Sodium

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3
Q

Which of the following is the correct order of structure that air would pass through during inhalation?

A

Nose/mouth➡️Pharynx➡️Larynx➡️Trachea ➡️Lungs➡️Bronchi➡️Bronchioles➡️Alveoli

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4
Q

The hormone insulin is produced by which cell in the pancreas?

A

A. Alpha cells - “ascending”- glucagon
B. Beta cells - “beta brings it down” - insulin✅
C. Delta cells- “delta decrease” somatostatin
D. Gamma cells- “gamma guides”- pancreatic polypeptides

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5
Q

The “flight or fight” response is meditated by the sympathic or parasympathetic nervous system?

A

A. Sympathetic - “flight or fight” “stress” “speed up”✅
B. Parasympathetic “rest and digest” “speed up”
C. Both
D. Neither

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6
Q

The pericardium is a double-layer sack that contains the heart and the roots of which of the following?

A

The great vessels

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7
Q

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the voluntary motor control?

A

A. Cerebellum = coordination + balance - voluntary
B. Medulla oblongata = mandatory- breathing, HR, BP
C. Frontal lobe = frontline commander- voluntary ✅
D. Parietal lobe = perception + position -sensory

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8
Q

The filtration unit of a kidney known as nephron does not include which of the following structures is it?

A

Gallbladder

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9
Q

The period of the cardiac cycle, during which the Ventricle are filled with blood is known as?

A

A. Diastole- dilation= relax- filled of blood✅
B. Systole- squeeze= contraction
C. Repolarization- reset
D. Ejection phase-exit - blood exiting the heat ❤️

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10
Q

The semicircular canals found in the inner ear, are primarily responsible for which of the following?

A

Balance and spatial orientation

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11
Q

Which blood group is a universal donor?

A

O

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12
Q

Blood oxygen levels are most likely low when blood?

A

Fills the right atrium

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13
Q

An intracellular chemical signal can be produced in the cell membrane. Once it is produced, where does it go?

A

To another part of the same cell

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14
Q

After food has been masticated in the the oral cavity, where do it go next?

A

Pharynx

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15
Q

The diffusion of nutrients through the wall of the digestive system is critical to homeostasis in the body. Where does the majority of this diffusion take place in the digestive system?

A

Small stomach

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16
Q

As soon as an invader- enter the body, the body begins to fight?

A

Pathogen

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17
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found?

A

Attached to bone

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18
Q

Of a person smells something sweet, what form of information is the initially perceived as in the nervous system.

A

Sensory

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19
Q

While hiking, a person is startled after encountering a bear. Her palms get sweaty and her heart starts racing, which part of her nervous system was directly stimulated?

A

sympathetic

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20
Q

Which of the following types of tissue includes cells of the immune system and of the blood?

A

Connective

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21
Q

What best describe homeostasis?

A

A relatively constant environment within the body

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22
Q

Fertilization (the fusing of one sperm and an ovum) results in a(n)?

A

Zygote

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23
Q

Which of the following are included in the male reproductive system?

A

The penis and epididymis

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24
Q

Which structure plays a role in air conduction?

A

Trachea

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25
Q

What body system is in the skeletal system most closely associated with when hematopoiesis?

A

Cardiovascular system

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26
Q

What is the final structure through which urine must travel to empty out the body?

A

Urethra

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27
Q

Which of the following describes a codon?

A
  • codon is a sequence of three nucleotide that code for a specific amino acid
    -A stop codon signals to stop protein synthesis
    -a start codon initiates protein synthesis, and the nucleotide sequence for a start codon is AUG
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28
Q

True regarding crossing over n recombination

A

Crossing over or re-combination creates genetic diversity Cresant over contributes to the fact that all four gametes( at the end of meiosis ll) will be different from each other and different from their parents so 

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29
Q

Biological hierarchy of the body

A

Atom- biomolecules -cells -tissues- organs organ system -organism

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30
Q

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between organs system, and organism in the biological hierarchy

A

Organisms are composed of multiple organ system, working together to ensure survival

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31
Q

Modern cell theory

A

– The cell is the smallest living unit in all organism
– All living things are made up of cells
– All cells come from other pre-existing cells

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32
Q

Prokaryotes
( Bacteria, Archea)

