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Infectious & Communicable Diseases > Questions > Flashcards

Questions Flashcards

0
Q

A patient develops diarrhea several days after being treated for a severe respiratory infection. Which information is needed by the nurse to assess the cause of the diarrhea?

A

The medication used for tx of the infection

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1
Q

Which behavior is frequently observed in adolescents who have acquired sexually transmitted diseases (std)?

A

Adolescent deny having the disease

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2
Q

The nurse is reviewing discharge instructions with a patient with a UTI. Which instructions should be included?

A

Drink 2 -3 liters of fluid daily, void every 2-3 hours

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3
Q

Which pathophysiological factor accounts for the increased incidence of opportunistic infections and rumors among patients with AIDS?

A

A decreased number of T-cells

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5
Q

The nurse is evaluating a patient who is on warfarin (Coumadin) therapy, which patient behavior indicates the need for further instructions regarding medication?

A

Taking Ibuprofen for a headache (NSAIDS may increase gastric irritation and possible irritation)

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6
Q

Why should Tetris toxoid be administered to a patient who has a puncture wound?

A

To stimulate antibody production

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7
Q

What is Pulmonary Tuberculosis?

A

A pulmonary disease affecting the lungs parenchyma

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8
Q

What other organs can Pulmonary Tuberculosis spread to?

A

Meninges, kidneys, bones, lymph nodes

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9
Q

What is the infectious agent (bacteria) in Pulmonary Tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

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10
Q

How is pulmonary tuberculosis transmitted?

A

Droplet nuclei (airborne transmission)

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11
Q

What are noted on the lungs that are infected with Pulmonary Tuberculosis?

A

Tubercle lesions (primary lesions)

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12
Q

If the Pulmonary Tb enters lymph system, what inflammatory response can occur?

A

granulomatous inflammation

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13
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of Pulmonary Tb?

A

Low grade fever, cough, night sweats, fatigue, wt. loss, hemoptysis, lethargy, and chills

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14
Q

Elderly patients are know to have_______, symptoms of Tb?

A

decreased symptoms

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15
Q

Young patients (youth) are know to have_________, symptoms of TB?

A

Increased symptoms

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16
Q

What complications with AIDS patients with Pulmonary TB are usually seen?

A

Extrapulmonary disease

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17
Q

Pulmonary Tb is dx by?

A

Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux), CXR, sputum culture, acid fact bacillus smear, quantiferon tb gold test

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18
Q

People in foreign countries are given what vaccine to decrease the incidences of Tb?

A

Bacille camette Guerin vaccine (patients will always have positive Tb test)

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19
Q

What is Lung Parenchyma?

A

Lung alveolar tissue (bronchioles, bronchi, blood vessels, interstitium, and alveoli

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20
Q

What are some medications used to treat Pulmonary TB?

A

INH, rifampin (Rifadine), pyrazinamide, ethambutol (myambutol), rifapentine (Priftin), rifabutin (Myocodentia)

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21
Q

Vitamin B (pyridaoxine) with INH is used to prevent?

A

INH associated neuropathy

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22
Q

What is Rheumatic Endocarditis (Fever)?

A

Acute rheumatic fever, and exacerbation of strep B throat infection, affects school age children

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23
Q

What is the infectious (bacteria) agent that causes Rheumatic Endocarditis (fever)?

A

Group A beta hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis

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24
Q

List some signs and symptoms of Rheumatic Endocarditis (fever)?

A

Fever (101-104F), chills, sore throat, throat redness, enlarged and tender lymph nodes, acute sinusitis and otitis media

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25
Q

How can Rheumatic Endocarditis (fever) be prevented?

A

dx and treat Strep B prior to acute episodes of Rheumatic fever

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26
Q

If Strep B is dx and treated, what can it prevent?

A

Rheumatic Endocarditis (fever)

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27
Q

How is Rheumatic Endocarditis spread?

A

Direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions

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28
Q

Rheumatic Endocarditis is dx by?

A

Throat culture, positive Strep B test (culture)

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29
Q

Rheumatic Endocarditis can progress to?

