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BIO DESTROYER > Questions (51-100) > Flashcards

Questions (51-100) Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following can cause a biochemical cascade?

A. Epinephrine
B. Glucagon
C. Nerve growth factor
D. Epidermal growth factor
E. All of these
A

E. All of these

A cascade is a series of amplifying steps.
For example, epinephrine can bind to a receptor and cause a cascade which ultimately leads to glycogen breakdown.

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2
Q

Consider the paw of a developing mouse. During embryonic development, the individual digits separate after being fused. Which term best illustrates what has occurred?

A. Hyperplasia
B. Apoptosis
C. Cell-cell fusion
D. Atrophy 
E. Aplasia
A

B. Apoptosis

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3
Q

A scientist does a study on TCA cycle enzymes. She discovers that a gene for dehydrogenase spans over 4000 base pairs of DNA. She discovered that 7 introns and 11 exons were present. The number of nucleotides most likely to be found in the mature mRNA after post-transcriptional processing could be?

A. 1150
B. 4000
C. 5250
D. 15,000
E. 1
A

A. 1150

Don’t forget that introns are spliced out and will not be their after post-transcriptional processing.

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4
Q

Which statements are representative of the second law of thermodynamics?

A. Systems tend to move towards greater disorder (entropy)
B. Energy transfers are always accompanied by some amount of loss
C. Energy is required for highly organized systems
D. For most systems heat represents lost energy
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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5
Q

Which term best describes the process of breaking down a macromolecule into a smaller molecule?

A. Catalysis
B. Catabolism
C. Dehydration
D. Anabolism
E. Synthesis
A

B. Catabolism

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6
Q

What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

A

Catabolism is the breaking of a macromolecule into a smaller molecule and anabolism is the synthesis of biomolecules from simpler compounds.

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7
Q

Consider the following: ATP —> cyclic AMP
The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is called adenylyl cyclase. This enzyme is inactive until which hormone binds?

A. Trypsin
B. Chymotrypsin
C. Epinephrine
D. Thyroxin 
E. Synthesis
A

C. Epinephrine

Cyclic AMP is a secondary messenger

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8
Q

Darwinian fitness in a population can best be measured by?

A

The number of fertile offspring

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9
Q

What is not true about a vaccine?

A. Many vaccines are made from killed or weakened pathogens
B. Vaccines can be made from toxic but inactive by-products of dangerous organisms such as bacteria
C. Vaccines are given for diseases such as hepatitis, and can be made from viral fragments
D. Vaccines represent strategies used to reduce risk of illness
E. Attenuated vaccines contain a low concentration of the pathogen and will illicit an immune response

A

E. Attenuated vaccines contain a low concentration of the pathogen and will illicit an immune response

Actually… Attenuated vaccines contain a version of the living microbe that has been weakened or modified in the lab. However the ability to induce protective immunity remains a virulence is lost

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10
Q

An animal whose body temperature varies with the external environment is a(n)?

A

Poikilotherm

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11
Q

Which is not a viral disease?

A. Hepatitis
B. Small pox
C. Chicken pox
D. Rabies
E. Tuberculosis
A

E. Tuberculosis

TB is a disease caused by bacteria that spreads through microscopic droplets released into the air.

Small pox, chicken pox, rabies and hepatitis are caused by a virus

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12
Q

An organism that derives most or all of its body heat from its own metabolism is said to be a(n):

A

Endotherm

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13
Q

Homologous structures are noted in different species because they shared a common ancestor. Which of the below structures is homologous to the wing of a bat?

A. The wing of an insect
B. The tail of a fish 
C. The dorsal fin of a shark
D. The arm of a man
E. More than one of these represent homologous structures
A

D. The arm of a man

  • Wings, flippers, forelegs, and arms are most common homologous structures
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14
Q

What is the difference between marine fish and freshwater fish?

A

Freshwater fish live in a hypo-osmotic environment so they urinate constantly but rarely drink and have very dilute urine.

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15
Q

What type of environment do freshwater fish live in?