A
  • DNA (no nucleus)
  • Cytoplasm
    -Ribosomes
    -cell membrane
    Pro = No
    ❌ No Nucleus
    ❌ Membrane bound organelles
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33
Q

Eukaryotes
(Fungi, animals, protist, and plants)

A
  • DNA(in nucleus)
    -cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
    -cell membrane
    EU = Do
    ✅ Has nucleus
    ✅ membrane bound organelles
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34
Q

Cell membrane

A

Separate the interior of the cell from the outside environment

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35
Q

Selective permeable

A

Only specific materials pass in and out of

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36
Q

Keeps cells stable, also known as Homeostasis

A

Self regulated process by which biological system maintains stability while adjusting to changing external environment

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37
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

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38
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network network or fiber that provides structural support for the cells and organelles

Helps with cellular movement

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39
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network network or fiber that provides structural support for the cells and organelles

Helps with cellular movement

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40
Q

Ribosomes

A

Intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein sites of protein synthesis in the cell

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41
Q

Amino acids

A

Small molecule that are the building blocks of protein

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42
Q

Nucleus

A

Membrane enclose organelles within a cell that contain the chromosome (DNA )

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43
Q

Nucleolus

A

Area inside the nucleus of a cell that is made up of RNA and protein, and is where Ribosome are made

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44
Q

Mitochondria

A

Generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reaction

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45
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

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46
Q

Responsible for assembling proteins, using instructions and coded in MRNA 

A

Ribosomes

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47
Q

Known as the powerhouse of the cell, due to its role in producing ATP, is the main currency

A

Mitochondria

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48
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that result in two daughters cells that each have the same number and kind of chromosomes

2n(diploid)
46 total chromosomes

(Before)Prophase: chromosomes become visible as the condense and thicken
(Middle)Metaphase: chromosomes align in the middle of the cell’s center forming a single row

(Away)Anaphase: Chromatide are separate and drawn to the opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers

Telophase: chromosomes reach the opposite side of the cell, forming new nuclear envelope around the chromosomes

Cytokinesis: splits the cytoplasm of the cell two identical, diploid cells

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49
Q

Meiosis

A

Subdivision that result in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parents cell
Primary spermatocyte (males)
Primary oocyte(female)
Prophase 1 : chromosomes condensation and pairing of homologous chromosomes
Prophase 2: chromosomes condensation in both cells

Metaphase 1: chromosomes align in the middle of the cell’s center, maintaining their homologous pairs
Metaphase 2: chromosomes align in the middle of the cell’s center forming a single row

Anaphase1: chromosomes are separated and drawn to the opposite ends of the cell by spindle fiber
Anaphase 2: chromatids are separated and drawn to the opposite ends of the cells by spindle fiber

Telophase 1: chromosomes reach the opposite side of the cell, forming new nuclear envelope around the chromosomes
Telophase 2: chromosomes reach the opposite side of the cell forming new nuclear envelope around the chromosome
Cytokinesis: splits the cytoplasm of the cell
Four non-identical cells (gametes)

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50
Q

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur, contributing to genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes?

A

Prophase I

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51
Q

Which of the following statement accurately distinguish between mitosis and meiosis in terms of genetic outcome?

A

Mitosis result in two genetically, identical, myosis produces for genetically unique haploid cell

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52
Q

In meiosis homologous chromosomes segregate during an phase 1, what is the significance of this event, in terms of genetic variation?

A

It allows for the random assortment of chromosomes, contributing to genetic diversity among offspring

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53
Q

Heredity

A

The passing on of physical and mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another

Ex- height, color, diseases, and hair color

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54
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Self- replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes

Pairing of Nucleotide bases
A-T (Apples in the Tree)
C-G (Car in the Garage)
Double Helix shape
Nucleotide bases: held together with hydrogen bonds

Phosphate-Deoxribose-Nitrogenous

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55
Q

Genes

A

A unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring

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56
Q

Chromosome

A

A threadlike structure of nucleic aid and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells carrying the genetic information in the form of gene

Humans have 46 chromosomes
23 from mom
23 from dad

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57
Q

Which of the following best explains the relationship between DNA and chromosomes within the contact of hereditary?

