Questions Flashcards
Name the parts of the midbrain and their functions
Superior colliculus - vision
Inferior colliculus - hearing
Substantial nigra - movement
Name the parts of the diencephalon and their functions
Thalamus- relays sensory information except olfactory
Hypothalamus- regulates essential functions such as hunger, thirst and sexual behaviour
Name the anatomical parts of the limbic system and their functions
Hippocampus- learning and new memories
Amygdala- emotional behaviour and emotional memories
Cingulate cortex- linking behaviour to motivation and learning
Where is the frontal lobe located and what are its basic functions?
It’s located anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus. Its basic functions are for the regulation of movement and cognition/behaviour
What disorder occurs if there is damage to the visual identification of the temporal lobe?
Prosobagnosia- difficulty recognising objects and familiar faces
Which large blood vessels are involved in the anterior circulatory system?
Middle cerebral artery
Anterior cerebral artery
What large blood vessels are linked to the posterior articulatory system?
Basilar artery
Posterior cerebral artery
What parts of the brain does the Anterior Cerbral Artery supply and the functions associated with them?
Supplies the:
Prefrontal cortex - executive function
Anterior/superior (dorsal) frontal lobe- motor cortex
Superior medial parietal lobe - sensory cortex and spatial orientation
Cingulate gyrus - emotion, regulation and movement
What parts of the brain does the Middle Cerebral Artery supply and the functions associated with them?
Supplies the;
Posterior/inferior frontal lobe - Broca’s area (handiness and dominance)
Inferior motor cortex (vocal articulation and face/ arm movements)
Herschel’s gyrus- primary auditory cortex and lateral sulcus
What parts of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply and the functions associated with them?
Supplies the;
Ventrolateral/ventromedial temporal lobe - semantic processing and long term memory
Occipital lobe- vision and object recognition
Fusiform gyrus- facial recognition and visual word from recognition
Name the three types of ischaemic stroke and their basic characteristics
Thrombic - blood clot
Embolic- lice of blood clot
Lacunar- blood vessels
What type of stroke is this describing?
Ulcer on artery wall
Leads to slow blood flow
Due to atherosclerosis
Thrombic blood clot
What stroke is this describing?
Part of an embolus clot or plaque deposit
Formed elsewhere in the body and breaks off causing a blockage in the cerebral artery
Embolic stroke
Where would an Embolic stroke usually form and what neurodegenerative disorder could be associated with it?
Usually form in middle cerebral artery of the left hemisphere and is often associated with aphasia
Name the stroke from thee characteristics:
Often related to hypertension
Blockage of small artery
Associated with deep structures in the brain
Lacunar stroke
How does a cerebral haemorrhage contribute to neurological damage?
Causes displacement of the brain tissue
Increased intracerebral pressure
Destruction at site of bleeding
What are the three types of cerebral haemorrhage strokes?
Intracerebral
Subarachnoid
Subdural
Which of the following is not a treatment of stroke?
Thrombolysis
Hemicraniectomy
Retirotopic
Coiling
Retriotopic
What structural imaging technique does these characteristics describe?
-series of x-rays from different angels
-combines images into horizontal sections
- different absorption depending on tissue density
CT scan
What structural imaging technique does these characteristics describe?
-variable density
-energy signals reveal brain structures with different molecular compositions
-two different detectors at right angles which pick up different things
MRI
What are the negatives to an MRI ?
Not suitable for people with metal implants
Makes loud hammering noise
Requires patient to sit still
What is the structural imaging technique that is an adaptation of MRI and specifically detects the direction of blood flow, focusing on white matter rather than neurons?
DTI
What are the two types of dynamic brain imaging techniques?
PET and fMRI
What dynamic brain imaging technique do these characteristics describe ?
- based on blood volume
- signal depends on radioactive tracer
-low temporal resolution - low spatial resolution
- effective for whole brain
PET
What dynamic brain imaging technique do these characteristics describe ?
-based on blood oxygen
- no radioactive elements
-high temporal resolution
- high spatial resolution
fMRI
What brain infection is caused by the transmission of bacteria through respiratory droplets?
Meningococcal meningitis
Which brain infection is caused by enteroviruses and lives in the intestinal tract?
A: tuberculous
B: meningocococcol
C: aseptic
C: Aseptic
What are the general causes of encephalitis?
