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Paediatrics and special care > Questions > Flashcards

Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Age of child’s first visit to dentist

A

As soon as first tooth erupts or by 1st birthday, whichever is sooner

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2
Q

What percentage of food should be made up of sugars in a 2+ year old

A

Not exceed 5% of total dietary energy

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3
Q

What is the recommended grams of sugar for a child aged 4-6

A

19g

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4
Q

What is the recommended grams of sugar for a child aged 7-10

A

24g

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5
Q

What is the recommended grams of sugar for a child aged 11+

A

30g

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6
Q

2 differences in D’s and E’s

A

Es are 1.5mm longer mesiodistally
Ds erupt first

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7
Q

What is the difference between upper and lower primary first molars

A

Upper: 3 roots (MB, DB, P)
Lower: 2 roots (M, D)

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8
Q

How many ml per root for an intra-ligamentary injection

A

0.2ml/root

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9
Q

Who can consent for an adult with Alzheimerʼs

A

No one can consent on behalf of another adult

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10
Q

Certainly lethal dose of fluoride

A

32mg/kg

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11
Q

Potentially toxic level of fluoride

A

5mg/kg

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12
Q

GI symptoms level of fluoride

A

1mg/kg

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13
Q

4 symptoms would 1mg/kg of fluoride cause

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Pain

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14
Q

4 symptoms would 5mg/kg of fluoride cause

A

GI symptoms
Abnormal taste
Convulsions
Cardiac symptoms

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15
Q

2 ways Down Syndrome make it more difficult to brush

A

Macroglossia
Clinodactyly (short fifth finger)

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16
Q

Define euthymol toothpaste

A

Fluoride free toothpaste

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17
Q

Most common disease associated with austism

A

Epilepsy

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18
Q

3 ways to encourage child to brush teeth

A

Light up toothbrushes
Videos
Songs

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19
Q

Age for a child to sit without support

A

8 months

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19
Q

Age for a child to stand with assistance

A

8-10 months

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19
Q

Age for a child to crawl

A

6-9 months

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20
Q

Age for a child to walk with assitance

A

1 year

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21
Q

Age for a child to stand alone

A

11 months

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22
Q

Age for child to walk alone

A

8-18 months

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23
Q

Biggest cause of blindness

A

Cataracts

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24
Q

Impairment that effects 1 in 4 people

A

Mental health

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25
Q

Minimum age to prescribe fluoride varnish

A

3 years

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26
Q

Advice for 7+ year old using mouth wash

A

Use a fluoride mouth rinse daily (0.05% sodium fluoride) at a different time to brushing

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27
Q

Frequency child should visit the dentist

A

At least annually

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28
Q

4 Duraphat contraindications

A

Allergies: sodium fluoride, colophon
Asthma
Mouth ulcers or gum disease
Stomatitis

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29
Q

How long after Duraphat application should you wait before brushing teeth/eating

A

4 hours

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30
Q

6 contra-indications for silver diamine fluoride

A

Pulp involvement
Periapical radiolucency
Food packing
Allergies to any ingredients
Active ulceration, mucositis or stomatitis
Patients undergoing thyroid gland therapy or on thyroid medication

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31
Q

4 classifications of co-operation

A

Pre-cooperative
Potentially cooperative
Cooperative
Lacking cooperative ability

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32
Q

How much more likely is a five year old to have caries if they live in a deprived area

A

1.5

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33
Q

Age that a child should first smile

A

6 weeks

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34
Q

Age that a child should first laugh

A

16 weeks

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35
Q

6 oral manifestations of cerebral palsy

A

Gingival hyperplasia
Increased caries
Malocclusion
Enamel hypoplasia
Erosion
Drooling

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36
Q

Most commonly prescribed sugary medicine for children

A

Lactulose solution

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37
Q

3 indications for PRR used

A

Enamel only lesions
Incipient lesions just into dentine
Small class I cavities

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38
Q

Topical anaesthetic commonly used

A

20% benzocaine gel
10% lidocaine spray
5% lidocaine analgesic gel

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39
Q

Aetiology of natal/neonatal tooth

A

Superficial position of tooth germ
Evidence of genetic contribution as seen in syndromes

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40
Q

Indication for High Viscosity Gl

A

ART technique

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41
Q

3 types of cerebral palsy

A

Athetoid/dyskinetic
Spastic
Ataxic

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42
Q

3 types of hearing loss

A

Conductive
Sensorineural
Exposure to very loud noises

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43
Q

4 classifications of learning disability

A

Mild: IQ 50-70
Moderate: IQ 35-49
Severe: IQ 20-34
Profound: IQ<20

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44
Q

Percentage of those with a ‘mild’ learning disability

A

85%

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45
Q

Define aphasia

A

Language disability caused by brain injury

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46
Q

Define dysarthia

A

Collective name for a group of speech disorders resulting from neurogenic disturbances in muscular control