A

Chromosomes are composed of DNA, and genes are specific segment of chromosomes that dictate individual traits

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58
Q

Which of the following best describes the function of regulatory genes in gene expression

A

They produce proteins or RNA that can control the expression of other genes

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59
Q

Ribonucleic Acid

A

a nucleic acid presents in all living cells who principle role is to act as a messenger carrying instruction from DNA for controlling synthesis of proteins
Present inside and outside of the nucleus
Single stranded

Pairing of nucleotide bases:
A-U
C-G
Ribose (a sugar)

mRNA - carries genetic information to make proteins
rRNA- serves as a location for protein systems
tRNA- an adapator molecule that decodes a mRNA INTO a protein

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60
Q

Transcription vs translation

A

Transcription - process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence
- connects complementary RNA to the DNA
- process of translating the sequence of a mRNA TO AMINO ACID DURING PROTEINS SYNTHESIS

Translation- process of translating the sequence of mRNA to amino acid during protein synthesis
-Transfer RNA ( tRNA)

Condom- sequence of three consecutive nucleotide in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid

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61
Q

Which component is essential initiating the transcription of a gene mRNA eukaryotic cell

A

RNA polymerase

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62
Q

The role of mRNA and protein synthesis

A

It serves as a template for assembling amino acids into proteins

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63
Q

Allele

A

One of two or more alternatives forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

F uppercase letter is dominant
-Traits will be expressed due to dominance
f lowercase letter is recessive
-Traits not expressed if there is a dominant allele

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64
Q

Genotype : a term that refers to the two alleles present at a specific locus in the genome refers to the entire genetic makeup of an individual

A

Two types of Genotypes
Homozygous Genotype
“Homo” means same

FF- Homozygous dominant ff- Homozygous recessive

Heterozygous genotype- “Hetro” mean different

Two recessive alleles = ff
Two dominant alleles = FF
One dominant/ one recessive allele = Ff

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65
Q

What is the atomic number of an atom?

A

Number of protons in an atom

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66
Q

What is the term for a change in which a new substance is formed?

A

Chemical change

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67
Q

What is the term for the substance that are formed in a chemical reaction?

A

Products

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68
Q

Which part of the cell serves as the control center and contains genetic material

A

Nucleus

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69
Q

Which molecule carries the genetic information from DNA to the protein, making part of the Cell

A

RNA

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70
Q

Which type of maromolecule is used primary for a long-term energy storage and insulation in the body

A

Lipids

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71
Q

Which type of microorganism is responsible for causing diseases, like flu and COVID-19

A

Virus

72
Q

What is a role in mitochondria in a cell?

A

Production of energy

73
Q

What type of macromolecule is DNA?

A

Nucleic Acid

74
Q

What type of Maromolecules is made of amino acid?

A

Proteins

75
Q

Which of the following diseases caused by bacteria?

A

Tuberculosis

76
Q

Which part of a cell is responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris

A

Lysosomes

77
Q

What is the process by which DNA is copy called?

A

Replication

78
Q

What type of macromolecule is the primary source of energy?

A

Carbohydrates

79
Q

What is a role of antibiotics and treating diseases?

A

They killed that bacteria

80
Q

What are the small structures within cells that perform specific function called?

A

Organelles

81
Q

What is the name for three-base sequence of nucleotide in mRNA that for a specific amino acid?

A

Codon

82
Q

What are the four main type of Macromolecule found in living organism?

A

Protein nucleic acid carbohydrates lipids

83
Q

Which of the following is located in the nucleus of atom

A

Protons and neutrons

84
Q

Which of the following is a physical change?

A

Melting of an ice

85
Q

In a balance, chemical equation, the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side equals the product side.
This statement illustrates:

A

Law of conservation of mass

86
Q

Increasing the temperature usually has the effect on a chemical reaction

A

Speed it up

87
Q

What happens to the solubility of most solid solutes in liquid Solvent as a temperature increases?

A

It increases

88
Q

What happens to the solubility of most solid solutes in liquid Solvent as a temperature increases?

A

It increases

89
Q

What part of an atom carries a negative charge

A

Electron

90
Q

What is a substance called that speaks up a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction?

A

Catalyst
Is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed by their reaction

91
Q

How does an increase in the concentration of reactants affect the rates of a chemical reaction?

