QUESTIONS

Question 1

Which of the following standards for air and water quality restrict the discharge of pollutants into the environment?
Select one:
a.Effluent
b.Ambient
c.Wastewater
d.Point Source

Answer 1

a.Effluent

Question 2

What are the key components of equity—an essential consideration in planning?
a.Valuing and including different perspectives
b.Reflecting multiple values and preferences where possible
c.Being fair or impartial
d.Incorporating a robust and diverse community process

Answer 2

c.Being fair or impartial

Question 3

Jeff resigned his position as the City Planner for Plannersville two years ago to take a position with a local developer. Jeff is now responsible for presenting a case before the Planning Commission to rezone a property from single family to commercial for a shopping mall. While Jeff was a city planner, he worked hard to prevent regional shopping in this area of the city. Is Jeff acting ethically by presenting this case to the commission?

Select one:

a.Yes, because it is up to the Planning Commission to grant the rezoning.
b.No, because he is in violation of the APA Code of Ethics.
c.No, because he is in violation of the AICP Code of Ethics.
d.Yes, because he no longer works for the city.

Answer 3

We shall not accept an assignment from a client or employer to publicly advocate a position on a planning issue that is indistinguishably adverse to a position we publicly advocated for a previous client or employer within the past three years, unless, (1) we determine in good faith after consultation with other qualified professionals that our change of position will not cause present detriment to our previous client or employer, and (2) we make a full written disclosure of the conflict to our current client or employer and receive written permission to proceed with the assignment.

The correct answer is C: No, because he is in violation of the AICP Code of Ethics

Question 4

A Planning Director is a strong environmentalist and wants to prevent big box stores with large parking lots in environmentally sensitive areas. The recently elected City Council and many citizens are pro-retail development. At a public hearing, the Panning Director decides to focus her presentation on the economic benefits of big box retail rather than the environmental consequences, given the political climate. The director’s decision:
Select one:

a.Represents a conflict of interest
b.Represents a violation of the freedom of information
c.Represents a violation of the planner’s obligation to his employer
d.Represents a violation of the planner’s obligation to protect the environment

Answer 4

The correct answer is: Represents a violation of the freedom of information

Question 5

Which of the following is an example from the AICP Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, Section A3, “Planners Responsibility to Our Profession and Colleagues”?
Select one:

a.We shall not accept an assignment from a client or employer when the services to be performed involve conduct that we know to be illegal or in violation of these rules.

b.We shall educate the public about planning issues and their relevance to our everyday lives.

c.We shall exercise independent professional judgment on behalf of our clients and employers

d.We shall give people the opportunity to have a meaningful impact on the development of plans and programs that may affect them.

Answer 5

We shall educate the public about planning issues is part of A3, “Our responsibility to our profession and colleagues.” The remaining choices are from other sections of the AICP Code of Ethics.
The correct answer is: We shall educate the public about planning issues and their relevance to our everyday lives.

Question 6

You are a city planner with AICP Certification and you have decided to accept a job working for a consultant that will be working on a project you are working on in your current position. The consulting firm represents developers and will be pushing for the city to modify its plan for this district in the city to permit increased development. How long should you wait before representing the consulting firm in any action before the city with which you were employed?
Select one:

a.Two years
b.Five years
c.Three years
d.No wait necessary

Answer 6

You can represent the consulting firm in any action before the city as long as it does not conflict with a position you held during your employment with the city.

The correct answer is: No wait necessary

Question 7

You are a city planner with AICP Certification and you have decided to accept a job working for a consultant that will be working on a project you are working on in your current position. The consulting firm represents developers and will be pushing for the city to modify its plan for this district in the city to permit increased development. How long should you wait before representing the consulting firm in any action before the city with which you were employed?
Select one:

a.Two years
b.Five years
c.Three years
d.No wait necessary

Answer 7

You can represent the consulting firm in any action before the city as long as it does not conflict with a position you held during your employment with the city.
The correct answer is: No wait necessary

Question 8

Which of these is the least effective policy tool to support communities of color?

a.Examine land uses that require the separation of daycare facilities and housing, requiring parents to drive their children to daycare and make more trips during daily activities.

b.Activate mobility by addressing significant issues such as transportation costs and affordability, the frequency and coverage of public transportation systems, and the impact of these transportation systems on public health.

c.Enhance placemaking through informal fixed or place-based practices, temporary or mobile practices, and formal placemaking practices.

d.Offer housing options through policies like allowing accessory dwelling units, promoting incremental housing, requiring inclusionary housing, and establishing housing trust funds, community land trusts, and co-housing opportunities.