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47
Q

3 conditions causing dysarthia

A

Cerebral palsy
Stroke
Multiple sclerosis

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48
Q

Most common disability and its incidence

A

Hearing impairment
8.7 million

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49
Q

Percentage of NI population with a disability

A

18%

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50
Q

4 dental implications for patients with spina bifida

A

Wheelchair users
Frequently on antibiotic treatment
Latex allergy (60%)
Antibiotic prophylaxis required for children with a shunt

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51
Q

Clotting disorders that may cause delayed bleed

A

Von Willebrands disease
Haemophilia A&B

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52
Q

How long after chemotherapy should dental procedures be scheduled

A

4 weeks

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53
Q

Percentage of malignant disease in children that is acute leukaemia

A

50%

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54
Q

How long should extractions be carried out before radiotherapy

A

10 days

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55
Q

When does a child gain perceptual development

A

7 years

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56
Q

Define the age of sensorimotor stage Piagetʼs of cognitive theory

A

0-2 years

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57
Q

Age that a child responds to sounds (startles)

A

6-8 weeks

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58
Q

Age that a child moves or reacts when someone speaks or makes a noise

A

4 months

59
Q

Ages that a child turns around if parent calling from behind and recognises own name

A

1 year

60
Q

Age that a child can determine which messages merit attention

A

7 years

61
Q

Age that a child has poor colour discrimination and limited visual fields

A

Birth-4 weeks

62
Q

Age that a child is visually alert to new surroundings and can differentiate between known and unfamiliar people

A

9-12 months

63
Q

Age that a child scans less of an object, fixate on detail

A

6 years

64
Q

2 common fears in a child 9-12 months

A

Loud noise
Separation

65
Q

Common fear in a child 2-4 years

A

Imaginary objects

66
Q

2 common fears in a child 4 years

A

Dark
Unknown

67
Q

Common fear in a child 5-6 years

A

Social and school fears

68
Q

4 common fears in a child 6-16 years

A

Injury
Death
Natural events
Social anxiety

69
Q

Most likely exposed pulp horn whilst drilling a lower molar

A

Mesio-buccal pulp horn

70
Q

How much fluoride does 0.75ml of varnish contain

A

16.95mg fluoride

71
Q

How much fluoride does 0.5ml of varnish contain

A

11.3mg fluoride

72
Q

How much fluoride does 0.25ml of varnish contain

A

5.65mg fluoride

73
Q

What age should you expect all primary teeth erupt

A

By age 20-30 months

74
Q

Max dose of Lidocaine

A

4.4mg/kg

75
Q

Prevalence of dental caries NI at 5,12 and 15 years

A

5yrs 40%
12yrs 57%
15yrs 72%

76
Q

2 ingredients of topical fluoride varnish

A

Sodium fluoride
Ethanol (96%)

77
Q

How many times more likely is an abused child likely to have untreated dental decay

A

8

78
Q

Prevalence of Spina Bifida 1000 live births

A

2.5

79
Q

Number of people in the UK with arthritis

A

8 million

80
Q

Number of people in UK with invisible or hidden disability

A

250,000

81
Q

Percentage of people with Downs syndrome with absent deciduous lateral incisors

A

15%

82
Q

What age can parents understand 50% of speech

A

2 years

83
Q

What age can parents understand 75% of speech

A

3 years

84
Q

What age can are children mostly understood even by those who don’t know them

A

4 years

85
Q

Percentage of those with Downs syndrome with congenital heart disorders

A

50%

86
Q

3 causes of dementia

A

Alzhiemers
Vascular disease
Stroke

87
Q

Recommended toothpaste for a child aged 0-3 years

A

1000ppm fluoride tooth paste
Use a smear

88
Q

Recommended toothpaste for a child aged 3-6 years

A

Use 1000ppm fluoride toothpaste
Use a pea-sized amount

89
Q

Recommended toothpaste for a child 7+ years

A

1350-1500 ppm fluoridated toothpaste

90
Q

Recommended toothpaste for a child 7+ years, giving concern

A

1350-1500 ppm fluoridated toothpaste plus fluoridated mouthwash at different time to brushing

91
Q

When should adult supervision whilst toothbrushing continue until

A

7 years old or when child can the their own laces

92
Q

Affects of fluorosis in children

A

Under 3 years: affects permanent incisors
6 years: affects permanent premolars

93
Q

5 early localised complications of LA

A

Pain
Intravascular injection
Intra nerve injection
Failure of LA
Haematoma formation

94
Q

5 late localised complications of LA

A

Self inflicted trauma
Oral ulceration
Nerve damage
Trimus
Infection

95
Q

Recommended toothpaste for a child aged 10+ years, raising concerns

A

2800 ppm fluoride toothpaste

96
Q

How many teeth are in the primary dentition

A

20

97
Q

3 preformed nickel-chromium crown indications

A

Greater than 2 surfaces
Extensive 1 or 2 surface lesions
Following pulpectomy

98
Q

Fluoride guidelines for prevention of dental caries in all children aged 3-6 years