A

Increases the rate of reaction

92
Q

What does it mean when a solution is saturated?

A

It cannot dissolve anymore solute

93
Q

What ion is common to all acid?

A

Hydrogen (H+)

94
Q

What is the main difference between a cation and an anion?

A

Cation are positively charge, and anion are negatively charged

95
Q

Which period does an element belong to if it has three energy levels or shells?

A

Period 3
Period 3 represent the number of electron shells or energy level that and Adam of the element has

96
Q

Which period does an element belong to if it has three energy levels or shells?

A

Period 3
Period 3 represent the number of electron shells or energy level that and Adam of the element has

97
Q

How many electrons can each orbital hold?

A

Two

98
Q

What is the maximum number of valance electrons that an atom can have?

A

Eight

99
Q

Which of the following best describes ionic bonding

A

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another

100
Q

Which of the following statements about covalent bonding is true?

A

Occur when electrons are shared between atoms

101
Q

In which state of matter do particles move most freely?

A

Plasma

102
Q

In a balance chemical equation, what principle is observed

A

Principle of conversation of mass

103
Q

What type of element form ionic bonds?

A

Metals and nonmetals

104
Q

What type of element form covalent bond?

A

Nonmetals only

105
Q

When one refers to the medial side of the foot, they are talking about the side closest to

A

The other foot
“Medial” refers to a location closer to the middle line or center of the body

106
Q

Which factor does an influence blood pressure?

A

Blood pH
Permanently affects the acidity or alkalinity of the blood but not directly the pressure

107
Q

The blood type known as the universal recipient is

A

Type AB

108
Q

Which layer the heart is the innermost layer that lines in the chambers?

A

Endocardium
It is a thin layer that comes into direct contact with the blood inside the heart

109
Q

What’s the difference between systolic and diastolic?

A

Pressure pressure

110
Q

Which blood vessel carries oxygen– rich blood away from the heart to the body tissue

A

Arteries
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

111
Q

Which of the following structures in the hearts act as natural pacemaker by setting the rhythm of heart contraction?

A

SA NODE
sinoatrial mode,
Often term, the natural pacemaker of the heart initials, the electrical impulses, governing the heart rate

112
Q

Blood from the lower parts of the body is returned to the heart by

A

Inferior vena cava
Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body back to the right atrium of the heart

113
Q

Which of the following factors can lead to an increase in blood pressure

A

Increase blood volume

114
Q

What blood type has neither a nor B antigen in the surface of its red blood cell

A

Typo o

115
Q

The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the heart chambers are relaxed, and filling with blood is known as?

A

Diastole

116
Q

The main artery leaving the left ventricle and supplying oxygenated blood to the body is

A

Aorta
Is the main and largest artery in the human body, originated from the left ventricle of the heart, and supplying oxygenated blood to the circular system

117
Q

Which cardiac valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta?

A

Aortic valve

118
Q

When an individual blood pressure is measured as 120/80 MM HG the “120” represents

A

Systolic
First number

119
Q

Where is the heart located in the human body?

A

In the thoracic cavity 🦷

120
Q

What is the main function of the alveoli in the lungs?

A

Exchange of gases

121
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

122
Q

What is the role of the smart intestine and the digestive system?

A

Absorbs nutrients from food

The wall of the small intestines are lined with tiny, finger – like structures called villi, which increased the surface area for absorption

123
Q

The brain and spinal cord of the pizza, part of which component of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system
Is responsible for processing information receive from all parts of the body and coordinating activities

124
Q

What type of muscle is under voluntary control?

A

Skeletal muscle

125
Q

Which organ produces egg in a female reproductive system

A

Ovary

126
Q

Which organ produces egg in a female reproductive system

A

Ovary

127
Q

The hair skin nails are part of which system

A

Integumentary system
Includes protecting the body from external damage, helping to regulate body temperature, and aiding in sensation

128
Q

The thyroid is part of which system

A

Endocrine system
Natara glands produce homerless that regulate the bodies, metabolic rate as well as heart and digestive function, muscle control, brain, development, and mood

129
Q

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

A

Filtering blood removing waste

130
Q

What type of cell can recognize and remember specific pathogens?