A

Rheumatic heart disease

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30
Q

Rheumatic Heart disease is characterized by which clinical manifestations?

A

new heart murmurs, cardiomegaly, pericarditis, heart failure, and aschoff body lesions

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31
Q

Rheumatic Fever affects which valves?

A

Mitral valve

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32
Q

What is Infective Endocarditis?

A

microbial infection of endothelial surface of the heart

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33
Q

Which types of patients are usually seen with Infective endocarditis?

A

Prosthetic heart valves, structural cardiac defects, IV drug users, degenerative or calcific valve lesions, pt. with indwelling catheter (dialysis pt.)

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34
Q

List some signs and symptoms of Infective Endocarditis:

A

Fever, heart murmur, petechial clusters, osler nodes, janeway lesions, roth spots, splinter hemorrhages, cardiomegaly, HF, tachycardia, splenomegaly

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35
Q

How is Infective endocarditis dx?

A

Blood cultures, Doppler echocardiography

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36
Q

How can Infective endocarditis treated?

A

IV ABT, debridement or excision of valves, valve replacement

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37
Q

List some CNS signs and symptoms displayed with Infective endocarditis?

A

headache, temporary/transient cerebral ischemia, strokes, embolic PNA, HF, AV block

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38
Q

What is Viral Hepatitis A?

A

RNA virus of enterovirus family, Infectious Hepatitis (HAV)

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39
Q

How is the Hepatitis Virus A transmitted?

A

Oral-Fecal transmission (ingest food or liquids infected by the virus)

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40
Q

When children or young adults acquire this infection (HVA) it usually due to?

A

poor hygiene, hand to mouth contact, or close contact during play

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41
Q

List signs and symptoms of Hepatitis A Virus:

A

Pt. may be asymptomatic; flulike symptoms, headache, malaise, fatigue, anorexia, fever, dark urine, Jaundice (sclera and skin), tender liver, indigestion (GI disturbances), cigarette smoke smell

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42
Q

How is Hepatitis A Virus Dx?

A

Enlarged liver and spleen, Hepatitis A antigen present

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43
Q

Describe some tx options for HAV?

A

(treat symptoms), bed rest, small frequent meals, IV fluids with glucose

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44
Q

Hepatitis A Virus patients should avoid which type of drink?

A

Alcohol

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45
Q

The most used resource to decrease the transmission of Hepatitis A virus is?

A

Hand washing, good personal hygiene, and good environmental sanitation practices.

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46
Q

Which vaccine is used for Hep A and B?

A

Twinrix

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47
Q

What is Viral Hepatitis B?

A

Serum Hepatitis, (HBV), DNA virus, No proteins

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48
Q

What type of transmission is usually seen with HBV?

A

Blood transmission, percutaneous and per mucosal route

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49
Q

Other bodily fluid transmission of HBV are?

A

Blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, and mother to infant, also breast milk

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50
Q

HBV has an incubation period of how long?

A

6 months

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51
Q

List some signs and symptoms of HBV:

A

Pt. may be asymptomatic, arthralgia and rashes, decreased appetite, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, generalized aching, malaise, weakness, jaundice, liver tenderness and enlargement, light colored stools, dark urine, enlarges spleen and lymph nodes

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52
Q

How is HBV dx?

A

HBsAg

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53
Q

How Is HBV treated?

A

decreased liver inflammation: alpha interferon, iamivudine (Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera), oral nucleoside

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54
Q

What is Viral Hepatitis C?

A

HCV,

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55
Q

How is HCV transmitted?

A

through blood, blood products, IV drug use, drug paraphernalia, sex

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56
Q

Hepatitis C Virus increased the risk for?

A

Cirrhosis of the liver and Liver cancer

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57
Q

____________increase the progression of the disease?

A

Alcohol

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58
Q

List some signs and symptoms of HCV:

A

arthragias and rash, decreased appetite, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, aching, malaise, jaundice

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59
Q

What Rx treatments are used for Hep C?

A

interferon (Intron-A), ribavirin (Rebetol)

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60
Q

What is non-viral Hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis that is induced by toxic chemicals or medications. Toxic effect on liver=acute liver necrosis or toxic hepatitis

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61
Q

Which chemicals cause non viral hepatitis?