A

Hypo-osmotic environments

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16
Q

Do freshwater fish drink a lot?

A

No they rarely drink but for some reason urinate a lot

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17
Q

Which is incorrectly paired?

A. Coelomate : Annelid
B. Vertebrate : Coelomate 
C. Pseudocoelomate : Roundworms (nematodes)
D. Acoelomate : Platyhelminthes
E. Pseudocoelomates : Arthropods
A

E. Pseudocoelomates : Arthropods

Arthropods are coelomates

  1. Acoelomate : Platyhelminth
  2. Pseudocoelomate : Nematode (roundworms)
  3. Coelomate : Annelid
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18
Q

Microvilli and villi associated with the small intestine are involved in:

A

Increasing the absorption surface

The villi contain capillaries and lacteals and are covered with microscopic “hairs” called microvilli that further increase surface area and aids in food absorption

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19
Q

In sickle cell anemia, a mutation occurs on the ____ chain.

A

Beta-chain

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20
Q

In sickle cell anemia, glutamic acid is replaced by _____.

A

Valine

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21
Q

Patients with sickle cell disease are ___homozygous/heterozygous___ for the sickle cell gene, while patients with sickle cell trait are ___homozygous/heterozygous___ and have both kinds of hemoglobin in approximately equal amounts.

A

Patients with sickle cell DISEASE are homozygous for the sickle cell gene, while patients with sickle cell TRAIT are heterozygous and have both kinds of hemoglobin in approximately equal amounts.

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22
Q

Offspring with sickle cell traits are heterozygous for the abnormal gene and have a resistance to _________.

A

Malaria

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23
Q

Electrophoresis gel patterns would be different between HbA and HbS (sickle cell). Which one would be more negatively charged?

A

HbA would be more negatively charged because it contains the glutamic acid

In HbS, the glutamic acid is replaced by Valine

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24
Q

What is Sarcoma?

A

Sarcoma is a cancer that only occurs in CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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25
Q

If you radioactively labeled an S atom, where would it most likely show up?

A

In a protein

Protein contains sulfur

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26
Q

If you radioactively labeled a P atom, where would it most likely show up?

A

In a nucleic acid

Nucleic acids contain phosphorous

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27
Q

If you radioactively labeled an I atom, where would it most likely show up?

A

In the thyroid

Thyroid contains mostly iodine

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28
Q

What is the difference between sarcoma and carcinoma?

A

Sarcoma occurs only in connective tissue

Carcinoma occurs only in epithelial tissue

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29
Q

Satellite DNA is found concentrated at _______ and at the ends of chromosomes.

A

Centromeres

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30
Q

An area located close to the equator of an egg cell on the side opposite the point of sperm entry is called:

A. Somite
B. Gray crescent 
C. Neural plate
D. Vegetal pole
E. Blastula
A

B. Gray crescent

The gray crescent will establish body axis

  • Somite gives rise to muscles
  • Somites are segmented blocks of tissue that form on either side of the notochord
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31
Q

In animals and many frogs, yolk is most concentrated in the ___vegetal pole/animal pole___ and least concentrated in the ___vegetal pole/animal pole___.

A

In animals and many frogs, yolk is most concentrated in the VEGETAL pole and least concentrated in the animal pole.

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32
Q

A series of mitotic cell divisions that follow fertilization is called:

A

Cleavage

Cleavage is a series of mitotic divisions that follow fertilization. Cells undergo S and M phases of mitosis, but many times skip the G1 and G2 phases. The embryo does not increase in overall size during cleavage.

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33
Q

What is so special about parthenogenesis?

A

Reproduction without fertilization (bees and wasps)

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34
Q

What is a Somite and what does it give rise to?

A

Somites are segmented blocks of tissue that form on either side of the notochord and go on to produce the vertebrae of the backbone, but also muscles of the axial skeleton

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35
Q

What is the difference between passive diffusion and active transport?

A

Passive diffusion involves the passage of a solute across a membrane from high concentration to a low concentration

Active transport is transport across a membrane against a concentration gradient, from LOW to HIGH-concentration side

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36
Q

What is the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?