A

Apply fluoride varnish (2.26%) to teeth 2 times a year

99
Q

Fluoride guidelines for prevention of dental cares children aged 0 to 6 years with high caries risk

A

Apply fluoride varnish (2.26%) to teeth 2 or more times a year

100
Q

Fluoride guidelines for prevention of dental caries in children aged from 7 years and young people

A

Apply fluoride varnish (2.26%) to teeth 2 times a year

101
Q

Fluoride guidelines for prevention of dental caries children aged from 7 years and young people with high caries risk

A

Apply fluoride varnish (2.26%) to teeth 2 or more times a year

102
Q

Dosing guide for fluoride varnish

A

Primary dentition up to 0.25 ml
Mixed dentition up to 0.40 ml
Permanent dentition up to 0.75 ml

103
Q

Where does anthropoid spacing occur in the maxilla and the mandible

A

Maxilla: between the lateral incisors and canines
Mandible: between the canines and first molars

104
Q

Local anaesthetic solution of choice

A

Lidocaine hydrochloride 2% with adrenaline 1:80000

105
Q

Define the age of pre-operational thought stage Piagetʼs of cognitive theory

A

2-7 years

106
Q

Define the age of concrete operations stage Piagetʼs of cognitive theory

A

7-11 years

107
Q

Define the age of formal operations Piagetʼs of cognitive theory

A

11 years

108
Q

Define neonate

A

Birth to 4 weeks

109
Q

Define infant

A

4 weeks - 1 year

110
Q

Define toddler

A

1-3 years

111
Q

Define preschooler

A

3-5 years

112
Q

Define adolescent

A

12-18 years

113
Q

How much does height increase in the first year?

A

25cm

114
Q

When should a child be breast/bottle fed

A

Birth - 6 months

115
Q

When should a child be eating weaning food

A

6-12 months

116
Q

When can a child eat family dinners

A

1 year

117
Q

When should a child be fully weaned

A

18 months

118
Q

5 year survival of preformed metal crowns in primary teeth

A

68%

119
Q

5 year survival of amalgam restorations in primary teeth

A

60%

120
Q

4 year survival of composite restorations in primary teeth

A

40%

121
Q

4 year survival of GIC restorations in primary teeth

A

5%

122
Q

Describe preformed metal crowns

A

Extra-coronal restoration
Made from nickel-chromium
Specific shapes for specific teeth and sizes range from 2-7

123
Q

Local anaesthetic that facilitates better infiltrations in the mandible

A

Articaine 4% with 1:100000 or 1:200000 adrenaline

124
Q

4 systemic therapies to manage bleeding disorders

A

Desmopressin/DDAVP
Tranexamic acid
Recombinant factor VIII
Human plasma factor VIII

125
Q

4 side effects of radiotherapy/chemotherapy

A

Mucositis
Xerostomia
Trismus
Oral infections

126
Q

3 symptomatic relievers of mucositis

A

Difflam
2% Lignocaine solution
Oral cooling

127
Q

Eruption sequence of primary teeth

A

A B D C E

128
Q

Define a natal tooth

A

Tooth present a birth

129
Q

Define a neonatal tooth

A

Tooth present within 30 days after birth

130
Q

How long should silver diamine fluoride be applied for

A

3 minutes

131
Q

3 risks of silver diamine fluoride

A

Temporary staining of skin, lips, cheeks
Discolouration of white fillings
Temporary metallic taste

132
Q

How often should silver diamine fluoride be reapplied

A

Every 6 months

133
Q

Importance of restoring primary teeth

A

Maintain space

134
Q

What is the difference between maxillary and mandibular E’s

A

Maxillary E’s are smaller than mandibular E’s

135
Q

When does spacing between primary teeth disappear

A

4-5 years

136
Q

How much anaesthetic is required for infiltation pulpal anaesthesia

A

0.5-1 ml

137
Q

Where should the needle be inserted for a mental block in children

A

Between mandibular D and E

138
Q

3 dental implications for muscular dystrophy

A

GA risk
Progressive facial weakness
Physical disability

139
Q

How much of the surface does topical local anaesthetic anaesthetise

A

2-3mm

140
Q

At what age can a child babble

A

6 months

141
Q

At what age can a child respond to their name and say mama or dada

A

1 year

142
Q

At what age can a child say single words, make sounds of familiar animals and follow simple instructions

A

18 months

143
Q

Ingredient is fluoride varnish likely to cause allergy

A

Colophony

144
Q

Difference between maxillary 5 and E

A

Mesial distal width of maxillary 5 is larger than E

145
Q

Deference between mandibular D and 4

A

Mesial distal width of mandibular D is larger than 4

146
Q

Difference between mandibular E and 5

A

Mesial distal width of mandibular E is larger than 5

Paediatrics and special care (2 decks)

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