A

carbon tetrachloride, phosphorous, chloroform, gold compound (hepatotoxins)

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62
Q

Which chemical cause non viral hepatitis?

A

isonizazid (Nydrazid), halothane (Fluthane), acetaminophen, methylodopa (Aldonmet), ABTs

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63
Q

What is a urinary tract infection?

A

Infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms in the urinary tract.

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64
Q

List the different types of UTIs:

A 
Lower UTIs:
bacterial cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder), Bacterial prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland), bacterial urethritis (inflammation of the urethra)
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65
Q

List the different types of upper UTIs:

A

acute pyelonephritis and chronic pyelonephritis

66
Q

Acute pyelonephritis affects which organs?

A

the bladder, kidneys, and renal pelvis become infected by bacteria

67
Q

Acute pyelonephritis can cause the kidney’s to?

A

Enlarge

68
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of Acute pyelonephritis?

A

chills, fever, leukocytosis, bacteriuria, pyuria, low back pain, n/v, headache, malaise, painful urination, tenderness in costovertebral angle, urinarI urgency and frequency

69
Q

How Is Acute pyelonephritis dx?

A

ultrasound, CT, UA/C&S, IV pyelogram, radionuclide image with gallium citrate and indium-111

70
Q

What are some tx options for Acute pyelonephritis?

A

Antibiotic therapy and increase fluids

71
Q

What is chronic pyelonephritis?

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis, interstitial nephritis (inflammation of kidneys)

72
Q

What leads to chronic pyelonephritis?

A

repeat bouts of Acute pyelonephritis

73
Q

List some signs and symptoms of chronic pyelonephritis:

A

no symptoms until Acute pyelonephritis exacerbation, fatigue, headache, poor appetite, polyuria, excessive thirst, decreased weight

74
Q

Treatment options for Chronic Pyelonephritis include:

A

increase intake to 3-4 Liters of fluids, prevent dehydration, antipyretics and antibiotics

75
Q

What is Trichomoniasis?

A

flagellated protozoan, trichomonas vaginalis, sexually transmitted vaginitis

76
Q

Trichomonas puts a patient at risk for which diseases?

A

Cervical neoplasia, PID, infertility

77
Q

List some signs and symptoms of Trichomonas:

A

Vaginal discharge (frothy), yellow to green discharge, malodorous, irritating, burning and itching, vulvitis, vaginal and cervical erythema with multiple small petechial “strawberry spots”

78
Q

Treatment options for Trichomonas are:

A

metronidazole (Flagyl), tinidzole (Trindamax)

79
Q

A Patient with Trichmonas harbor organism where?

A

urogenital tract

80
Q

Flagyl may leave and unpleasant taste in a patients mouth that is somewhat of?

A

A metallic taste

81
Q

If Flagyl is taken with alcohol what symptoms may the patient experience?

A

Nausea and vomiting, flushed feeling

82
Q

Flagyl is contraindicated for patients with:

A

blood dyscrasia or CNS diseases, women In the first trimester of pregnancy, and breast feeding women

83
Q

Trinidazole (Trindamax) is not safe for which type of patients?

A

Patients who are pregnant

84
Q

Candidiasis is also known as?

A

Yeast Infections, (vulvovaginal candidiasis; funga yeast infections) (cell mediated immunity)

85
Q

What is the infectious organism that causes Candidiasis?

A

Candida albi and candida glabrata

86
Q

What puts a patient at greater risk for contracting Candidiasis?

A

Antibiotic use, pregnancy, DM, HIV, oral contraceptive and corticosteroids

87
Q

How is Candidiasis Diagnosed?

A

Spores and hyphae mixed with K+HO2 slide (pH 4.5 or less)

88
Q

What are the treatment options for Candidiasis?

A

decrease symptoms
Antifungal agents: miconazole (Monistat)
nystantin (Mycostatin)
clotrimazole (Gyne-Lotrimin)
terconazole (Terazole)
fluconazole (Diflucan)

89
Q

What is Bacterial Vaginosis?

