questions

Question 1

What are the four main attachment types in children?

Answer 1

A - insecure-avoidant, B - secure, C - insecure-resistant, D - disorganized.

Question 2

Describe the characteristics of a child with secure attachment.

Answer 2

Cries in separation, seeks comfort, prefers mother to stranger.

Question 3

Explain the behavior of a child with insecure-avoidant attachment.

Answer 3

Not distressed in separation, ignores mother on return, treats stranger and mother the same.

Question 4

What is the main difference between secure and insecure-resistant attachment types?

Answer 4

Insecure-resistant children resist comfort, show ambivalence to mother, and resist comfort from strangers.

Question 5

Define disorganized attachment in children.

Answer 5

Children show no consistent way of coping, experience confusion, worry, and disorientation.

Question 6

How does parental influence impact the classification of attachment types in children?

Answer 6

Parent’s reaction to separation can influence test outcome and classification of attachment types.

Question 7

Explain the concept of attachment being a characteristic of the child.

Answer 7

Attachment is not a fixed child characteristic but relates to the relationship with a specific person.

Question 8

What did Van Izjendoorn and De Wolff’s research reveal about infant attachment types?

Answer 8

Infant-mother and infant-father attachment types can differ and may vary across siblings.

Question 9

How do older children with secure attachment typically react in a separation anxiety test?

Answer 9

Acknowledge separation, propose coping strategies to cope with anxiety.

Question 10

Explain the purpose of the adult attachment interview by Main et al. (1985).

Answer 10

To recall memories of early caregiver experiences and classify adults into different attachment types.

Question 11

What are the four main attachment types identified in the adult attachment interview?

Answer 11

Autonomous, Dismissive, Enmeshed, Unresolved - based on how adults recall early experiences.

Question 12

Describe adults with an ‘autonomous’ attachment type.

Answer 12

They recall experiences objectively, openly discuss attachment, show independence.

Question 13

Explain the findings regarding parental mental representation of attachment and its impact on infant classification.

Answer 13

When parents have secure/insecure rep, 75% of infant classifications match, showing transgenerational transmission.

Question 14

Can attachment types change across a child’s lifespan? Provide evidence.

Answer 14

Yes, attachment type can change; evidence shows 38% of children remain in same category from 24 to 58 months.

Question 15

How do parental attachment types influence the attachment types of their own children?

Answer 15

Adults with autonomous attachment are more likely to have infants with secure attachment, showing transgenerational transmission.

Question 16

What are some behaviors likely displayed by children with insecure attachment?

Answer 16

Deviant behavior, isolation from peers, hyperactivity, aggressiveness.

Question 17

According to Oates (1994), what innate preference do babies have?

Answer 17

Looking at human faces and recognizing mother’s face and voice.

Question 18

What did Van Izjendoorn et al. (2000) suggest about the role of genetics in attachment?

Answer 18

Genetics play a small part in variation in attachment.

Question 19

What does the Maternal Sensitivity Hypothesis propose according to Ainsworth (1978)?

Answer 19

Quality of mother-infant interactions predicts attachment type.

Question 20

How do different temperaments influence attachment types according to Kagan (1982) and Fox (1989)?

Answer 20

Child’s temperament leads to different attachment types.

Question 21

What did DeMulder and Radke-Yarrow (1991) suggest about postnatal depression and attachment?

Answer 21

Mothers with postnatal dep likely develop insecure attachments.

Question 22

What influences attachment development according to Bakerman-Kranenburg and Izjendoorn (2007)?

Answer 22

Genetic role in disorganized attachment when combined with environmental factors.

Question 23

What percentage of families use some form of childcare aged 0-4 according to the Childcare and Early years survey of Parents (2019)?

Answer 23

64% of families use some form of childcare aged 0-4.

Question 24

What was the impact of daycare on 2-4 year olds according to Clarke-Stewart (1989)?

Answer 24

Daycare children had better social and cognitive development.

Question 25

According to Baydar and Brooks-Gunn (1991), what was the detrimental impact of daycare?

Answer 25

Detrimental impact if daycare started after 1 year old.

Question 26

Define attachment according to Ainsworth and Bell (1970).

Answer 26

‘Affectionate tie formed between one person and another.’

Question 27

Explain the two classic theories of attachment briefly.

Answer 27

1. Psychoanalytic theory by Freud - stems from mother feeding ID. 2. Learning theory by Dollard and Miller - behavior learned for positive outcomes.

Question 28

What does Bowlby’s Ecological Theory state about attachment?

Answer 28

Attachment is a genetic program ensuring proximity of caregiver, forming an emotional bond.

Question 29

Describe the stages of attachment according to Bowlby (1969).

Answer 29

0-5 months: no attachment, 5-7 months: start of attachment, 7 months - 3 years: separation protest, 2/3 years: goal-corrected partnership.

Question 30

Explain the Internal Working Model in attachment.

Answer 30

Child creates mental representation of relationship, forming expectations for future interactions.

Question 31

What is the Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis (1953, 1969) about?

Answer 31

Maternal deprivation can lead to social and cognitive problems like delinquency and low IQ.

Question 32

How are attachments measured in children?

Answer 32

Attachments are deduced from observing attachment behaviors, indicating if child views caregiver as a secure base.

Question 33

What study by Ainsworth and Bell (1967, 1973) assessed attachment style?

Answer 33

‘The Strange Situation’ was used to assess attachment style.

Question 34

What were the concerns for child’s development highlighted in NICHD research at 2 years old?

Answer 34

Concerns if quality of day care is poor.

Question 35

What were the attachment categories observed by Bick, Dozier, and Perkins at drop off and pick up from childcare?

Answer 35

67% secure, 9% insecure, 14% insecure/resistant, 10% disorganized/disoriented.

Question 36

List factors that need to be considered in childcare according to research by Bick, Dozier, and Perkins (2012).

Answer 36

Age when childcare commences, quality of childcare provision, sensitivity of parenting, length of childcare.