Answer 8

This is a more effective policy tool to address gender disparities, where women are more likely to manage childcare needs. The other options are all effective policy tools used best to address racial disparities.

The correct answer is: Examine land uses that require the separation of daycare facilities and housing, requiring parents to drive their children to daycare and make more trips during daily activities.

Question 9

Which of the following are appropriate tasks for facilitators?

I. Record issues and whatever solutions are presented during the facilitation.
II. Group issues and solutions together as needed to facilitate discussion.
III. For each issue, present the range of alternatives to be addressed.
IV. Be a resource who can suggest potential solutions that best address an issue.
Select one:

a.III only
b.I and II
c.I, II and III
d.III and IV

Answer 9

Facilitators are meant to be neutral parties, and their role is to record (or possibly group together) issues and solutions. They should not be responsible for presenting issues or suggesting possible solutions. Either of those tasks could introduce bias on the part of the facilitator.
The correct answer is: I and II

Question 10

The 1956 Federal Highway Act did which of the following?
I. Authorized states to pass property taxes to fund roads
II. Created the highway system that links state capitals and most large cities
III. Created toll roads across the United States
IV. Allocated funds from automobile sales for road construction
Select one:

a.I and II
b.II and IV
c.I, II, III and IV
d.I and III

Answer 10

The 1956 Federal Highway Act created the highway system that links state capitals and most large cities, and it also created the Highway Trust Fund to finance highway building. Sources of revenue for the Highway Trust Fund include taxes collected from vehicle sales.
The correct answer is: II and IV

Question 11

The Federal Property Administration Act of 1949 was developed to allow the government to do which of the following?
Select one:

a.Appraise land for taxation purposes
b.Trade property between government agencies
c.Dispose of federal property
d.Close military bases

Answer 11

The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 is a United States federal law that established the General Services Administration, which is responsible for managing, acquiring, and disposing of federal property.

The correct answer is: Dispose of federal property

Question 12

Why is Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota of special interest to planners?

Select one:

a.All of these choices are valid.
b.The Center was an early attempt to combine commercial and residential uses in one building.
c.Designed by Victor Gruen, it was the first indoor, climate-controlled regional mall built in the U.S.
d.It was developed by James Rouse

Answer 12

Southdale Center was built in 1956 as the first indoor regional shopping mall in the U.S. It was part of a master plan that included residential, commercial, medical, office, and mixed-use projects, but not within the mall itself. It set the precedent for shopping malls—1,500 of which appeared across America in the half-century after Southdale’s unveiling. Victor Gruen, a refugee from Nazi-occupied Austria, arrived in America in 1938 and went on to be a dominant figure in shopping mall design.

The correct answer is: Designed by Victor Gruen, it was the first indoor, climate-controlled regional mall built in the U.S.

Question 13

Which city had the first metropolitan plan in the United States?
Select one:

a.New York
b.San Francisco
c.Philadelphia
d.Chicago

Answer 13

Chicago had the first metropolitan plan in the United States.

The correct answer is: Chicago

Question 14

The City Council is considering a proposal to annex 47 acres of land into the city based on a request by a property owner who intends to develop the property for mixed use. At a public hearing, citizens voice concern that the proposed development will not generate enough tax revenue to support the cost of services such as police and fire. Which cost analysis method would be most appropriate for the city planner to use to study the potential fiscal effects of the proposed annexation?

Select one:

a.Fiscal Impact Analysis
b.Cost-effectiveness Analysis
c.Cost-benefit Analysis
d.Cost of Community Services Study

Answer 14

Fiscal impact analysis is most appropriate in a situation in which the land area is specific.