A

Both active transport and facilitated diffusion require carrier molecules but active transport requires energy

37
Q

Give examples of gymnosperms:

A

Pine trees, spruces, fir trees

38
Q

What is the dominant stage of life cycle for mosses?

A

Moses = gametophyte

39
Q

What is the difference between gymnosperm seeds and angiosperm seeds?

A

Gymnosperms contain naked seeds

“Gymnastics have half naked people”

40
Q

Give examples of angiosperms:

A

Oaks, maples, grasses

41
Q

Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots. What is the difference between monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots have parallel veins, while dicots have leaves with net-like veins

42
Q

The specific gene location along the length of a chromosomes is called the genes:

A

Locus

43
Q

Which statement regarding bacteria is false?

A. Most bacterial cells reproduce by binary fission
B. Bacterial cells have a single chromosome which is a circular DNA molecule which is replicated and parceled out to daughter cells
C. Pili help bacteria attach to one another as a prelude to conjugation
D. Pili can be used by bacteria to attach to mucous membranes
E. All are true

A

E. All are true

44
Q

What is the most abundant WBC and what is the least abundant WBC?

A

MOST abundant WBC = Neutrophils

LEAST abundant WBC = Basophils

45
Q

Match the following:

  1. Mammals and amphibians
  2. Marine animals
  3. Birds, insects and reptiles

A. Uric acid
B. Urea
C. Ammoniu

A

Mammals and amphibians excrete Urea

Marine animals excrete ammonia

Birds, insects and reptiles excrete Uric acid

  • Uric acid requires little water for its excretion
46
Q

What is the difference between mammals and amphibians excretion vs birds, insects and reptiles?

(Urea and Uric acid)

A

Mammals and amphibians excrete UREA

Birds, insects and reptiles excrete Uric Acid

  • Uric acid requires little water for its excretion bc it forms a precipitate
47
Q

What is the name of the capillary system that is associated with the Loop of Henle and is involved in concentrating the urine?

A

Vasa Recta

48
Q

The primitive gut is called the archenteron and is lined by endoderm. The opening of the archenteron in the gastrula that becomes the anus in deuterostomes and mouth in protostomes is known as the:

A

Blastopore

the opening = pore

49
Q

During the summer, the deeper waters are __high/low__ in nutrients, and the upper layers are high/low in O2.

A

During the summer, the deeper waters are HIGH in nutrients, and the upper layers are HIGH in O2.

  • During spring and autumn, it is the opposite

* This process is know as the TURNOVER and is vital for the survival organisms at all levels*

50
Q

Which hormone will inhibit many functions of the gastrointestinal tract?

A. Estrogen
B. Somatostatin 
C. Thyroxin
D. Glucagon
E. Gastrin
A

B. Somatostatin

  • Somatostatin surpresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones such as gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin. This surpression will decrease the rate of gastric emptying along with reducing blood flow within the intestines
51
Q

If I wanted to reduce the gastric emptying and blood flow to the intestines, which hormone might I use?

A

Somatostatin

52
Q

What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Menstrual flow phase
  2. Proliferative phase
  3. Secretory phase
53
Q

Menstruation begins with the disintegration of the _________.

A

Menstruation begins with the disintegration of the endometrium.

54
Q

The endometrium thickens in response to __(hormone)__ levels during the _______ phase and vascularization occurs.

A

The endometrium thickens in response to estrogen levels during the proliferative phase and vascularization occurs.

55
Q

What occurs during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. endometrium continues to thicken
  2. arteries enlarge
  3. glands grow

This is all in response to progesterone and estrogen levels

56
Q

If pregnancy does occur, which to hormones remain high and why?

A

If pregnancy occurs, progesterone and estrogen levels remain high to prevent the endometrium from disintegrating

57
Q

Which structure contains the female gamete in certain plants such as bryophytes?

A. Archenteron
B. Rhizoid
C. Antheridia 
D. Archegonia
E. Leaf
A

D. Archegonia

Male gametes are produced in the antheridia

58
Q

What is the plant’s male reproductive structure called?

