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Gross Anatomy II - Unit 1 > Questions > Flashcards

Questions Flashcards

1
Q

how would you describe the articular surfaces of the medial and lateral compartments of the patella?

A

medial compartment - concave moving on convex (provides room for adductors); larger meniscus
lateral compartment - convex moving on convex; larger surface, smaller meniscus

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2
Q

what are the structural and functional roles of the menisci?

A

composed of cartilage; deepen the surface and help in shock absorption and weight distribution

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3
Q

describe the differences in shape between the medial and lateral menisci

A
  • Medial: C shaped, widespread attachments laterally, less mobile on tibial plateau than lateral meniscus
  • Lateral: circular, smaller, more freely movable
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4
Q

for the patellofemoral joint, how are the femoral articulating surfaces different for the patella in full flexion vs. full extension?

A
  • full flexion - patella is at or below intercondylar groove

- full extension - patella is on condyles (less stable position)

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5
Q

what structures of the knee are intracapsular?

A

ACL and PCL

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6
Q

what structures of the knee are intrasynovial?

A

meniscus, suprapatellar bursa, popliteus bursa, anserine bursa, gastrocnemius bursa

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7
Q

where do the LCL and MCL attach?

A

LCL: extends inferiorly from lateral epicondyle of femur to lateral surface of the fibular head
MCL: extends from the medial epicondyle of femur to the medial condyle and the superior part of the medial surface of tibia; also attaches to medial meniscus

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8
Q

what is the function of the ACL?

A

(1) limits posterior rolling (turning and traveling) of femoral condyles on tibial plateau during flexion
(2) prevents posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia and hyperextension of knee joint
(3) prevents anterior translation of the tibia

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9
Q

what is the function of the PCL?

A

(1) limits anterior rolling of the femur on the tibial plateau during extension
(2) prevents anterior displacement of the femur or posterior displacement of tibia on the femur
(3) in weight bearing, with knee flexed, it is the main stabilizing factor for the femur (walking downhill)

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10
Q

what are the ligamentous attachments of the menisci?

A

(1) Coronary ligaments: connect the menisci to the joint capsule
(2) Transverse Ligament of the knee: anteriorly joins medial and lateral menisci

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11
Q

what are the bursae anterior to the distal femur?

A

(1) Suprapatellar bursa
(2) Subtendinous Prepatellar Bursa
(3) Subcutaneous Prepatellar Bursa
(4) Deep Infrapatellar Bursa
(5) Subcutaneous Infrapatellar Bursa

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12
Q

what nerves innervate the knee joint? (3)

A

(1) sciatic
(2) femoral
(3) obturator

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13
Q

what muscle can pull the fibula upwards?

A

biceps femoris

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14
Q

what are the fascial components that divide the leg into three compartments?

A

(1) Anterior intermuscular septum
(2) Posterior intermuscular septum
(3) Interosseous membrane

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15
Q

what fascia separates the flexor hallucis longus from the soleus muscle?

A

transverse intermuscular septum

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16
Q

what is the innervation of the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

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17
Q

what is the innervation of the muscles of the superficial part of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibial nerve

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18
Q

what are the distal attachments of tibialis posterior and fibularis longus?

A

(1) tibialis posterior: Tuberosity of navicular, cuneifroms, cuboid and metatarsals 2-4
(2) fibularis longus: Base of 1st metatarsal

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19
Q

what muscle lies immediately anterior to the Achilles tendon in the lowermost 1/4th of the leg?

A

flexor hallucis longus

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20
Q

what muscles produce inversion and eversion at the ankle?

A

Eversion: fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, fibularis tertius
Inversion: tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior

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21
Q

what are the main branches to the leg given off the posterior tibial artery below the knee?

A

Fibular artery, medial and lateral plantar arteries

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22
Q

what nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

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23
Q

you find the posterior tibial vessels and tibial nerve anterior to what fascia?

A

transverse intermuscular septum

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24
Q

in what compartment do you find the fibular vessels?

A

deep posterior compartment of the leg

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25
Q

what can be said about the oblique angle of the femur in regards to gender?

A

females have slightly more oblique femurs than males

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26
Q

what bone transfers weight from the knee to the ankle?