The correct answer is: Fiscal Impact Analysis

Question 15

Planning for flood protection projects typically occurs at what level of government?
Select one:

a.National
b.City
c.State
d.Neighborhood

Answer 15

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for flood protection planning. While planning for flooding does occur at the city and state level, the Army Corps has a primary responsibility while partnering with other organizations.

The correct answer is: National

Question 16

In addition to transect-based codes and transit-oriented development, a community built incorporating principles of New Urbanism would most likely use which of these types of zoning?
Select one:

a.form-based zoning
b.exclusive zoning
c.floating zones
d.cluster zoning

Answer 16

Form-based zoning focuses on the placement of a building on a lot and considers the relationship between the building and the public realm.

The correct answer is: form-based zoning

Question 17

The city has created a master plan based on the principles of New Urbanism and promoting transit oriented development. To achieve implementation, which of the following is most appropriate to use?
Select one:

a.Form-based zoning
b.Performance zoning
c.Cluster zoning
d.Overlay zoning

Answer 17

Form-based zoning allows for development to focus on form over use.

The correct answer is: Form-based zoning

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Garden City as originally formulated by Ebenezer Howard?
Select one:

a.It involved communal ownership of land
b.It involved the establishment of a limited-dividend company
c.It was believed that Howard’s financing scheme would keep land values from increasing and therefore from displacing the poor
d.Farmland for the Garden City was to be purchased using an agricultural rate

Answer 18

A premise of Howard’s model was that construction of the Garden City would increase land values, and that the increase in value would pass back to the community.
The correct answer is: It was believed that Howard’s financing scheme would keep land values from increasing and therefore from displacing the poor

Question 19

As a planner working in a mid-sized city, you have been tasked with developing a strategy to pay for a new stadium. Based on a prior survey of community preferences, you know that the city’s residents strongly support the stadium. What kind of financing mechanism will you most likely be investigating as a possible funding source?
Select one:

a.Crowd-sourced financing
b.Grant from a local foundation
c.Revenue Bond
d.General obligation bond

Answer 19

A revenue bond is backed by income from specific projects, such as a toll bridge or a stadium. Municipal bonds can be classified as either revenue bonds or general obligation bonds, and general obligation bonds are backed by the general tax revenues and are generally considered safe investments. Crowd-sourced funding or foundation grants would be unlikely to generate enough funds for a project like a stadium.

The correct answer is: Revenue Bond

Question 20

You have been contacted by a federal agency notifying your community that the federal government will be disposing of a property. The city could choose to acquire the property. Which federal agency would you be working with?
Select one:

a.Forest Service
b.Bureau of Land Management
c.General Services Administration
d.National Park Service

Answer 20

The General Services Administration works to dispose of excess federal property. In most cases, this land can be transferred for a public purposes.

The correct answer is: General Services Administration

Question 21

Which of the following is not associated with George Pullman (Train guy)?
Select one:

a.Model company town
b.Worker rebellion
c.Working housing
d.Land use law

Answer 21

Pullman is a neighborhood on the south side of Chicago. Pullman (Historic Pullman) was built in the 1880s by George Pullman for his eponymous railroad car company, the Pullman Palace Car Company. The company owned everything, from stores to townhouses. The houses were comfortable by standards of the day, but a rebellion ensued when Pullman sought to raise rents without raising worker pay.

The correct answer is: Land use law

Question 22

When the American Planning Association refers to “Great Streets,” it’s to describe:
Select one:

a.Streets that are complete with bicycle, pedestrian, and vehicle infrastructure
b.Streets that have vibrant pedestrian activity
c.Symbolic streets such as the Las Vegas Strip, Venice Beach, or Champs-Elysees
d.Streets designated by APA as part of the Great Places in America program

Answer 22

Great Streets are a Great Place in America, as designated by APA. Factors considered in an APA Great Street designation include street character, landscaping, green infrastructure, etc.
Learn more at https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/suggestion/

The correct answer is: Streets designated by APA as part of the
Great Places in America program

Question 23

he American Planning Association created which of the following documents to encourage states to revise their standard state zoning enabling acts?
Select one:

a.The Guide to Smart Growth
b.The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook
c.The Revised Standard State Zoning Enabling Legislation
d.The Smart Growth Guide

Answer 23

The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook and its accompanying User Manual are the culmination of APA’s seven-year Growing Smart project, an effort to draft the next generation of model planning and zoning legislation for the U.S.

