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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY > ATTACHMENT > Flashcards

ATTACHMENT Flashcards

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1
Q

what 3 sections of attachment are focused on?

A
  1. development of attachment
  2. measuring attachment
  3. impacts and determinants of attachment
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2
Q

define attachment

A

AB - Ainsworth and Bell (1970) ‘ affectionate tie
FN - Feeney and Noeller (1971) ‘affectionate bond’ maintain closeness to each other

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3
Q

what are the 4 theories of attahcment?

A

PLIM
Psychoanalytic - Freud (1930)
Learning theory - Dollard and Miller (1950)
Imprinting theory - Lorenz (1935)
Monkey studies - Harlow (1950)

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4
Q

give 2 points for background of psychoanalytic theory

A

Freud 1931
stems from mother feeding ID -> source of pleasure
attachment stems from dependence as mother feeds them

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5
Q

give 2 points of background of learning theory

A

Dollard and Miller 1950
attachment is manipulated through reinforcement of instinctive behaviours
+ outcome = secondary reinf, delib produce behaviour for change e.g. cry to change nappy

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6
Q

give one point about imprinting theory

A

Lorenz 1935
imprinted on chicks, instinctive as saw him first and has a critical period

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7
Q

give 2 points about monkey studies

A

Harlow 1950
monkey separated from mother, cloth mother more time than wire = ‘contact comfort’
attachment x only due to nourishment

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8
Q

who created ecological theory?

A

Bowlby 1951

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9
Q

3 main points of ecological theory

A

attachment = genetic program of behaviours ensuring proximity to caregivers
caregiver program to respond -> emotional bond
secure base = security w/ trusted caregiver

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10
Q

when are the stages of attachment in ecological theory?

A

0-5 months
5-7 months
7 months - 2/3 years
2/3 years
5th stage of school later added

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11
Q

what is the 1st stage in ecological theory?

A

0-5 months
no attachment
signals and oreintation x discrim

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12
Q

what is the 2nd stage of ecological theory?

A

5-7 months
start of attachment
start to discrim to one person and easily comforted

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13
Q

what is the 3rd stage of ecological theory?

A

7 months - 2/3 years
separation protest and fear of strangers
maintain close prox to caregiver

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14
Q

what is the 4th stage of ecological theory?

A

2/3 years
goal-corrected partnership
separation anx decrease, child accommodate to caregiver needs

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15
Q

what is the 5th added stage of ecological theory?

A

relationship based on abstract considerations e.g. affection and trust x just prox

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16
Q

what 3 other topics link in with ecological theory?

A

internal working models
maternal deprivation
importance of attachment

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17
Q

who studied internal working model?

A

Bowlby and Schermerhorn et al (2008)

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18
Q

what did researchers say about IWM?

A

guides expectations of relationships throughout life
Bowlby - once attachment made, child = mental representation -> set of expectations for future interaction
Schermerhorn et al (2008) - formed late within first year

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19
Q

who are attachments made with?

A

SLAB
Sylvia and Lunt (1981) - early literature focus on child and caregiver, usually mom
Bretherton (2010) - attachment develop simultaneously, if interact regularly

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20
Q

what is the maternal deprivation hypothesis?

A

maternal deprivation leads to long-term consequences e.g. social and cog problems (delinq, pasychpathology, low IQ)
argued that mother shouldn’t have extended period away from child

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21
Q

who created maternal depirvation hypo?

A

Bowlby 1950s/60s

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22
Q

what are 3 criticisms of maternal deprivation hypo?

A

separation from mother can be compensated by other attachment figure
methodology criticise as from institut care env, more extreme conditions
Baydar and Brooks-Gunn (1991) - maternal dep affects only first year, x 2/3

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23
Q

what is the importance of attachment from maternal depirvation?

A

enhances survival through proximity
helps children feel secure emotionally
form of co-regulation allow children to manage their emotions

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24
Q

how do you measure attachment?

A

deduce attachment through observing attachment behaviours

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25
Q

why do we study attachment as deduced behaviours?

A

it is internal state, dev psych x observe directly

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26
Q

who created the strange situation?

A

Ainsworth and Bell (1970)

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27
Q

why did Ainsworth and Bell conduct their study?

A

variation x accounted for in B’s study
assess attachment style through freq, strength and degree of organisation in mother-infant dyads

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28
Q

what is the strange situation?

A

mother and baby in room
baby explore
female enters, sit with mom and engage with baby
mom leaves, stranger and baby alone
mother return and stranger leaves, settle if needed
mother leaves and baby is completely alone
stranger come back and console baby
mother return and stranger leaves

29
Q

what are the four attachment types from this study?

A

insecure-avoidant
secure
insecure-resistant
disorganised

30
Q

what is insecure-avoidant attachment

A

type A - 15/20%
x distressed and ignored mother, treat stranger the same

31
Q

what is secure attachement?

A

type b - around 70%
distressed, but comforted in reunion
maintain prox with mother
prefer mother

32
Q

what is insecure-resistant attachment?

A

type c - 10-15%
upset, but resist comfort
some prox seeking, but resist comfort from stranger

33
Q

what is disorganised attachment?

A

not consistent
confusion, worry and disorientation

34
Q

what are 4 criticisms of the strange situation?