A

B cells

131
Q

Which organ produces bias, and substance that helped digestive

A

Liver

132
Q

What protein found a muscle interacts with myosin to contract and relax the muscle?

A

Actin

133
Q

What protein found a muscle interacts with myosin to contract and relax the muscle?

A

Actin

134
Q

What is the first line of defense in the immune system?

A

Skin and mucous membrane

135
Q

What time reverse the front or interior portion of the body?

A

Ventral

136
Q

If a wound is closer to the surface, then the internal organs it is said to be

A

Superficial

137
Q

Which describes the anatomical position the palms of the hand face

A

Forward

138
Q

Which layer of the heart contains cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Myocardium
Middle layer

139
Q

Blood flows from the heart to the lungs is known as

A

Pulmonary circulation

140
Q

Elevated sodium intake, potentially lead to

A

Increase blood pressure

141
Q

Which term is used to describe a structure closer to the head or upper part of the body

A

Superior

142
Q

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

143
Q

The vascular system that applies blood to the heart muscle itself is known as

A

Coronary circulation
Movement of blood through the vessel that apply the heart muscle

144
Q

The valve prevents the back flow into the right ventricle

A

Pulmonary valve

145
Q

The “lub-dub” sound of the heart is primary produced by:

A

Valve closures

146
Q

Which of the following sequence correctly represents the hierarchy biological organizations from the largest to smallest

A

Oregon system – organs – tissue – cells – molecules

147
Q

Which cell organelle is primary responsible for protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

148
Q

Which cell organelle is primary responsible for protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

149
Q

There are which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

A

Metaphase

150
Q

Meiosis results in

A

Four haploid daughter cells

151
Q

Which of the following is not a component of a nucleoid?

A

Amino acid

152
Q

The process by which an RNA molecule is synthesized from a DNA template, known as

A

Transcription

153
Q

If a DNA strand has a strand has a sequence 5’- ATGCTA-3’ its complementary RNA strand will be:

A

3’- UACGAU -5’

154
Q

Which of the following structures contain genetic information in the form of genes?

A

Chromosomes

155
Q

Which of the following structures contain genetic information in the form of genes?

A

Chromosomes

156
Q

A mutation, in which type of RNA could impact proteins synthesis by preventing the attachment of an amino acid

A

tRNA

157
Q

The segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein, or a functional RNA is termed

A

Gene

158
Q

Which of the following process uses an mRNA template to synthesize a chain of amino acid

A

Translation

159
Q

Chromosomes that are not involved in determining the sex of an organism are called?

A

Autosomes

160
Q

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes, separate, and move to opposite poles of the cell?

A

Anaphase 1

161
Q

In the structure of DNA, cytosine forms a base pair with:

A

Guanine

162
Q

The primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is:

A

Making up the structural of ribosomes

163
Q

If a segment of DNA undergoes a mutation where a thymine is replaced with a cytosine, this type of mutation is called

A

Substitution

164
Q

Which cellular process ensures that each new cell receives an exact copy of the DNA

A

Replication

165
Q

The part of the cell cycle during which the cell grows and DNA is replicated is called

A

Interphase

166
Q

If an organism diploid number is 12, how many chromosomes will its gametes have after meiosis

A

6
Meiosis reduces the chromosome by half.

167
Q

The “central dogma” of the molecular biology states that

A

DNA synthesis RNA which synthesis proteins

168
Q

What ensures that specific amino acids are added in the correct sequence during protein synthesis

A

The sequence of nucleotide in DNA

169
Q

If a person inherits one allele for blue eyes and one allele for brown eyes, and brown dominant over blue, the person’s phenotype will be:

A

Brown eyes

170
Q

Which cellular organelle contains enzymes that can digest worn-out organelles and foreign substances

A

Lysosomes

171
Q

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA

A

Double- stranded Helix

172
Q

Which phase of mitosis immediately follows metaphase and involves sister chromatids being pull apart

A

Anaphase

173
Q

Sister chromatids are

A

Identical copies of the same chromosome connected at the centromere

174
Q

A condom consist

A

Three nucleotide bases

175
Q

If a DNA strand has the sequence 5’- GTAATC- 3’, it’s complementary strand will be

A

3’ CATTAG- 5’

Science TEAS (6 decks)

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