The correct answer is: The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook

Question 24

Which of the following best describes growth management?
Select one:

a.The regulation of the character, location, and timing of development
b.The planning of land to optimize the community’s resources
c.The sequencing of growth to ensure adequate infrastructure is in place
d.The adjustment of tax rates to pay for enhanced services

Answer 24

Growth management relates to the character, location and timing of development. Answer C refers to concurrency. D refers to special districts.

The correct answer is: The regulation of the character, location, and timing of development

Question 25

Which transportation demand management technique guarantees commuters an emergency ride home?
Select one:

a.Guaranteed Ride Home
b.Park and Ride
c.Car Sharing
d.Commute Trip Reduction

Answer 25

All of the above are transportation demand management techniques that can reduce traffic congestion but only one option is a guaranteed ride.

The correct answer is: Guaranteed Ride Home

Question 26

You are preparing the county’s hazard mitigation plan in compliance with the Hazard Mitigation Act. Which of the following would you undertake first?

Select one:

a.set community goals
b.assess the risks from natural hazards
c.identifying potential natural hazards
d.asses the local services needed to address potential hazards

Answer 26

The Hazard Mitigation Act requires communities to identify natural hazards, assess the risks, and set community goals.

The correct answer is: identifying potential natural hazards

Question 27

As the planner for the city of Plannersville, you have been exploring innovative growth management tools, and you present a series of options to the city council. One city council member is particularly concerned about whether the city has the legal authority to implement some of these tools. You respond by indicating:

Select one:

a.The city has home rule authority, which allows the city to implement any regulation that has been explicitly enabled by the state.

b.The city has Dillon’s rule authority, which allows the city to implement regulations that have not been explicitly enabled by the state.

c.The city has Dillon’s rule authority, which allows the city to implement any regulation that has been explicitly enabled by the state.

d.The city has home rule authority, which allows the city to implement regulations that have not been explicitly enabled by the state.

Answer 27

Having home rule authority would allow the city to implement innovative growth management tools without requiring explicit enabling legislation from the state.

The correct answer is: The city has home rule authority, which allows the city to implement regulations that have not been explicitly enabled by the state.

Question 28

You have issued a request for proposal for consultants to assist your organization with the creation of a five-year strategic plan. In reviewing the submissions, you decide to interview the companies that proposed which of the following types of planning approaches?
Select one:

a.Rational
b.SNOT
c.Hoshin
d.Visioning

Answer 28

Hoshin Kanri is a method for ensuring that the strategic goals drive progress and action at every level within that organization. The process includes establishing a vision, developing objectives, deploy annual objectives, implement objectives, and then review progress on a monthly and annual basis.

The correct answer is: Hoshin

Question 29

Which of the following describes the objective of a hypothesis test?
Select one:

a.A test for the rejection of a hypothesis
b.A test for the acceptance of a hypothesis
c.A test for the acceptance or the rejection of a hypothesis
d.None of these

Answer 29

A hypothesis test is designed to reject a null hypothesis, but never to accept the alternative hypothesis.

The correct answer is: A test for the rejection of a hypothesis

Question 30

John Snow’s famous map of London’s 1854 cholera outbreak could be interpreted as all of the following except:

a.None of these
b.Dot density map
c.Cartogram
d.Heat map

Answer 30

John Snow originally used a dot density map to represent the location of each case of cholera in a London neighborhood, but many cartographers have since created heat maps with the original location data. A cartogram is a map that distorts the geography or size of regions to convey the information of an alternate variable. This would not make sense given the presence of location data points and not an alternate statistical variable.

The correct answer is: Cartogram

Question 31

You are developing a county-wide disaster mitigation plan. Which of the following bodies is likely to advise on this plan?
Select one:

a.Municipal Planning Commission
b.Regional Planning Agency
c.Municipal Board of Zoning Adjustment
d.County Board of Commissioners

Answer 31

The County Board of Commissioners is the governing body responsible for oversight of emergency management and hazard mitigation for the county.

