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Oceanography - Geology > discussion questions > Flashcards

discussion questions Flashcards

1
Q

why study the formation and structure of the ocean floor

A

to understand organisms

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2
Q

what is the continental drift hypothoesis

A

tectonic plates move apart as new crust is formed at the boundary

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3
Q

what is uniformitarianism

A

the forces are still working and the earth is still changing

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4
Q

what is bathymetry

A

mapping ocean floor

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5
Q

what is echo sounding used for

A

bounces sound off the floor and times to see how long it takes to come back to work out distance to the floor

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6
Q

what is the principle of satellite altimetry

A

gravity pulls water towards objects

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7
Q

what is a gravimeter

A

spring that extends over denser materials

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8
Q

what does seismology tell us about the earths interior

A

heterogeneous layers

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9
Q

compare and contrast P and S waves

A

P type goes through solid and liquid but S can only travel through solid

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10
Q

what are some other sources to determine Earth’s structure and composition

A

rock sampling, lava, magma and comets and asteriods

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11
Q

what are the major layers of the Earth

A

crust, lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, core

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12
Q

what is the densest layer of the earth

A

inner core

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13
Q

which layer is liquid

A

outer core

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14
Q

besides liquid outer core what materials are the other layers

A

lithosphere and mesosphere and inner core are rigid. asthenosphere is plastic

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15
Q

what is isostatic equilibrium

A

a cool ridged lithosphere is supported by hot asthenosphere. solid material on top displaces melted material below

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16
Q

what is older, oceanic or continental crust

A

continental

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17
Q

where can you find earths oldest rocks

A

on the continent 280 million years

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18
Q

what is pangea

A

supercontinent

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19
Q

what are mid ocean ridge basalts and where are they formed

A

formed at diverging ocean plates, mid-atlantic and east pacific rise

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20
Q

what is granite and how does it differ from basalt

A

on continent and low iron

21
Q

what are magnetic stripes and how are they formed

A

formed by reversal of magnetic field, particles cool and solidify with certain direction

22
Q

what is the seafloor spreading hypothesis

A

new oceanic crust formed as plates pulled apart

23
Q

what are the major sources of the earths heat

A

radioactive decay

24
Q

how does heat move from the interior to the surface of the earth

A

conduction and convection

25
Q

Hawaii islands are generally classified as what type of volcanism

A

hot spot mantle plume at a fixed point as crust is moving

26
Q

where is earths fresh water mainly sorted

A

glaciers

27
Q

would global warming reduce or increase fresh water

A

reduce

28
Q

which is larger, average depth of the ocean or average land elevation

A

ocean

29
Q

where is earths tallest mountain

A

hawaii

30
Q

where is earths tallest elevation

A

everest

31
Q

where is earths deepest part

A

mariana trench

32
Q

where are earths seismic activities located

A

seismic plate boundary

33
Q

what is the pacific ring of fire

A

converging plate boundaries

34
Q

what are the 3 major types of plate boundaries

A

diverging, converging and transform

35
Q

what is the difference between abyssal hills, guyots and atolls

A

abyssal hills are faulted plate movement
guyots - volcanoes that didn’t break the surface, extinct and flat
atolls - formed when volcanic islands subsides from barrier reef

36
Q

what does a hypsometric curve tell us about the surface area of the earth

A

deepest trench is taller than shortest mountain

37
Q

what are the two main subdivisions of the seafloor

A

continental margin and deep ocean basin

38
Q

what are the two types of continental margins

A

active- converging plate boundaries and passive

39
Q

what are the 4 components of the continental margins

A

continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise and shelf break

40
Q

what kind of plate boundary do oceans form

A

diverging

41
Q

how can you tell the difference between a slow-spreading and fast-spreading center?

A

fast spreading has little variation in height - pacific

slow spreading has abysall hills - atlantic

42
Q

describe igneous

A

formed by cooling magma or lava

43
Q

describe sedimentary

A

layers of sediment under pressure form sedimentary rocks

44
Q

describe metamorphic

A

other rock types change into this due to heat, pressure and other physical and chemical conditions

45
Q

why do dominant rock types differ between the most abundant within the crust and on the earth’s surface

A

ingenous on crust and sedimentary on the surface. weathering and biological process on the surface

46
Q

what are the two main types of sediment

A

clastic - pre existing rocks physically transported

non-clastic - chemical or biological precipitation

47
Q

differentiate between neritic and pelagic sediments

A

neritic is mainly terrigenous sediments

pelagic is biogeneous

48
Q

what are the common organisms that cause oozes

A

diatoms - siliceous

forminifera - calcium carbonate

Oceanography - Geology (2 decks)

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