HSV
Measles, mumps, rabies
What Brian infection are these characteristics associated with?
-mental change
-disorientations
-sensory loss
-spasticity
A: encephalitis
B: meningococcal meningitis
C: aseptic meningitis
A: Encephalitis
What are the cells involved in intrinsic cerebral tumours and their roles?
Abstrocytes- nutrition and repair
Olgodentrytes- support and insulation of axons via MS
Ependymocytes- production of CSF
Migrocoglia- immune defense in CNS
Which of these characteristics best describes someone with a pituitary tumour?
A: hearing disturbances, dizziness, vertigo, facial numbness
B: visual disturbances, hormonal changes
B: Visual disturbances and hormonal changes
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic tumours?
Intrinsic tumours are within the brain tissue and arise from abnormal cell division, whereas extrinsic tumours occur in the intracranial structures outside of the brain
What are the key subdivisions of the PFC and their roles?
Lateral PFC - controlled responses to sensory input
Medial PFC - reward seeking and emotions
Which of these is associated with the control of behaviour and social rules?
A: Dorsolateral
B: ventrolateral
C: ventromedial
D: Dorsomedial
C: ventromedial
What disorder of the prefrontal cortex is associated with damage to the Dorsolateral and has difficulties in planning and task completetion?
Dysexecutive function
Disorders in which part of the PFC can be characterised by inflexibility and perseveration?
Dorsolateral- connections from visual, auditory and somatosensory
Which two tests can be done to test for disorders in the Dorsolateral subdivision of the PFC?
Dimensional change card sort test
Wisconsin card sorting test
Which subdivision of the medial PFC is associated with sense of self, distinction of self and TOM?
Dorsomedial
Which part of the Brian is associated with disinhibition syndrome and what difficulties are characterised by it?
Associated with the ventromedial.
Difficulties in social behaviour, and lack of inhibition
What causes vascular dementia?
Damage to the blood vessels, Brain cells are starved of oxygen
What causes Alzheimer’s?
Plaques and tangles causing loss of nerve cells and brain tissue
What are the key characteristics of vascular dementia?
- gait disturbances
- impaired executive function
- impact on speech and language and swallowing
What are the key characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease?
-episodic memory more than semantic memory
- language and visiospatial skills
- changes in mood
Which protein is associated with Lewy bodies dementia ?
alpha-synuclein
What are the characteristics of dementia with Lewy bodies?
Fluctuation in attention and alertness
Hallucinations and delusions
Movement problems
Anomia
What are the types of primary progressive aphasia?
Logopenic progressive aphasia
Semantic dementia
Progressive non-fluent aphasia
What is the excitatory process within the basal ganglia?
Inhibits activity to the thalamus
Lowers input to the cortex
Reduction in force
What is the inhibitory process within the basal ganglia?
Thalamic activity less inhibited
Higher input to cortex
Increase in the force
What are the symptoms of hyperkinetic disorders, and what is an example of one?
Involuntary and exaggerated movements
Tourette’s syndrome
What are the symptoms of a hypokinetic disorder and an example of one?
Muscle rigidity and difficulty initiating movements
Parkinson’s disease
What disorder can occur due to damage in the parietal cortex?
Apraxia
What are the types of apraxia and their features?
Ideometer - plan and complete voluntary movements
Constructional- spatial organisation
Which part of the brain moderates the force of movement?
Basal ganglia
What are the brains short term responses to experience?
Synaptic changes altering strength and efficiency of connections between neurons
Do these characteristics describe long term potentiation or long term depression?
-persistent weakening of synaptic connections
-Occurs when synaptic activity is reduced or less frequent
Long term depression
What are the lifespan changes that occur in response to experience?
Brain undergoes Neuroplasticity.
Neurons create new connections, strengthen existing connections and generate new cells.
What are the characteristics of long term potentiation?
Persistent strengthening
Repetitive stimulation which leads to increased efficacy
What is cranial nerve 9 and its role?
Glossopharyngeal - taste and swallowing
What is cranial nerve 3 and its role?
Occulomotor- eye movement and blinking
What is cranial nerve 4 and its role?
Trochlear - eye movements
What cerebral arteries make up the circle of Willis?
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Basilar artery
What part of the brain does the basal artery supply?
Brain stem and cerebellum
