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Bio Final Study Guide > Questions > Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are gametes? How are they formed and what do they hold?

A

Gametes are sex cells; they are formed by meiosis. Gamete cells are haploid meaning they have half the number of chromosomes that a normal cell would have

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1
Q

What is gene mapping? How is it used? What effect does distance have on genes?

A

Gene mapping is the frequency if gene linkage used to know where genes are located on the chromosome. The greater the distance the greater chance the genes will separate during crossing over

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2
Q

What is meiosis? How does it compare to mitosis?

A

The process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. Mitosis is the process by which a cells chromosomes are copied so both cells (the new and original) have a full set of chromosomes

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3
Q

What is probability

A

The likelihood that a particular event will occur

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4
Q

What are linked genes? How are they formed and what effect do they have on inheritance?

A

Alleles of different genes tend to be inherited together from one generation to the next when those genes are located on the same chromosome. The closer the genes are the stronger the linkage. During crossing over the genes would cross over together

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5
Q

What are three parts of a nucleotide? Draw one

A

Phosphate group-deoxyribose-base

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6
Q

How is it possible for an amino acid to be called for by more than one codon?

A

More than one codon can call for the same amino acid

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA that we talked about? What function does each of them serve?

A

mRNA- messenger RNA copies the DNA; carries instructions for polypeptide synthesis from nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
rRNA- forms an important part of both subunits of the ribosome
tRNA- carries amino acids to the ribosome an matches them to the coded mRNA message

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8
Q

What are Chargaff’s Rules? What do they apply to?

A

[A] adenine=[T] thymine

[G] guanine=[C] cytosine

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9
Q

What is the sequence of information in most organisms?

A

DNA

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10
Q

What is selective breeding? What are the two methods of selective breeding we talked about? Define them.

A

Selective breeding- allowing only those animals with wanted characteristics to produce the next generation.

Hybridization- crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.

Inbreeding- the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.

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11
Q

What are transgenic organisms? How do they become transgenic?

A

Transgenic- containing genes from other species. They are produced by insertion if recombinant DNA into the genome of a host organism.

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12
Q

What are some benefits to transgenic organisms like plants animals and bacteria

A

Its possible to learn about the function of the transferred gene.

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13
Q

What is a karyotype? What are they used for? What do they show?

A

Shows the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size; they can be used to diagnose illness.

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14
Q

What causes the genetic variation we rely on for selective breeding? How can we increase the variation?

A

Natural selection; by introducing mutations, which are the ultimate sources of biological diversity

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15
Q

What are the different types of gene mutations? Know examples of each.

A
  • substation=one base is changes to a different base
    • insertion=one base is inserted to the DNA sequence
    • deletion=one base is removed from the DNA sequence
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16
Q

What are the different types of chromosomal mutations? Know examples of each and be able to draw these.

A
  • Deletion- where a gene is deleted
  • Duplication- where a gene is copied right next to each other
  • Inversion - where two genes switch positions on the chromosome
  • Translocation - when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.
17
Q

How do cells become specialized?

10.4

A

During development of an organism, cells differentiate into many types of cells.

18
Q

What is a pedigree? What can it be used for? Be sure you can read and understand one

14.1

A

A chart used to show the pattern if inheritance followed by a particular trait. Shows the relationship within a family.

19
Q

What is gene therapy? How is it used? What are the desired results of gene therapy?

15.3

A

The process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder.

20
Q

Why are men more likely to show sex linked recessive traits?

A

They only have one x chromosome so whatever trait is on that chromosome is what they get

21
Q

Where did darwin do most if his important research? What did he see there that got him thinking about it?

A

South America Tortoises and finches

22
Q

What was Darwins theory of evolution based on? What was the main force behind evolution?

A

His studies and observations from around the world; natural selection

23
Q

Who were Hutton and Lyell and what did they say that helped influence Darwin?

A

Hutton and Lyell concluded that earth is extremely old and the process that changed earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present.

24
Q

What is fitness? How does it relate to Darwin?

A

How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment, animals that dont have a high level of fitness die off or their species evolves.

25
Q

How are the number of phenotypes produced for a trait related to the number of genes affecting it?

A

If a trait is polygenic it has many phenotypes and genotypes. If it is a single gene trait is has only 2 phenotypes and 3 genotypes.

26
Q

How many phenotypes are possible from a polygenic trait? What type of graph would show this?

A

Many possible genotypes and even more phenotypes - bell curve graph

27
Q

How many phenotypes are possible from a single gene trait? What type of graph would show this?

A

Only two possible phenotypes - bar graph with two bars

28
Q

What is disruptive selection? How is it shown in a bell curve?

A

When individuals at the outer ends of the curve have high fitness that individuals near the middle of the curve. Draw bell curve

29
Q

What is directional selection? How is it shown on a bell curve

A

When individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness in the middle or the other end. Draw bell curve

30
Q

What is stabilizing selection? How is it shown on a bell curve

A

When individuals in the middle have higher fitness that the individuals that the ends. Draw bell curve.

31
Q

What are 5 conditions necessary for genetic equilibrium?

A 
Random mating
Large populations
No immigration or emigration
No mutations
No natural selection
32
Q

What are 3 way speciation may occur? How are the different?

A

Behavioral isolation- two populations that are capable of breeding develop differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors.

Geographic isolation- two populations are separated by geographic barriers

Temporal isolation- when two or more species reproduce at different times

33
Q

How does natural selection work? What does it act on directly?

A

Well-adapted individuals survive and reproduce. From generation to generation populations continue to change as they become better adapted or as their environment changed. Populations

34
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory? What does it say?

A

Prokaryotic cells entered ancestral eukaryotes. The prokaryotes didn’t infect their host and the eukaryotic cells didn’t digest the prokaryotic cells. Instead the small prokaryotes began living inside the larger cells.

35
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium? Compare it to Gradualism.

A

The term used to describe equilibrium that is interrupted by brief periods of rapid change. Gradualism- slow and steady pace of geologic change.

36
Q

What is the fossil record? What information does it tell us?

A

The totality of fossilized artifacts and their placement within the earths strata. It provides information about the history of life on earth. For instance what the organisms looked like where and when they lived and how they evolved etc.

37
Q

What is binomial nomenclature? Who developed it? What does it tell us?

A

Two word naming system. Developed by Carolus Linmeus. First name is the Genus second name is the Species.

38
Q

Why are scientific names preferred over common names?

A

There can be different common names for the same species.

39
Q

What are the seven levels of Linnaeus’ classification system?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family 
Genus 
Species
40
Q

What is the difference between traditional and evolutionary classification?

A

Traditional classification uses visible similarities and differences

Evolutionary classification uses common ancestors and genetic information

41
Q

What systematics?

A

Study of diversity of life and evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Bio Final Study Guide (2 decks)

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