A

Stamen, which consist of Anther and a filament

59
Q

What are the female reproductive parts in plants?

A

SOS

Style, stigma and ovary

60
Q

A pond has become a grassland. What has occurred?

A. Mutation
B. Genetic drift 
C. Ecological succession
D. Punctuated equilibrium 
E. Secondary succession
A

C. Ecological succession

Other examples of ecological succession include:

  • Sand dunes become woodlands
  • ponds become grasslands or even deserts
61
Q

What are the two main branches of the immune system?

Discuss both:

A

Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

Humoral immunity acts against pathogens such as free viruses and bacteria and is based on circulation of antibodies.

Cell-mediated immunity works against pathogens that have entered body cells by use of T cells

62
Q

Which statement is true?

A. In cell-mediated immunity, T cells defend the body against intracellular pathogens
B. Cell-mediated immunity deals with pathogens that have invaded the body cells
C. Specific antibodies are produced by B cells which help define the humoral response
D. The skin is one of the body’s first line of defense; phagocytosic WBCs second line, and antibodies the third line of defense
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

63
Q

In the immune system, what is the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lines of defense?

A

1st line of defense is the skin

2nd line of defense is phagocytic WBCs

3rd line of defense is antibodies

64
Q

The phenomenon by which WBCs adhere to and pass through the endothelium of the blood vessels is called:

A

Diapedesis

Because of diapedesis, WBCs become part of the interstitial fluid. WBCs slip through the tiny endothelial pores that widen in response to the presence of “injury-producing” chemicals during an infection or traumatic injury.

Neutrophils, leukocytes and cytokines are the cells primarily involved in diapedesis, with the neutrophils being the first to arrive.

Chemicals such as prostaglandins and histamines are released by the injured tissue cells; this causes vasodilation and an increase in capillary permeability. An increase in blood flow occurs as well, allowing the WBCs to consume the pathogens

65
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Diapedesis is what allows WBCs to go into and out of blood vessels

66
Q

What groups of heterotrophs consume dead or decaying organic matter?

A

Detritivores = decomposers

67
Q

What blood type is the universal donor and what blood type is the universal receiver?

A

Type O is universal donor

Type AB is the universal receiver

68
Q

Which biome is located beneath the tundra?

A. Temperate deciduous forest
B. Taiga 
C. Savanna
D. Chaparral
E. Grassland
A

B. Taiga

Beneath the tundra lies the coniferous forest or taiga. The vegetation is dominated by spruce, fir, and pine trees. The climate is characterized by cool summers and cold winters.

The temperate deciduous forest has tall trees such as seen in north carolina

Chaparral is dominated by dense, spiny shrubs like in california

69
Q

The ABO blood group classification is an example of: (Donavin’s DAT)

A. Dominance
B. Epistasis
C. Trisomy
D. Multiple alleles 
E. Pleiotrophy
A

D. Multiple alleles

Pleiotrophy: a single gene that produces two or more apparently unrelated effects.

70
Q

Where are ribosomes assembled?

A

In the nucleus

71
Q

Which organelle in eukaryotes is responsible for the synthesis of lipids?

A

Smooth ER

72
Q

Molecular complexes of cell adhesion proteins that are especially abundant in the surface layer of skin and other kinds of epithelia that are subjected to mechanical insults are called?

A. Tight junctions
B. Gap junctions
C. Desmosomes
D. Endocrine glands
E. None of these
A

C. Desmosomes

They are especially abundant in the skin and randomly arranged on the lateral sides of the plasma membrane. Desmosomes allow cells to become joined into strong epithelial sheets.

73
Q

Do arthropods have an open or closed circulatory system?

A

Arthropods have a open circulatory system

Annelids have an closed circulatory system

74
Q

What type of cells do sponges use to trap food?

A

Choanocytes

  • Sponges are hermaphrodites
75
Q

What organisms did arthropods most likely evolve from?

A

Annelids

76
Q

What organisms contain Flame cells and what do the flame cells do?

