Questions based on the consequences of industrialisation. Flashcards
What are the 5 points?
-Increase of transport
-Laissez-faire government policies
-Growth of banking system + Middle Class
-Growth of towns/cities
-Impact on working class and living conditions.
What type of transport became widespread in the 18th century?
Tollgates and turnpikes.
What date were 4 major England rivers link by canals? Why was this good?
1790
Moved huge heavy produce- allowed for greater coal reserves exploitation.
Moved further, sold cheaper… allowing a new market to form!
In (date?), for every 16 miles of turnpike…
1830
1 mile of river navigation had to be improved and 2 canal miles completed. Costly!
By 1836, how many miles of turnpike roads were laid in England?
22,000 miles.
What great rail line opened in 1830? What did it mark?
Manchester-Liverpool rail line.
Marked the beginning of the railway age.
What was the economic benefit of the Manchester-Liverpool rail line?
Goods transported faster and at greater quantities, so reduced costs and created bigger markets.
What was the social benefit of the Manchester-Liverpool rail line?
General communication improved, newspapers now sent London to Manchester.
By 1850, how many track miles were open in Britain?
Around 6,000.
What were the negatives of railways?
People lost money from previous canal investments.
Overall opinion on railways?
Great!
What did the govt’s laissez-faire policies promote? What did it lead to?
Competition and innovation.
Led to increased productivity/efficiency so lower prices and higher quality goods.
What did the laissez-faire policies remove?
Obstacles that slowed the profiteering pace.
What were the 1799 and 1800 Combinations Act? Punishment?
Made it illegal to form/join trade unions that worked against employer’s freedoms.
Punishment= 3 months jail/2 months hard labour.
When and what was the Master and Servant Act? What did this complement?
1823
Made failure to fulfil a work contract punishable by imprisonment.
Complemented private industries, especially the development of infrastructure.
What were the failures of the 1830s reforms and Peels 1840s reforms? How many inspectors?
Didn’t prevent u18s working and people could still work 14 hour days.
Only 4 inspectors to enforce it in the 1833 Factory Act.
What were the several laws that promoted govt regulation removed? (1813, 1846) What does this show about the govt?
1813 Repeal of the Statute of Artificers: provided some regulations of wages/working conditions.
1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws: removed tariffs on imported goods.
Govt preferred to allow markets and entrepreneurialism to dictate the change rate.
Why were the laissez-faire policies negative for workers?
Little headway was made towards males, only women/children.
Focused remained on workers’ economic productivity and gaining profit at their expense.
By 1808, how many banks were there in Britain?
800
What banks were developed in 1826 and what rule was removed?
Joint Stock banks developed.
Number of members cap was removed.
What was the 1833 Act of Parliament? How did this help?
Allowed London Joint Stock banks to issue cheques.
This increased the speed of commercial transactions.
By 1866, how many Joint Stock banks were there and how many branches?
154 Joint Stock banks.
850 branches nationwide.
From 1816-31, how much did the middle class grow by?
75%
How did banks aid the middle class?
Banks provided a capital source which allowed men with a vision to establish themselves in a business.
What did Richard Arkwright invent and when? How much was he worth?
Invented the Water Frame, borrowed James Hargreaves’ ideas of the Spinning Jenny.
1769
Retired with £500 fortune and a knighthood but when he died, was worth £500,000.
When and what did Samuel Crompton invent? Where did he get his ideas?
1779
Spinning Mule.
Combined Arkwright’s Water frame and Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny.
Why did many adopt inventions?
Expensive but effective.
Used to revolutionise their industry but required accessible banking!
Why was the middle class a driving force behind industrialisation?
Invested in new technology, built factories, and created commerce.
Where were the economic power centres traditionally?
Counties with acres of fertile land and access to raw materials.
How many people lived in towns in 1800? What about in 1880?
1800- 25%
1880- 80%
How many workers were employed in manufacturing by 1871?
2/3
With industrial trade growth, where did industry drift? Example?
Industry drifted towards areas with good transport links.
E.g., Lancashire cotton mills had access to Liverpool (rail line).
Why did the divide in Britain between the wealthy and the poor regions grow as a result of growth?
Areas of Britain without access to transport links remained on a relatively small scale.
What was the population of London by 1851 and how many cities had over 100k?
2.3 million.
9 cities had over 100k population.
Why did South England become unimportant?
Maintained traditional working methods and agricultural production.
North had greater demands for workers, so many migrated north for jobs.
What percentage of children in Manchester died before the age of 5?
57%
What fraction of children died before the age of 1?
3/20
What was the consequence of rapid town growth on the working class?
Working class became neglected and exploited for profit.
Why did the fast growth harm infrastructure?
There wasn’t enough infrastructure in place to accommodate for a town’s population, so they were quickly constructed.
By 1800, how much of the population lived in back-to-back housing?
2/3
By 1841, how many back-to-back houses did Nottingham have?
12.6k
What were back-to-back houses like? What did it lead to?
Cramped 1 room accommodations.
Little lighting.
Lack of structural integrity, led to people exposed to each other and other elements, led to rise of main diseases e.g., cholera.
Where was the 1832 cholera outbreak and how many deaths as a result?
Sunderland.
32,000 deaths.
When did Edwin Chadwick publish his report and what did he argue?
1842 published, detailed disease effects and causes from industrilisation neglect.
Argued improving working conditions would be more effective as majority of families were claiming poor relief due to losing males.
