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1
Q

Name the parts of the midbrain and their functions

A

Superior colliculus - vision
Inferior colliculus - hearing
Substantial nigra - movement

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2
Q

Name the parts of the diencephalon and their functions

A

Thalamus- relays sensory information except olfactory
Hypothalamus- regulates essential functions such as hunger, thirst and sexual behaviour

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3
Q

Name the anatomical parts of the limbic system and their functions

A

Hippocampus- learning and new memories
Amygdala- emotional behaviour and emotional memories
Cingulate cortex- linking behaviour to motivation and learning

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4
Q

Where is the frontal lobe located and what are its basic functions?

A

It’s located anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus. Its basic functions are for the regulation of movement and cognition/behaviour

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5
Q

What disorder occurs if there is damage to the visual identification of the temporal lobe?

A

Prosobagnosia- difficulty recognising objects and familiar faces

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6
Q

Which large blood vessels are involved in the anterior circulatory system?

A

Middle cerebral artery
Anterior cerebral artery

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7
Q

What large blood vessels are linked to the posterior articulatory system?

A

Basilar artery
Posterior cerebral artery

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8
Q

What parts of the brain does the Anterior Cerbral Artery supply and the functions associated with them?

A

Supplies the:
Prefrontal cortex - executive function
Anterior/superior (dorsal) frontal lobe- motor cortex
Superior medial parietal lobe - sensory cortex and spatial orientation
Cingulate gyrus - emotion, regulation and movement

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9
Q

What parts of the brain does the Middle Cerebral Artery supply and the functions associated with them?

A

Supplies the;
Posterior/inferior frontal lobe - Broca’s area (handiness and dominance)
Inferior motor cortex (vocal articulation and face/ arm movements)
Herschel’s gyrus- primary auditory cortex and lateral sulcus

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10
Q

What parts of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply and the functions associated with them?

A

Supplies the;
Ventrolateral/ventromedial temporal lobe - semantic processing and long term memory
Occipital lobe- vision and object recognition
Fusiform gyrus- facial recognition and visual word from recognition

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11
Q

Name the three types of ischaemic stroke and their basic characteristics

A

Thrombic - blood clot
Embolic- lice of blood clot
Lacunar- blood vessels

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12
Q

What type of stroke is this describing?

Ulcer on artery wall
Leads to slow blood flow
Due to atherosclerosis

A

Thrombic blood clot

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13
Q

What stroke is this describing?

Part of an embolus clot or plaque deposit
Formed elsewhere in the body and breaks off causing a blockage in the cerebral artery

A

Embolic stroke

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14
Q

Where would an Embolic stroke usually form and what neurodegenerative disorder could be associated with it?

A

Usually form in middle cerebral artery of the left hemisphere and is often associated with aphasia

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15
Q

Name the stroke from thee characteristics:

Often related to hypertension
Blockage of small artery
Associated with deep structures in the brain

A

Lacunar stroke

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16
Q

How does a cerebral haemorrhage contribute to neurological damage?

A

Causes displacement of the brain tissue
Increased intracerebral pressure
Destruction at site of bleeding

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17
Q

What are the three types of cerebral haemorrhage strokes?

A

Intracerebral
Subarachnoid
Subdural

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18
Q

Which of the following is not a treatment of stroke?

Thrombolysis
Hemicraniectomy
Retirotopic
Coiling

A

Retriotopic

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19
Q

What structural imaging technique does these characteristics describe?

-series of x-rays from different angels
-combines images into horizontal sections
- different absorption depending on tissue density

A

CT scan

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20
Q

What structural imaging technique does these characteristics describe?

-variable density
-energy signals reveal brain structures with different molecular compositions
-two different detectors at right angles which pick up different things

A

MRI

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21
Q

What are the negatives to an MRI ?

A

Not suitable for people with metal implants
Makes loud hammering noise
Requires patient to sit still

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22
Q

What is the structural imaging technique that is an adaptation of MRI and specifically detects the direction of blood flow, focusing on white matter rather than neurons?

A

DTI

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23
Q

What are the two types of dynamic brain imaging techniques?

A

PET and fMRI

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24
Q

What dynamic brain imaging technique do these characteristics describe ?

  • based on blood volume
  • signal depends on radioactive tracer
    -low temporal resolution
  • low spatial resolution
  • effective for whole brain
A

PET

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25
Q

What dynamic brain imaging technique do these characteristics describe ?

-based on blood oxygen
- no radioactive elements
-high temporal resolution
- high spatial resolution

A

fMRI

26
Q

What brain infection is caused by the transmission of bacteria through respiratory droplets?

A

Meningococcal meningitis

27
Q

Which brain infection is caused by enteroviruses and lives in the intestinal tract?

A: tuberculous
B: meningocococcol
C: aseptic

A

C: Aseptic

28
Q

What are the general causes of encephalitis?