A

Flame cells are in worms and are used for the removal of water.

77
Q

An ultra-marathon runner may run 100 miles in a single race. What will most likely occur from the stress being placed on his bones?

  • Osteoblastic activity would __increase/decrease__ and ______(2 words)______ is released into the matrix.
A

Osteoblastic activity would increase and calcium phosphate is released into the matrix.

Upon stressing a bone, bone forming cells called osteoblasts deposit collagen and release calcium phosphate to strengthen the bone. The mineral hydroxyapatite is produced.

78
Q

What is produced when osteoblastic cells deposit collagen and release calcium phosphate to strengthen a bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

79
Q

Which statement is incorrect?

A. Glomerular filtrate is largely water and contains the same substances as blood plasma, except for large proteins
B. Glomerular filtrate contains water, glucose, urea, amino acids and ions such as K+, Na+ and Cl-
C. Blood pressure forces water and solutes out of the glomerular capillaries and into the region inside Bowman’s capsule (lumen)
D. The first step in urine formation is filtration through the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule
E. All are correct

A

E. All are correct

80
Q

What is the first step in urine formation?

A

The first step of urine formation is filtration through the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule

81
Q

Which of the following syndromes is not due to the trisomy nondisjunction?

A. Edward syndrome
B. Down syndrome
C. Turner syndrome
D. Klinefelter syndrome
E. All of the above
A

C. Turner syndrome

Turner syndrome is a monosomy having only XO

  • Edward syndrome is trisomy of chromosome 18
  • Down syndrome is trisomy of chromosome 21
  • Klinefelter syndrome is trisomy of the sex chromosomes
82
Q

Which syndrome is due to trisomy of the sex chromosomes?

A. Edward syndrome
B. Down syndrome
C. Turner syndrome
D. Klinefelter syndrome
E. All of the above
A

D. Klinefelter syndrome

83
Q

Which syndrome is due to trisomy of chromosome 18?

A. Edward syndrome
B. Down syndrome
C. Turner syndrome
D. Klinefelter syndrome
E. All of the above
A

A. Edward syndrome

84
Q

Which syndrome is due to monosomy?

A. Edward syndrome
B. Down syndrome
C. Turner syndrome
D. Klinefelter syndrome
E. All of the above
A

C. Turner syndrome

85
Q

A karyotype is a visual picture in which chromosomes are arranged in order from largest to smallest. At which stage are the chromosomes examined?

A. Interphase
B. Prophase
C. Metaphase
D. Anaphase
E. Telophase
A

C. Metaphase

Human autosomes and sex chromosomes can be precisely examined at metaphase when chromosomes are most condensed.

Karyotyping allows for a very accurate diagnostic tool for congenital(present from birth) disorders such as Down syndrome

86
Q

Which statement is false?

A. Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble
B. Nonsteroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids and are water soluble
C. Hormones may be derived from either steroids or amino acid derivatives
D. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are hormones that are derived from steroids
E. All are true

A

D. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are hormones that are derived from steroids

NOT TRUE

87
Q

After a night on the town and heavy drinking, which of the following would most likely account for the increased urine production?

A. A decrease in aldosterone
B. A decrease in vasopressin
C. A decrease in blood pH
D. An increase in antidiuretic hormone
E. The proximal tubule reabsorbing more water
A

B. a decrease in vasopressin

Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone is involved in the body’s ability to retain water, thus reducing urine output.

Vasopressin can also raise blood pressure due to vasoconstriction.

Alcohol will block the creation of vasopressin, thus the urge to urinate occurs.

This peptide hormone is made in the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland

88
Q

Where is vasopressin synthesized?

A

Hypothalamus

89
Q

Which of the below terms refer to the space inside a tube?

A. Villus 
B. Sphincter
C. Lumen
D. Mucosa
E. Submucosa
A

C. Lumen

  • Rings of muscle in the wall of the esophagus, stomach and other specialized regions are called sphincters
  • The submucosa is a connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels along with the nerve plexus

BIO DESTROYER (3 decks)

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