questions for mars exams Flashcards
what are Type I epithelial cell (pneumocyte)
large flat cells form most of the lining of the alveolus.
List the three most common cranial mediastinal tumours in the dog.
Thymoma
Lymphoma/lymphosarcoma
ectopic thyroid neoplasia
what are Type II epithelial cell (pneumocyte)
These small rounded alveolar lining cells occupy only a small proportion of the alveolar wall, and are responsible for secretion of surfactant, which prevents alveolar collapse. NB important in pathogenesis of primary atelectasis. These cells also respond rapidly by proliferating if Type I cells are damaged.
what are Clara cell
These non-ciliated cells are present in the lining of the terminal bronchioles, and become most numerous in the distal bronchiole. They produce a component of surfactant and contain enzymes which can detoxify noxious substances. They also can act as stem cells, dividing and replacing other cells when damaged.
what is Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO)
also known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchiolitis-emphysema complex or “broken wind”. This common disease of horses and ponies is characterised by repeated bouts of dyspnoea, cough, poor athletic performance, airway neutrophilia and mucus hypersecretion. It is an asthma-like condition involving hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens (e.g. fungal spores) and chronic mild irritation of the mucosa by dust.
which drug should be used regarding vasodilation in HF?
ACE inhibitors → vasodilating
pimobendan → inhibition of phosphodiesterase = increase cAMP
amlodipine → Ca+ channel inhibitor ⇒ reduce vascular tone
hydralazine → arteriodilators
what is the function of propionate?
propionate can be metabolised into many amino acids in the body, but not the essential ones
Ruminants derive most of their glucose from metabolism of propionate in hepatocytes.
The main way in which a ruminant maintains the level of CAC intermediates in tissues is through the use of glucose, which we have established is manufactured from propionate in the liver. Amino acids (either dietary or from muscle protein) can also perform this function.
what has poor copper been associated with in cattle?
Copper deficiency in cattle has been associated with poor thrift / poor weight gain, and diarrhoea
what has poor selenium and vit E
Selenium/Vit E deficiency has been associated with poor thrift in cattle
in which animal was cobalt associated poor thrift with?
Cobalt deficiency is associated with poor thrift but almost invariably in lambs.
what should be the milk fat % of cows?
milk fat should be 4.2%.
How to have a lot of fat in the milk?
if the concentrate / forage ratio is superior than 60 / 40 → fat will drop significantly.
⇒ need A LOT OF FIBRES TO HAVE A LOT OF FAT.
what could be a reason of low bulk milk fat?
low bulk milk fat could indicate you have sub acute rumen acidosis (SARA).
how much milk proteins should we have?
milk protein should be 3.4%.
which pathogens can be transmitted through bite wounds?
pasteurella multicida, capnocytphaga canimorsus, pasteurella canis.
which pathogens can be transmitted through cat scratch?
Bartonella species
which pathogens can be transmitted through urine?
leptospirosis
which pathogens can be multi drug resistant?
MRSA, MRSP, E. coli.
which pathogens do reptiles transmit the most?
salmonella
which pathogen can be food born and also transmitted differently ?
campylobacter
What is illegal to feed pigs?
Domestic kitchen waste if the family only cooks vegetarian
This is banned. It should be noted that food waste is the most likely factor to spread African Swine Fever, which has now moved from Eastern Europe to Belgium. African Swine Fever has also been found in meat products in the UK! Even feed from vegan kitchens must not be fed.
Kitchen waste from a local canteen
This is banned, even if the canteen only handles vegan food
The following are permitted:
Silage or total mixed ration from a neighbouring dairy farm
This is permitted, as there is no health risk
Milk from a dairy on the same holding
This is permitted. If milk is obtained from a different holding it has to be processed subject to a DEFRA inspection. However, the feeding of waste milk during antibiotic withdrawal period should be avoided.
Vegetable waste from a wholesaler who does not handle animal products
This is permitted as there is no health risk
what are the anthelmintic to use?
levamisol, ivermectin, macrocyclic lactones, spiroindoles, benzimidazole
what are the flukicides?
albendazole, closantel, oxyclozanide.
What classes of antibiotics that are licensed for veterinary use should we be protecting according the World Health Organisation (WHO) that are classified as Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials (HP-CIA)?
aminoglycosides, macrolides and ketolides, tetracyclines and third and fourth generation cephalosporins