A

An overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria and gardnerella vaginalis, and an absence of lactobacilli

90
Q

List some signs and symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis?

A

Discharge (grey, yellow, and white), Fish like odor

91
Q

How is Bacterial Vaginosis diagnosed?

A

positive (+) wiff test, discharge pH greater than 4.7, No lactobacilli, slide with vaginal discharge with K+HO2 (clue cells)

92
Q

What are some treatment options for Bacterial Vaginosis?

A

metronidazole (Flagyl), clindamycin (Cleocin)

93
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis risks are increased by acts such as:

A

douching after menses, smoking, STDs, and multiple sex partner

94
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis is associated with:

A

premature labor, premature rupture of membranes, endometritis, and recurrent UTIs

95
Q

What is Human Papillomon Virus (HPV)?

A

STD, Genital Warts (condylomata), cervical changes (kilocytosis)

96
Q

Human Papillomon Virus (HPV) puts women at increased risk of having?

A

cervical and anogenital cancers

97
Q

Risk factors the predispose women to HPV are:

A

being sexually active and multiple sex partners

98
Q

What is the new Vaccine to protect men and women from Human Papillomon Virus (HPV)?

A

Gardasil

99
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of Human Papillomon Virus (HPV)?

A

asymptomatic

100
Q

Human Papillomon Virus (HPV) can be diagnose by?

A

a pap smear and cervical changes

101
Q

Treament options for Human Papillomon Virus (HPV) include:

A

Topical Trichloroacetic Acid, interferon podofin, podocon (Podophyllin), podofilox (Condylox), imiquimod (Aldara)

102
Q

Patients with Human Papillomon Virus (HPV) should have annual?

A

Pap smears, condoms decrease risk of HPV, decrease the patients emotional distress

103
Q

What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?

A

inflammatory condition of the pelvic cavity, begins with cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis (fallopian tubes), oophoritis (ovaries), pelvic peritoneum, pelvic vascular system

104
Q

PID can be caused by?

A

Gonorrhea and chlamydia, CMV (bacteria, fungus, or virus)

105
Q

PID puts female patients at risk for:

A

increased ectopic pregnancies (narrowed fallopian tubes and scarring), infertility, pelvic pain, tubo-ovarian abscess

106
Q

List some signs and symptoms of PID?

A

Vaginal discharge, dysparenuria, lower abdominal pain, pelvic pain, tenderness after menses, pain increase when voiding or bm, fever, malaise, anorexia, n/v, headache, tenderness=uterus and cervix, leukocytosis

107
Q

Complication that can arise with PID include:

A

peritonitis, abscess, strictness and fallopian tube obstruction, adhesions, bacteremia with septic shock, thrombophlebitis with embolization

108
Q

What nursing management measures should be taken for a patient with PID?

A

Semi-Fowlers position (aids in postural drainage) for abdominal distention, sx or intubation, bed rest, analgesics, heating pad, record vaginal discharge

109
Q

List some treatment options for PID:

A

Antibiotic Therapy: ceftriaxone (Ceftin)
azithromycin (Zithromax)
doxycycline

110
Q

What are the 6 types of Herpes Viruses?

A
  1. Herpes Simplex Type 1 (cold Sores)
  2. Herpes Simplex Type 2 (genital herpes)
  3. Varicella Zoster (Shingles)
  4. Epstein-Barr Virus
  5. Cytomegalovirus
  6. Human B lymphotrophic Virus
111
Q

What is Herpes Simplex?

A
  • 2 types of skin infections:
    * HSV type 1 (mouth sores)
    * HSV type 2 (genital sores)
  • Seropositive
  • True primary infection
112
Q

How can HSV be diagnosed?

A

Viral culture and rapid assays

113
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus Complications or as follow:

A

eczema herpeticum, herpetic whitlow and intrauterine neonatal infection (Tx: IV acyclovir)

114
Q

What are some fetal anomalies that are associated with Herpes Simplex Virus?