A

the tibia; the fibula doesn’t articulate with the femur and therefore doesn’t bare weight

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27
Q

where in the ankle is weight transferred from the distal tibia?

A

the talus

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28
Q

what does the talus do from a weight distribution POV?

A

the talus distributes the weight evenly between the heel and forefoot

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29
Q

what is the purpose of the alae, or wings of the illium?

A

provide broad surfaces for muscle attachments

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30
Q

what is the purpose of the SI joint from a weight distribution standpoint?

A

it takes downward forces from the spine and transfer force laterally through the SI joint

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31
Q

what’s the purpose of the oblique angle of the femur?

A

for stability and weight distribution by adjusting the COM

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32
Q

what bones form the acetabulum?

A

ischium, pubis, ilium

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33
Q

what separates the greater sciatic notch from the lesser sciatic notch?

A

ischial spine

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34
Q

where does the long axis of the femur run? the functional axis?

A

long axis: directly down the midline of femur

functional axis: through the head of femur straight down

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35
Q

what direction does the acetabulum face?

A

inferiolaterally

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36
Q

what is the heaviest and longest bone in the body?

A

the femur

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37
Q

what direction does the head/neck of the femur project?

A

superiomedially

38
Q

what is the average angle of inclination in adults?

A

126 degrees

39
Q

is the angle of inclination greater in males or females?

A

less in females; due to more oblique shape

40
Q

what does having a smaller angle of inclination mean for mobility?

A

greater mobility at the hip

41
Q

what is the average torsion angle in males? females?

A

males: 7 degrees
females: 12 degrees

42
Q

how many degrees of freedom does the hip have?

A

6

43
Q

what is the purpose of subcuteanous tissue of the lower limb? (3)

A

(1) insulates
(2) stores fat
(3) provides passage for lympahtics and veins

44
Q

what is the purpose of the deep fascia of the lower limb?

A

(1) limit outward bulging of muscles
(2) facilitate venous return
(3) separates the muscles into compartments

45
Q

what is anteversion of the femoral head? what is accompanied with anteversion?

A

excessive anterior rotation of the femoral head; accompanied by excessive internal rotation of the femur

46
Q

what is retroversion of the femoral head? what is accompanied with retroversion?

A

reduced anterior rotation of the femoral head; accompanied by excessive external rotation of the femur

47
Q

what angle is the glute max angled at?

A

45 degrees, down and lateral

48
Q

when is the glute max most active?

A

during loading, rising from a chair (squatting), walking upstairs/uphill

49
Q

where does the small saphenous vein drain?

A

into popliteal vein

50
Q

where does the great saphenous vein drain?

A

into femoral vein

51
Q

what is the longest muscle of the body?

A

sartorious

52
Q

how much does the acetabular labrum increase the acetabular articular area?

A

10%

53
Q

what direction of the hip causes winding of the capsular structures, thus limiting ROM?

A

extension, which is why flexion of the hip is much greater than extension

54
Q

what supplies blood to the head of the femur?

A

retincular arteries arising from medial and lateral circumflex arteries

55
Q

what is an advantage of having an angle of inclination? (2)

A

(1) allows for superior placement of the abductors of the thigh in the gluteal region
(2) it facilitates bipedal walking by allowing weight to be shifted onto one leg

56
Q

what muscles make up the anterior compartment of the THIGH?

A

(1) pectineus
(2) illiopsoas + psoas minor
(3) sartorious
(4) the 4 quad muscles

57
Q

what two nerves innervate the pectineus?

A

the femoral and obturator

58
Q

what is the primary hip flexor of the body?

A

the illiopsoas; it’s the strongest hip flexor and has the longest range

59
Q

what muscle of the anterior compartment works primarily as a synergist, as none of it’s actions are very strong?

A

sartorious

60
Q

what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

A

patella

61
Q

what makes up the medial and lateral retinacula of the knee?

A

the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles

62
Q

what is the purpose of the retinacula? (2)

A

(1) reinforce joint capsule of the knee on each side

(2) keep the patella aligned

63
Q

what is the purpose of the patella?

