Questions based on the consequences of industrialisation.

Question 1

What are the 5 points?

Answer 1

-Increase of transport
-Laissez-faire government policies
-Growth of banking system + Middle Class
-Growth of towns/cities
-Impact on working class and living conditions.

Question 2

What type of transport became widespread in the 18th century?

Answer 2

Tollgates and turnpikes.

Question 3

What date were 4 major England rivers link by canals? Why was this good?

Answer 3

1790
Moved huge heavy produce- allowed for greater coal reserves exploitation.
Moved further, sold cheaper… allowing a new market to form!

Question 4

In (date?), for every 16 miles of turnpike…

Answer 4

1830
1 mile of river navigation had to be improved and 2 canal miles completed. Costly!

Question 5

By 1836, how many miles of turnpike roads were laid in England?

Answer 5

22,000 miles.

Question 6

What great rail line opened in 1830? What did it mark?

Answer 6

Manchester-Liverpool rail line.
Marked the beginning of the railway age.

Question 7

What was the economic benefit of the Manchester-Liverpool rail line?

Answer 7

Goods transported faster and at greater quantities, so reduced costs and created bigger markets.

Question 8

What was the social benefit of the Manchester-Liverpool rail line?

Answer 8

General communication improved, newspapers now sent London to Manchester.

Question 9

By 1850, how many track miles were open in Britain?

Answer 9

Around 6,000.

Question 10

What were the negatives of railways?

Answer 10

People lost money from previous canal investments.

Question 11

Overall opinion on railways?

Answer 11

Great!

Question 12

What did the govt’s laissez-faire policies promote? What did it lead to?

Answer 12

Competition and innovation.
Led to increased productivity/efficiency so lower prices and higher quality goods.

Question 13

What did the laissez-faire policies remove?

Answer 13

Obstacles that slowed the profiteering pace.

Question 14

What were the 1799 and 1800 Combinations Act? Punishment?

Answer 14

Made it illegal to form/join trade unions that worked against employer’s freedoms.
Punishment= 3 months jail/2 months hard labour.

Question 15

When and what was the Master and Servant Act? What did this complement?

Answer 15

1823
Made failure to fulfil a work contract punishable by imprisonment.
Complemented private industries, especially the development of infrastructure.

Question 16

What were the failures of the 1830s reforms and Peels 1840s reforms? How many inspectors?

Answer 16

Didn’t prevent u18s working and people could still work 14 hour days.
Only 4 inspectors to enforce it in the 1833 Factory Act.

Question 17

What were the several laws that promoted govt regulation removed? (1813, 1846) What does this show about the govt?

Answer 17

1813 Repeal of the Statute of Artificers: provided some regulations of wages/working conditions.
1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws: removed tariffs on imported goods.

Govt preferred to allow markets and entrepreneurialism to dictate the change rate.

Question 18

Why were the laissez-faire policies negative for workers?

Answer 18

Little headway was made towards males, only women/children.
Focused remained on workers’ economic productivity and gaining profit at their expense.

Question 19

By 1808, how many banks were there in Britain?

Answer 19

800

Question 20

What banks were developed in 1826 and what rule was removed?

Answer 20

Joint Stock banks developed.
Number of members cap was removed.

Question 21

What was the 1833 Act of Parliament? How did this help?

Answer 21

Allowed London Joint Stock banks to issue cheques.
This increased the speed of commercial transactions.

Question 22

By 1866, how many Joint Stock banks were there and how many branches?

Answer 22

154 Joint Stock banks.
850 branches nationwide.

Question 23

From 1816-31, how much did the middle class grow by?

Answer 23

75%

Question 24

How did banks aid the middle class?

Answer 24

Banks provided a capital source which allowed men with a vision to establish themselves in a business.

Question 25

What did Richard Arkwright invent and when? How much was he worth?

Answer 25

Invented the Water Frame, borrowed James Hargreaves’ ideas of the Spinning Jenny.
1769
Retired with £500 fortune and a knighthood but when he died, was worth £500,000.

Question 26

When and what did Samuel Crompton invent? Where did he get his ideas?

Answer 26

1779
Spinning Mule.
Combined Arkwright’s Water frame and Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny.

Question 27

Why did many adopt inventions?

Answer 27

Expensive but effective.
Used to revolutionise their industry but required accessible banking!

Question 28

Why was the middle class a driving force behind industrialisation?

Answer 28

Invested in new technology, built factories, and created commerce.

Question 29

Where were the economic power centres traditionally?

Answer 29

Counties with acres of fertile land and access to raw materials.

Question 30

How many people lived in towns in 1800? What about in 1880?

Answer 30

1800- 25%
1880- 80%

Question 31

How many workers were employed in manufacturing by 1871?

Answer 31

2/3

Question 32

With industrial trade growth, where did industry drift? Example?

Answer 32

Industry drifted towards areas with good transport links.
E.g., Lancashire cotton mills had access to Liverpool (rail line).

Question 33

Why did the divide in Britain between the wealthy and the poor regions grow as a result of growth?

Answer 33

Areas of Britain without access to transport links remained on a relatively small scale.

Question 34

What was the population of London by 1851 and how many cities had over 100k?

Answer 34

2.3 million.
9 cities had over 100k population.

Question 35

Why did South England become unimportant?

Answer 35

Maintained traditional working methods and agricultural production.
North had greater demands for workers, so many migrated north for jobs.

Question 36

What percentage of children in Manchester died before the age of 5?

Answer 36

57%

Question 37

What fraction of children died before the age of 1?

Answer 37

3/20

Question 38

What was the consequence of rapid town growth on the working class?

Answer 38

Working class became neglected and exploited for profit.

Question 39

Why did the fast growth harm infrastructure?

Answer 39

There wasn’t enough infrastructure in place to accommodate for a town’s population, so they were quickly constructed.

Question 40

By 1800, how much of the population lived in back-to-back housing?

Answer 40

2/3

Question 41

By 1841, how many back-to-back houses did Nottingham have?

Answer 41

12.6k

Question 42

What were back-to-back houses like? What did it lead to?

Answer 42

Cramped 1 room accommodations.
Little lighting.
Lack of structural integrity, led to people exposed to each other and other elements, led to rise of main diseases e.g., cholera.

Question 43

Where was the 1832 cholera outbreak and how many deaths as a result?

Answer 43

Sunderland.
32,000 deaths.

Question 44

When did Edwin Chadwick publish his report and what did he argue?

Answer 44

1842 published, detailed disease effects and causes from industrilisation neglect.
Argued improving working conditions would be more effective as majority of families were claiming poor relief due to losing males.