A

skin lesions, mircocephaly, encephalitis, intracerebral calcifications

115
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 is also known as:

A

Orolabial Herpes (mouth)

116
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 is characterized by which signs and symptoms:

A

fever blisters, cold sores, erythematous based clusters grouped vesicles on the LIPS, tingling & burning with pain 24hrs before blister appears, flulike symptoms

117
Q

What are some triggers for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1?

A

increased stress, sunlight exposure

118
Q

Some complications that may arise with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 include:

A

herpetic gingivostomatitis (high fever, regional lymphadenopathy, generalized malaise), erythema multiforme (acute skin inflammation and mucous membrane lesions that look like “targets”)

119
Q

Treatment measures for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 include:

A
  • sunscreen

- acyclovir 200g 5x daily x 5days

120
Q

Herpes Simplex Type 2 is also know as:

A

Herpes Genitalis (genital)

121
Q

What does Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 cause?

A

recurrent, lifelong viral infection that causes herpetic lesions (blisters) on the genitalia, vagina and cervix, rectum, and penis

122
Q

How is Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 transmitted?

A

sex, cold sore to genitals, mother to baby during delivery (mother must have C-section) (no scalp electrodes during delivery)

123
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2:

A

itching and pain at infected area, red and edematous, macules and papules progress to vesicles and ulcers. Blister=coalesces=ulcerates=encrusts. Inguinal lymphadenopathy, increased temp, malaise, myalgia, fever and flulike symptoms, burning and tingling 24hrs before vesicles appear

124
Q

List some treatment option for Herpes Simplex Virus:

A

-no cure, relieve symptoms of pain, itching and burning, prevent spread, relieve anxiety, increase knowledge about disease
-Rx: acyclovir (Zovirax)
valacyclovir (Valtrex)
famciclovir (Famvir)

125
Q

What is Herpes Zoster (Shingles)?

A

-Shingles virus affect nerve ganglia, Varicella (chicken pox painful vesicles along the sensory area of distribution of the sensory nerves from on or more posterior ganglia

126
Q

List some signs and symptoms of Herpes Zoster (Shingles):

A

red rash, fluid filled blisters, painful eruptions that may radiate over an entire region of affected nerves. Pain=burning, lancinating, stabbing, aching. Malaise, vesicles purulent and crust over.

127
Q

The inflammation that Herpes Zoster (Shingles) causes is usually seen where?

A

unilateral, involving the thorax, cervical and crania nerves in bandlike configurations (eye pain may be present)

128
Q

Herpes Zoster (Shingles) may flare up when?

A

cellular immunity decreases, with aging natural immunity decreases and the virus reactivates itself

129
Q

What is a complication of Herpes Zoster (Shingles)?

A

Postherapetic Neuraglia (persistent pain of affected nerve after healing)

130
Q

If Herpes Zoster (Shingles) is in the eye it is referred to as?

A

Ophthalmic Herpes Zoster; (ophthalmic emergency) refer to ophthalmologist immediately, prevent keratitis, uveitis, ulcerations

131
Q

What are some treatment options for Herpes Zoster (Shingles)?

A

-relieve pain, decrease complications (ophthalmic HZ)
-oral antivirals within 24hrs: acyclovir (Zovirax)
valacyclovir (Valtrex)
Famciclovir (Famvir)
-Corticosteroids: Triminolone (aristocort, kenacort, kenalog)

132
Q

What is the name of the vaccine use to prevent Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

A

Varicella Vaccine

133
Q

Nursing management for Herpes Zoster (Shingles) include:

A
  • ensure antiviral are taken
  • wet to dry dressing to lesions or topical ointment applied
  • diversionary techniques and relaxation to alleviate discomfort and ensure sleep
134
Q

What Is Impetigo?

A
  • superficial skin infection caused by streptococci, staphylococci
  • bullous impetigo (S. aureus (infectious agent)=lg fluid filled blisters that rupture and leave raw areas)
135
Q

What are some causes of Impetigo?

A

poor hygiene, malnutrition, excessive use of antibacterial soap (increases resistance to bacteria)

136
Q

What parts of the body is Impetigo seen at?