A

classification depend on what caregiver
retest reliability impacted by time
home vs lab setting
mother reaction to sep affect outcome

35
Q

what are counter-criticisms to the strange situation?

A

attachment is x characteristics, but relationships
van Izjendoorn et al (2000) attachment types differ across siblings

36
Q

explain cross-cultural differences

A

meta-analysis - van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg
consistent distrib of attachment styles across cultures [ x all ]
ma = combine diff studies for more precise estimate, show if intervention effective and direct new research areas

37
Q

how can you measure attachment in older children?

A

separation anxiety test

38
Q

who conducted the separation anxiety test?

A

Main et al (1985)

39
Q

what is the separation anxiety test?

A

photo of separation experiences
ask how act/feel
secure = acknowledge anx and coping
insecure - deny anx, innaprop coping

40
Q

how do you measure attachment in adukts?

A

adult attachment interview

41
Q

who conducted the adult attachment interview?

A

Main et al (1985)
van Izjendoorn (1995)

42
Q

what is the adult attachment interview?

A

recall memories of early childhood experiences
4 attachment types

43
Q

what were the four attachment types found from the adult attachment interview?

A

DEAU
dismissive - dismiss importance of attachment
enmeshed - dependent on parents and aim to please them
autonomous - objective and open abt exp0
unresolved - trauma/loss, struggle to come to terms with it

44
Q

what did van ixjendoorn find about adult attachment interview?

A

18 studies with 850 subjects
parental mental rep of attachmentment corresponded with 75% classification of infant
autonomous tend to marry
transgen transmission correct

45
Q

who studied attachment across life-span?

A

Bar-Heim et al (200)
van Izj (1995)

46
Q

what did Bar-Heim (2000) find abt attachment across lifespan?

A

only 38% of children remain in same attachment category between 2-5 years
suggests attahcment type can chnage during childhood

47
Q

what did van Izj (1995) find about about attachment across the life-span?

A

parents with autonomous attachment type +likely to have infants with secure attachment types

48
Q

what are impacts of attachment?

A

Multitude of studies found secure attachment associated with being + emp, sociable, mature and - depndent on peers, - agg
those with insecure attachments +likely to show deviant beh, isolation and agg (Stoufe., 2005)

49
Q

what is role of genetics in attachment?

A

Oates (1994) - babies born with predisp to form attachment, as recog mother voice hours after birth

50
Q

who criticises the role of genetics?

A

van izj et al (2000)
genetics small role in variations in attachment type, through twin and adoption studies

51
Q

what is the maternal sensitivity hypothesis?

A

ainsworth et al (1978)
sensitivity of mother to infant beh, and quality of int predict attachment
critic - de woldd and van izj (1997) only moderate predictor

52
Q

how does maternal sensitivity hypothesis link with iwm?

A

diff parent-dyads -> diff iwm
iwm for secure = accessible + responsive
detached/avoid = x expect comofrt and defend
resistance/ambiv = inconsistent, child cries/angry

53
Q

who researched the role of temperament?

A

Kagan (1980)
Fox (1989)

54
Q

what did Kagan (1980) say about the role of temperament?

A

genetically inf temperament is stronger +imp inf on behaviour than maternal sensh

55
Q

how did Fox (1989) support Kagan (1980)?

A

easy temperament = + secure
difficult temperament = anx/ambiv

56
Q

other environmental factors impacting attachment?

A

mothers who exp post-natal dep +likely to develop insecure attachment with child
critic - effect size is small for link ebtween mental health and attachment

57
Q

who researched diathesis stress model for attachment?

A

Izjendoorn (2007)

58
Q

what did van Izj say about diathesis-stress model of attachment?

A

genetics plays role in disorg attach, but only with environmental risk factors
genetic increase risk of insecure attachment

59
Q

what % of people in the UK use childcare for children 0-4?

A

approx 80%

60
Q

what are informal and formal ways of childcare?

A

informal - grandparents/other relatives
formal - nursery/childminder

61
Q

who studied % of grandparents providing childcare?

A

Dench and Ogg (2002)

62
Q

what % of grandparents provide childcare?

A

50% at least once a month
20% weekly

63
Q

how does grandparents link with generational transmission?

A

Benoit and Parker (1994) 65% concordance in attachment types across 3-gen

64
Q

how does formal childcare link with separation anxiety?>

A

Childcare survey (2019) found children spend an average of 19h a week in childcare
separation anxiety coincides with end of maternity leaves and start of childcare

65
Q

Bowlby view on childcare

A

maternal dep, x mom work as bad impact on child
1980’s found non-maternal care in first year of life associated with insecure attachment in SS

66
Q

who studied the effects of formal childcare?

A

Baydar and Brooks-Gunn (1991)
NICHD (1997)

67
Q

what did Baydar and brooks-Gun (1991) say about the effects of formal childcare?

A

no detrimental impact after the age of 1

68
Q

what did NICHD (1997) find in their longitudinal research?

A

early findings at age 2 x concerns
later findings show concerns when quality of daycare is poor

69
Q

what factors need to be considered when going into formal childcare?

A

age starting childcare
quality of childcare
sensitivity of parenting
length of childcare

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (2 decks)

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