A

(1) provides bony surface to withstand compression placed on quad tendon when kneeling and friction caused by running
(2) places quad tendon more anteriorly, providing a mechanical advantage

64
Q

what muscles attach to the trochanteric fossa? (4)

A

obturator externus muscle, obturator internus, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus

65
Q

to which muscles does the iliotibial tract provide attachment? (2)

A

TFL, glute max

66
Q

what bony structure marks the superior end of the greater sciatic notch?

A

PIIS

67
Q

What is the normal range of femoral neck inclination in adults?

A

115-140 degrees

68
Q

what muscle attaches between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines?

A

gluteus medius

69
Q

what muscle attaches between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines?

A

gluteus minimus

70
Q

what nerves provide cutaneous innervation to the posterior gluteal region?

A

superior, middle, and inferior clunial nerves

71
Q

what muscles attach to the ischial tuberosity? (6)

A

(1) adductor magnus
(2) long head of biceps femoris
(3) semimembranosus
(4) semitendinosus
(5) quadratus femoris
(6) inferior gemellus

72
Q

what non-muscular structures attach to the ischial tuberosity?

A

sarcotuberous ligament

73
Q

what spinal nerve roots are associated with internal rotation of the hip?

A

L4/L5

74
Q

what spinal nerve roots are associated with external rotation of the hip?

A

L5/S1

75
Q

what spinal nerve roots are associated with flexion of the hip?

A

L2/L3

76
Q

what nerve innervates the abductors of the hip?

A

superior gluteal nerve

77
Q

what are the deep muscles of the posterior gluteal region? (5)

A

(1) piriformis
(2) obturator internus
(3) superior gemellus
(4) inferior gemellus
(5) quadtraus femoris

78
Q

what is the functional significance of the abductors of the hip?

A

keeps the pelvis horizontal during single leg stance and is important during gait (swing phase)

79
Q

where do the inferior and superior gluteal veins exit the pelvis?

A

through the greater sciatic foramen

80
Q

what 3 muscles form the pes anserine?

A

sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus

81
Q

what muscles are found in the medial compartment of the THIGH?

A

(1) adductor longus
(2) adductor brevis
(3) adductor magnus
(4) gracilis
(5) obturator externus

82
Q

what is the functional role of the illiopsoas?

A

helps with posture and initiates forward swing during gait

83
Q

what is the functional difference between the rectus femoris and the vastus muscles?

A

the rectus femoris is the only part of the quadriceps that crosses the hip joint, so it’s the only quad that flexes the hip

84
Q

what is the key role of the articularis genu muscle?

A

it pulls the bursa superiorly during knee extension

85
Q

how is the ability of the rectus femoris to extend the knee affected by hip flexion and hip extension?

A

the ability of the rectus femoris to extend the knee is compromised during hip flexion. (Active Insufficiency)

86
Q

for what reasons can you call the pectineus a transitional muscle between the anterior and medial compartments?

A

due to its dual nerve supply and muscle actions; innervated by the femoral and obturator nerves

87
Q

what muscles of the three compartments of the thigh act across both the hip and the knee joints?

A 
Anterior
-Sartorius
-rectus femoris
Medial
-Gracilis
Posterior
-Semitendinosus
-Semimembranosus
- LH of Biceps femoris
88
Q

how can you describe the functional significance of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh? (2)

A

(1) stabilize stance when standing on both feet

(2) correct a lateral sway of the trunk when side-to-side shift during standing

89
Q

what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A 
Superior - Inguinal ligament
Medial - Adductor longus
Lateral - Sartorius
Floor/Posterior - Iliopsoas (laterally) and pectineus (medially)
Roof/anterior - fascia, fat, and skin
90
Q

what are the main branches of the femoral nerve?

A

splits into cutaneous branches after entering femoral triangle:
anterior cutaneous branches - innervate skin of anterior and medial aspect of thighs
saphenous nerve - innervates skin on medial side of leg and foot

91
Q

what muscle in the posterior compartment is a one-joint muscle?

A

short head of the biceps femoris

92
Q

what are the main branches off the internal iliac artery?

A

(1) Superior gluteal artery
(2) Inferior gluteal artery
(3) Internal pudendal artery

Gross Anatomy II - Unit 1 (4 decks)

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