A

face, hands, neck and extremities

137
Q

List some signs and symptoms of Impetigo:

A
  • small red macules that rupture, have a honey yellow crust (ringworm in the scalp)
  • very contagious, follows: pediculosis capitis (head lice), scabies (itch mite), herpes simplex, insect bites, poison ivy, and eczema
138
Q

Treatment measures use for Impetigo include:

A

-prevent acute glomerulonephritis (kidney infection that leads to streptococcal skin infection disease)
-RX: Penicillin (PCN)
benzathine Penicillin
cloxacillin (Cloxapen)
dicloxacillin (Dycill)
mupirocin (Bactroban)
*when applying topical crèmes, remove crust before applying

139
Q

What is Pediculosis?

A

Lice infestation

140
Q

List the 3 types of pediculosis:

A
  1. Pediculus humanus capitit (Head Lice)
  2. Pediculus humanus corporis (Body Louse)
  3. Phthirus Pubis (Pubic Louse, Crab Louse)
141
Q

What role does the Lice play when attached to the body?

A

They feed on human blood, inject digestive juices and excrement into skin which produces severe itching

142
Q

What are some complications of Pediculosis?

A

epidermic rickettsial disease

143
Q

Pediculosis Capitis is also known as?

A

Head Louse, infestation of scalp by head louse, nits (eggs)=female louse

144
Q

How is Pediculosis Capitis transmitted?

A

direct physical contact, combs, brushes, wigs, hats, and bedding

145
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of Pediculosis Capitis?

A
  • Head lice is found along the back of the head and behind the ears. Eggs (nits) look like silvery glistening oval bodies.
  • severe pruritus and scratching leads to secondary bacterial infections (impetigo)
146
Q

List some treatment options for Pediculosis Capitis:

A
  • antipruritic, systemic antibiotics, topical corticosteroids
  • lindane (Kwell) (TOXIC TO CNS)
  • pyrethrin compound with piper butoxide (Rid or R&C shampoo)
  • after washing, comb hair with vinegar dipped comb
147
Q

Pediculosis Corporis is also referred to as?

A

Body Louse, infestation of body by louse

148
Q

People who do not wash, and do not change clothes may have?

A

Pediculosis corporis (body louse)

149
Q

Which parts of the body is usually associated with Pediculosis Corporis?

A

Neck, trunk, and thighs (Louse live in seams of underwear)

150
Q

Signs and symptoms of Pediculosis Capitis include:

A

pruritus, minute hemorrhagic points, excoriation d/t scratching, linear scratches

151
Q

Treatment options for Pediculosis Capitis are as follows:

A

bathe with soap and water with scabicide (Lindane), permethrin (Elimitel), petrolatum to lashes

152
Q

Pediculosis Pubis is also know as:

A

Pubic Louse, infestation of genital region by louse (transmitted by sexual contact)

153
Q

Signs and symptoms of Pediculosis Pubis are:

A

pruritus at night, reddish brown dust in underwear, grey blue macules

154
Q

Treatment for Pediculosis Pubis include:

A

washing genitals with Lindane, scabicide

155
Q

What is scabies?

A

Infestation of skin by “itch mite,” Sarcoptes Scabiei

156
Q

List signs and symptoms of Scabies:

A

severe itching, red eruptions, increased itch at night, burrows (straight, wavy, brown or black, threadlike lesions) and papules.

157
Q

Scabies usually affects which part of the body?

A

fingers and writs, hands, elbows, knees, edges of feet, around nipples, axillary folds, beneath pendulous breast, groin, gluteal folds, penis and scrotum

158
Q

How is Scabies diagnosed?

A

recovering S. Scabiei mite, epidermis scrapping into slide and view under microscope

159
Q

What are some treatment options for Scabies?

A
  • warm soapy bath

- scabicide Lindane, crotamiton (Eurax), 5% Permethrin

160
Q

What Nursing management techniques should be used to aid with Scabies treatment?

A
  • clean laundered clothing and bedding, dry cleaning advised.
  • topical corticosteroid, antihistamine
  • apply scabicide immediately after bathing before skin dries and cools. Scabicide absorption can cause CNS abnormalities such as seizures

Infectious & Communicable Diseases (3 decks)

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