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Oceanography - Geology > Questions > Flashcards

Questions Flashcards

1
Q

How old is the Earth?

A

4.6 billion years

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2
Q

The Milky Way contains?

A

Sun, Earth, planets, hydrogen gas

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3
Q

Most abundant material

A

hydrogen gas

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4
Q

Elements up to Fe formed

A

nuclear fusion

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5
Q

Is the earths atmosphere similar to the first?

A

no

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6
Q

According to condensational sequence hypothesis, the elements that condensed last were

A

volatiles

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7
Q

the primary source of earth’s early hydrosphere

A

comet, asteroid, meteorite

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8
Q

moon was formed by

A

another satellite

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9
Q

most abundant material on Earth

A

mantle

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10
Q

most abundant gas on Earth

A

Nitrogen

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11
Q

Magma ocean formed on Earth

A

early in history

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12
Q

percentage of Earth covered in land

A

30

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13
Q

Echo sounding is important tool for understanding

A

the bathymetry of the ocean floor

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14
Q

Primary waves differ from secondary waves (seismic)

A

it travels through solid and liquid

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15
Q

Gravimeter is an instrument designed to

A

measure density

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16
Q

Which hemisphere contains the greatest proportion of ocean surface

A

southern

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17
Q

submarine canyons most likely formed by

A

turbidity currents

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18
Q

‘the present is the key to the past’ is the principle of

A

uniformitarianism

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19
Q

Where are MORBS created

A

along mid-ocean ridges

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20
Q

OIBs such as Hawaii are formed by

A

mantle plumes

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21
Q

abyssal hills are

A

blocks of faulted oceanic crust

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22
Q

a transform fault is a tectonic boundary where

A

plates move horizontally past each other

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23
Q

Mid ocean ridges rise above the adjacent seafloor because it is

A

Hotter than the adjacent seafloor, supported by upwelling asthenosphere, site of lava eruption and deposition

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24
Q

Which of Earth’s layers is lightest?

A

continental crust

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25
Q

The Wilson cycle refers to

A

rifting and assembly of continents and opening and closure of ocean basins

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26
Q

The shallowest part of the continental margin is

A

shelf

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27
Q

The climax of the last ice age was

A

18000 years

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28
Q

The Earth’s oldest rocks are found at the ____ of continents

A

interiors

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29
Q

Pangea was

A

The one supercontinent was existed 200 million years ago

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30
Q

The deep ocean basin contains

A

trenches, abyssal plains and oceanic ridges

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31
Q

All plate boundaries are characterised by

A

narrow belts of earthquakes

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32
Q

magnetic stripes or patterns on the seafloor are

A

caused by reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field

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33
Q

The age of oceanic crust can be determined from by

A

marine fossil

magnetic anomaly

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34
Q

Is the East pacific rise part of the pacific ring of fire?

A

no

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35
Q

The East African rift system represents a _____ plate boundary

A

divergent

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36
Q

the Andean volcanoes in South America are products of

A

plate subduction

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37
Q

oceanic lithosphere is younger than continental lithosphere because

A

plate subduction

38
Q

faster spreading ocean ridges are

A

shallower and smoother

39
Q

the two main types of sediments are

A

clastics and non-clastics

40
Q

the formation of atolls is an illustration of

A

seafloor spreading
oceanic crust becoming denser with age
oceanic volcanoes becoming inactive

41
Q

a normally graded pile of sediments

A

fine at the top and coarse at the btttom

42
Q

terrigenous sediments come from

A

land

43
Q

marine sediments on the ocean floor are less than 180 millions years odl because of

A

plate tectonics

44
Q

The most widespread type of marine sediment is

A

biogenous

45
Q

the term for all physical and chemical processes that transform sediments into rocks is

A

diagenesis

46
Q

examples of hydrogenous sediments are

A

manganese and phosphorite nodules

47
Q

the most dominant type of sediment in the neritic environment is

A

terrigenous

48
Q

greatest volume of marine sediments is located in

A

continental rises

49
Q

carbonate sediments are rare in deep-sea sediments because

A

carbonate shells dissolve in deep water

50
Q

despite the fact that the equator receives more sun heat than higher latitudes, it is not steadily increasing in temperature primarily because

A

poleward heat transport by the ocean and the atmosphere

51
Q

compared to the atmosphere, the ocean can hold

A

more heat

52
Q

thermocline is a

A

region of sharp temperature change between upper and deep ocean

53
Q

the typical speed of a tsunami to travel is

A

500mph

54
Q

tsunamis propagate across the open ocean as

A

shallow water waves

55
Q

the restoring force on capillary waves is

A

surface tension

56
Q

the earth is shaped like an

A

ellipsoid due to centrifugal force

57
Q

how does the geoid change over a larger underwater sea-mount

A

dome

58
Q

is cold and fresh, or warm and salty water denser

A

it depends

59
Q

in the open ocean northern hemisphere, mid latitude winds tend to blow from west to east, while lower latitude winds tend to blow to east to west. the Ekman transport between them is

A

convergent

60
Q

hurricanes in the northern hemisphere are caused by regions of extreme low pressure. they rotate

A

counterclockwise due to Coriolis force

61
Q

pressure forces make water want to flow

A

from high to low pressure

62
Q

once water starts moving the Coriolis force makes water in the northern hemisphere want to flow to the

A

right

63
Q

when pressure force and Coriolis force are combined in north

A

water flows clockwise around high pressure areas

64
Q

also if an object in the northern hemisphere moves eastward, the Coriolis force on that object it

A

southward

65
Q

if you were hovering over antarctica which way would you see the average winds blowing

A

clockwise

66
Q

which direction is the net Ekman transport in the surface waters near Antarctica associated with the wind`

A

equatorward away from antarctica

67
Q

as you move northward across the Antarctic circumpolar current from Antarctica, the ocean surface goes

A

up by 2m

68
Q

pressure gradient near Antarctica wants to push water

A

poleward

69
Q

geostrophic flow around Antarctica flows

A

clockwise

70
Q

Ekman transport results from a balance between

A

wind stress and coriolis

71
Q

the gulf stream flows from south to north so the sea surface height slopes

A

sea surface higher to the east

72
Q

if the wind is blowing northward along the east coast of America, the Ekman current of the ocean flows

A

away from coast, upwelling

73
Q

what type of bonds hold H and O together

A

covalent

74
Q

what occurs when light is bounced between air and water molecules, dust and other objects

A

scattering

75
Q

the more adundant component in a solution is called a

A

solvent

76
Q

as salinity increases, freezing point

A

decreases

77
Q

after hydrogen and oxygen what is the most abundant constituent of seawater

A

chlorine

78
Q

pure water is most dense when at

A

4C

79
Q

where do salts in seawater come from

A

volcanism
weathering
biological processes

80
Q

is sodium conservative or non conservative

A

conservative

81
Q

cold water can hold more or less gas in solution than warm water

A

more

82
Q

seawater pH

A

8

83
Q

calcium carbonate solubility _____ with depth

A

increases

84
Q

the tendency of a substance to resist a change in temperature with the gain or loss of heat is also known as

A

thermal inertia

85
Q

a place where water infiltrates into a subspace formation is called

A

recharge area

86
Q

the local aquifer is the main source of potable water in SD county

A

false

87
Q

examples of desalination process

A

freezing
distillation
reverse osmosis

88
Q

what proportion of the pollution entering the ocean comes from human activities on land

A

75%

89
Q

what factors determine how dangerous a pollutant is

A

quantity
toxicity
persistence

90
Q

spills of refined petroleum products are generally more harmful then those of crude oil

A

true

Oceanography - Geology (2 decks)

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