The correct answer is: County Board of Commissioners

Question 32

You have been charged with developing a regional agricultural development plan. As part of the planning process you will apply an interactive multi-goal programming technique. Which of the following would be most appropriate?
Select one:

a.Critical path method
b.Linear programming
c.Program Evaluation Review Technique
d.Gantt

Answer 32

Linear programming is a method for determining an optimal solution. This could apply to a number of planning projects, such as a regional agricultural development plan.

The three other methods in the answer choices—CPM, PERT, Gantt—are about scheduling. The question asks what “programming” method could be applied as part of the planning process. It doesn’t say the programming method will produce one optimal plan.

Also, unless there is a lot of detail in the question you have to rule out CPM and PERT as answer choices because they are too similar.

The correct answer is: Linear programming

Question 33

CPM vs PERT

Answer 33

PERT focuses on time planning and time management, with a goal of delivering the project as quickly as possible. CPM focuses on time and budgeting, which is useful for bringing in the project on budget as well as on time.

Question 34

The Plannersville region has 3% of its employment in the oil and gas industry, while nationally employment in oil and gas is 1%. The location quotient for the oil and gas industry is?
Select one:

a.3.3
b.3
c.33
d.0.33

Answer 34

The location quotient is the division of the regional employment by the national employment, equaling 3. A ratio greater than one indicates that a region is exporting versus a ration smaller than 1 that is importing.

The correct answer is: 3

Question 35

You have been charged with developing a regional agricultural development plan. As part of the planning process you will apply an interactive multi-goal programming technique. Which of the following would be most appropriate?
Select one:

a.Critical path method
b.Linear programming
c.Program Evaluation Review Technique
d.Gantt

Answer 35

Linear programming is a method for determining an optimal solution. This could apply to a number of planning projects, such as a regional agricultural development plan.

The three other methods in the answer choices—CPM, PERT, Gantt—are about scheduling. The question asks what “programming” method could be applied as part of the planning process. It doesn’t say the programming method will produce one optimal plan.

Also, unless there is a lot of detail in the question you have to rule out CPM and PERT as answer choices because they are too similar.

The correct answer is: Linear programming

Question 36

You are preparing the city’s comprehensive plan. You have accurate population projections and you are trying to determine the housing mix that will be needed to support the population. You have analyzed the Census trends and have noticed an interesting trend. Nationally marriage rates have:
Select one:

a.Increased from 55 percent in 1960 to 72 percent in 2010
b.Declined from 72 percent in 1960 to 65 percent in 2010
c.Declined from 72 percent in 1960 to 51 percent in 2010
d.Declined from 72 percent in 1960 to 34 percent in 2010

Answer 36

Just over half of adults age 18 and older were married in 2010, compared with 72% in 1960. It is significant to note that only 20% of 18-29-year-olds were married in 2010, versus 59% in 1960.

The correct answer is: Declined from 72 percent in 1960 to 51 percent in 2010

Question 37

Census Tract vs Census Block difference

Answer 37

Census tract typically has a population between 2,000 and 8,000 people.
It is the smallest area where all information is released.

Census block is the smallest level at which the Census data is collected. There are typically
400 housing units per block.

Question 38

Urbanized Area

Answer 38

50,000 or more people, population density of 1,000 persons per square mile
In 2010, 71% of Americans lived in 486 urbanized areas.

Question 39

Urban Cluster

Answer 39

have at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 persons and a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile.
In 2010, 9.5% of the U.S. population lived in 3,087 urban clusters.

Question 40

Metropolitan Statistical Area

Answer 40

(MSA) includes at least one city with 50,000 or more inhabitants, or an urbanized area (of at least 50,000 inhabitants), and a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000.

Question 41

Micropolitan Statistical Area

Answer 41

(MSA) has a population of more than 10,000 people and less than 50,000 people. This includes a central county and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration as measured by commuting.

Question 42

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area

Answer 42

A geographic entity, as defined by the Federal Office of Management and Budget for use by federal statistical agencies, based on the concept of two or more overlapping core areas with a large population nuclei that includes at least 1 million people.

