Questions And Answers Flashcards
Marchands scope of Word Formation:
Wf is the study of patterns associated with the formation of lexical words/ Central notion Syntagma. Bilateral signs Form and meaning Needs to be analysable determinant washing bird launch determinatum machine bath pad
Marchands scopeof Word Formation:
Wf is the study of patterns assocated with the formation of lexical words/ Central notion Syntagma.
What is Syntagma?
Sequential linguistic forms
Explain Expansion, transposition and derivation
1 Expan: adding a prefix but not changing word category- ex: un+happy
Still adjective
2.Trans:Changing word form by adding a suffix
Teach(v) + Er = Teacher(n)
3. Deri:Changing word class through conv, affixation or ing
Difference between word or morpheme
A word is made up of morphemes and a moropme is the smallest meaninful part or a word. “An ultimate contituent”
2 classes of the Word formation process
- Major= compounding, affixation (pre +suff)zero derivation, back formation,
- Minor=blending acronyms, clipping, reduplication : rhyme and ablaut
Zero conversion?
A process that assigns a n existing word to different word class. Also called conversion.
Sheep(sing)/sheep(plur)
Judge(v)/ judge(n)
Cheat(v)/cheat (n)
Backformation
The process if making a new word by remiving the suffix of a existing word.
BABYSITTER =
Baby sit
Backformation
BABYSITTER =
Baby sit
Compound
Launch + pad =
Launchpad
BLENDING
Breakfast + lunch=
Brunch
acronymization
FbI
clipping
laboratory = lab
blocking
the absence of a word because another word exists that has the same meaning.
3 conditions:
A. 2 words same stem
B. 2 words with the same meaning
C.neither words can be derived by productive wfr
Lee’s Compound theory
1.Kernal sentence > the course is a snap 2.Relative clause > course which is a snap 3.Expression + post nominal mod > course a snap 4.Word swap (with 2 two left over constituents) snap course
Lees theory criticized
Marchand heavily criticized the ambiguity of it. He then then ironically joined the field.
Lees does not explain: 1.Why Kernal sentences make entirely different compounds
- why semantically identical types have formal differences
- why the same sentence structure corresponds to different compound structures
- why identical sentences can yield different compounds
Kastovsky’s transformational approach
topical lization
1.Kernal sentence>
Someone eats apples
2.Underlying sentence level> topical lization transform…
apples are eaten
3.Word formation syntagma >word formation transform…
eating apples
Aranoff’s word based theory
word + the basic unit of word formation
not morphemes
No phrase constraint, word formation process is word based. no new words can be from phrases only existing words
Aranoff’s productivity theory
relativized approach: examines the productivity of an affix with reguard to a base
Actual/potential
Aranoff’s semantic coherence
the predictability of the meaning of words according to the wf rule: add ness to nouns make them more coherent because have basis in fact/extent/quality
The more coherent a word the more it will be used increasing production
Halle
List of Morphemes > free and bound Word formation rules > all rules Filter > semantically -al phonological - shortening of dipthong structural- accidental gap discont. or too new List of irregularities Dictionary > back to word formation Syntax > sentence usage Phonology > sounds in sentence pot. changes output finished ready for use
Reduplication
Subcategories
Ablaut: drink/drank
Rhyme: willy nilly
Exact: A man’s man
Reduplication
Man’s man
Robert lees
the Grammar of English Nominalizations
An American linguist and syntactician who argued that nominalizations which made use of transformations to generate compounds from kernel sentences.
Post nominial modification
Marker is after the head
Marchand
Wf started in the 1960s by German linguist and structuralist Hans Marchand
Gemination
midday misspell
Chomsky
According to Remarks on Nominalization believes that Wf rules are restricted in their productivity and are semantically irregular
Wf and syntax:
Many areguments against syntax based word formation.
While word formation gives names to objects if extra linguistic reality. Combines them.
How many word formation theories are there?
- structuralist school: Marchand European stuctuslism Saussure sign and syntagma
- transformative hypothesis: lee & katovsky N+N compounds from kernal sentences
- lexicalist hypothesis Aaronoff morphological issues should be independant
not finished
Class 1
Cass 2
Class 1 stress change
Allomorphy, truncation
Etimology foriegn
Stem or full words poss. To attach
Class 2 domestic aglo/germaic only attach to full words
What is Marchands theory on syntagma
Wf can only treat analysable composites into two constituents: determinan and determinatum both signs.
Halle disagrees proposes two types of wf rules: meaningless stem + suffix
Vac+ ant
Pregn+ ant
Delimination
?
Primary & synthetic compound differences
Primary: not verbal/root
Ex: table tennis
Synthetic:verbal
Ex: snow covered
What are Neo classical compounds?
Contain latin or greek constituants
Ex medical terminology
What are Endo and exocentric compounds
Endo: kind of something Table tennis Exo: outside of compound Not a type of something Could be an agent Killjoy or turncoat
What is a bahuvrihi compound
These compounds refer to people/animals/plants
Paleskined, blackfaced, Blue bell
What are syntactic and asyntactic compounds
Syntactic: normal order Ex:White cap Has a white cap O Asyntactic: reverse order Cry baby A baby cries
What are German and French compounds
French 1st determinatum 2nd determinan Pocket picker= Pickpocket
Germanic
1st determinan
2nd determinatum
A type of ship is a spaceship
What are coordinate and subordinate compounds?
Coordinate: Ex: bittersweet Actor-manager Both constiuents Semantical equal
Subordinate:
Determining and determined constitients
Crybaby popcorn dancefloor
Wf and lexicon
The relationship between wf and lexicon plays a vital role in the the theories of word formation in paticular.
What is a moneme?
A word un analysable into two morphemes.
What is the variable r condition?
Allen the number of meaning us strictly limited.
What is Elsewhere condition?
If a word is irregular inflected at level 1
Then it will be blocked at regular inflection at level 3
Level 1: oxen, people
Level 3: oxes, peoples
What is Elsewhere condition?
If a word is irregular inflectedat level 1
Then it will be blocked at regular inflection at level 3
Level 1: oxen, people
Level 3: oxes, peoples
- Righthand head rule
2. Revised Rh rule
1 the head is always on the right
Criticised: de- be- father in law
2 when the word is broken down the constuient which features complex X will be the head. Left or right
Feature Percolation conventions
Unlabled binary branching trees Convention1 stems features Convention2 affix features Convention 3 back to con2 if Branching node is free Convention 4 compounds percolate up
Onomasiological
Categories
Substance quality action or circumstance
qacs
Tricelibic shorting rules
Decide / decision
Lexilization
?
Corpos
Lexical database
Corpos
Lexical database
What is a word?
4 notions
- Morphological unit
- syntacyic atom
- listeme
- phonological word