A

HSV
Measles, mumps, rabies

29
Q

What Brian infection are these characteristics associated with?
-mental change
-disorientations
-sensory loss
-spasticity

A: encephalitis
B: meningococcal meningitis
C: aseptic meningitis

A

A: Encephalitis

30
Q

What are the cells involved in intrinsic cerebral tumours and their roles?

A

Abstrocytes- nutrition and repair
Olgodentrytes- support and insulation of axons via MS
Ependymocytes- production of CSF
Migrocoglia- immune defense in CNS

31
Q

Which of these characteristics best describes someone with a pituitary tumour?

A: hearing disturbances, dizziness, vertigo, facial numbness
B: visual disturbances, hormonal changes

A

B: Visual disturbances and hormonal changes

32
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic tumours?

A

Intrinsic tumours are within the brain tissue and arise from abnormal cell division, whereas extrinsic tumours occur in the intracranial structures outside of the brain

33
Q

What are the key subdivisions of the PFC and their roles?

A

Lateral PFC - controlled responses to sensory input
Medial PFC - reward seeking and emotions

34
Q

Which of these is associated with the control of behaviour and social rules?

A: Dorsolateral
B: ventrolateral
C: ventromedial
D: Dorsomedial

A

C: ventromedial

35
Q

What disorder of the prefrontal cortex is associated with damage to the Dorsolateral and has difficulties in planning and task completetion?

A

Dysexecutive function

36
Q

Disorders in which part of the PFC can be characterised by inflexibility and perseveration?

A

Dorsolateral- connections from visual, auditory and somatosensory

37
Q

Which two tests can be done to test for disorders in the Dorsolateral subdivision of the PFC?

A

Dimensional change card sort test
Wisconsin card sorting test

38
Q

Which subdivision of the medial PFC is associated with sense of self, distinction of self and TOM?

A

Dorsomedial

39
Q

Which part of the Brian is associated with disinhibition syndrome and what difficulties are characterised by it?

A

Associated with the ventromedial.
Difficulties in social behaviour, and lack of inhibition

40
Q

What causes vascular dementia?

A

Damage to the blood vessels, Brain cells are starved of oxygen

41
Q

What causes Alzheimer’s?

A

Plaques and tangles causing loss of nerve cells and brain tissue

42
Q

What are the key characteristics of vascular dementia?

A
  • gait disturbances
  • impaired executive function
  • impact on speech and language and swallowing
43
Q

What are the key characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

-episodic memory more than semantic memory
- language and visiospatial skills
- changes in mood

44
Q

Which protein is associated with Lewy bodies dementia ?

A

alpha-synuclein

45
Q

What are the characteristics of dementia with Lewy bodies?

A

Fluctuation in attention and alertness
Hallucinations and delusions
Movement problems
Anomia

46
Q

What are the types of primary progressive aphasia?

A

Logopenic progressive aphasia
Semantic dementia
Progressive non-fluent aphasia

47
Q

What is the excitatory process within the basal ganglia?

A

Inhibits activity to the thalamus
Lowers input to the cortex
Reduction in force

48
Q

What is the inhibitory process within the basal ganglia?

A

Thalamic activity less inhibited
Higher input to cortex
Increase in the force

49
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperkinetic disorders, and what is an example of one?

A

Involuntary and exaggerated movements
Tourette’s syndrome

50
Q

What are the symptoms of a hypokinetic disorder and an example of one?

A

Muscle rigidity and difficulty initiating movements
Parkinson’s disease

51
Q

What disorder can occur due to damage in the parietal cortex?

A

Apraxia

52
Q

What are the types of apraxia and their features?

A

Ideometer - plan and complete voluntary movements
Constructional- spatial organisation

53
Q

Which part of the brain moderates the force of movement?

A

Basal ganglia

54
Q

What are the brains short term responses to experience?

A

Synaptic changes altering strength and efficiency of connections between neurons

55
Q

Do these characteristics describe long term potentiation or long term depression?

-persistent weakening of synaptic connections
-Occurs when synaptic activity is reduced or less frequent

A

Long term depression

56
Q

What are the lifespan changes that occur in response to experience?

A

Brain undergoes Neuroplasticity.
Neurons create new connections, strengthen existing connections and generate new cells.

57
Q

What are the characteristics of long term potentiation?

A

Persistent strengthening
Repetitive stimulation which leads to increased efficacy

58
Q

What is cranial nerve 9 and its role?

A

Glossopharyngeal - taste and swallowing

59
Q

What is cranial nerve 3 and its role?

A

Occulomotor- eye movement and blinking

60
Q

What is cranial nerve 4 and its role?

A

Trochlear - eye movements

61
Q

What cerebral arteries make up the circle of Willis?

A

Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Basilar artery

62
Q

What part of the brain does the basal artery supply?

A

Brain stem and cerebellum

Brain And Behaviour Questions (3 decks)

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