Question 43

You are undertaking a comprehensive plan update. In the first phase of public participation, you are reviewing the existing plan’s vision, goals, and policies. Which of the following would best support the review of the existing plan’s vision, goals, and policies?
Select one:

a.Hard copy survey distributed to neighborhood association presidents, encouraging the association presidents to distribute to residents.

b.Hold a series of neighborhood meetings hosted by neighborhood association presidents.

c.A web page that shares information about the project and encourages comments.

d.An online survey distributed to residents and other stakeholders.

Answer 43

When possible, two-way communication with residents would allow for a deeper understanding of how the existing vision, goals, and policies resonate with the public. A survey is an alternative way to seek engagement and a combination of a hard copy and online survey would reach a broader set of residents. A web page is important to have for the project but is unlikely to generate significant engagement through comments.

The correct answer is: Hold a series of neighborhood meetings hosted by neighborhood association presidents.

Question 44

Which is the best description of the “planner-as-person” idea?

a.Planners should ignore personal views and place themselves in the mind of a stakeholder.

b.Planners should impose their personal views as often as possible.

c.Planners should enter planning situations from a position of neutrality.

d.Planners should act with personal authenticity and carefully reflect on their positionality.

Answer 44

Which is the best description of the “planner-as-person” idea?

a.Planners should ignore personal views and place themselves in the mind of a stakeholder.

b.Planners should impose their personal views as often as possible.

c.Planners should enter planning situations from a position of neutrality.

d.Planners should act with personal authenticity and carefully reflect on their positionality.

Question 45

The planning process exists to serve the public interest. With this in mind, planners should…

a.examine their implicit biases and relationships to power and privilege

b.focus on addressing community concerns exclusively

c.implement universal planning maxims to ensure communities will always benefit from intervention

d.de-prioritize issues mentioned by historically privileged residents

Answer 45

Planners have a responsibility to serve their community with specific mind to residents’ concerns and the burdens placed historically and presently on marginalized communities. Thus, planners as individuals have to reckon with their own privileges to avoid replicating planning decisions that created inequitable communities.

The correct answer is: examine their implicit biases and relationships to power and privilege

Question 46

There is significant concern in the community over a redevelopment plan. A community meeting will be held to discuss the matter. You know that a vocal member of the community will be there to oppose the plan. What is the first thing you should do at the meeting?
Select one:

a.Limit the time each community member has to speak

b.Write down the person’s concerns on a flip chart during the meeting

c.Go around the room and have everyone introduce themselves to make all feel welcome

d.Start a conversation with the person during the welcoming time

Answer 46

All of these are appropriate actions to take to effectively manage the meeting—but the first action should be to start a conversation before the meeting formally begins to allow the person to get their frustration out privately. Limiting time allows for everyone to have an equal voice in participating. Writing down concerns demonstrates that the person is being heard.

The correct answer is: Start a conversation with the person during the welcoming time

Question 47

Which of the following represents the best open-ended sample survey question?

a.
Why do you value the environment of your local community?

b.
What are your biggest worries in the realms of local environmental and social justice policy?

c.
Which additional environmental improvements would you like to see?

d.
How would you describe your relationship to biogeochemical problems menacing our planetary health?

Answer 47

Open-ended questions should ask for specific recommendations to specific questions or scenarios. Questions that address two problems, questions that ask for people to describe difficult to communicate values and morals, and questions with unnecessarily complicated phrasings are not appropriate for surveys.

The correct answer is: Which additional environmental improvements would you like to see?

Question 48

Smart cities equitably integrate technology into planning to enhance city organization, future resilience, and the quality of life of residents. Which is a pressing concern for planners of smart cities?
i. The smart city focus on technology will threaten the environment and nature in the name of digital progress.
ii. With the abundance of data collected about urban residents, cities are vulnerable to cybersecurity threats.
iii. Data gaps and inconsistencies can replicate existing biases and exacerbate inequality.
iv. Access to broadband and digital services does not currently extend to all residents.

a.
I, II, III, and IV

b.
I and II

c.
II and III

d.
II, III, and IV

Answer 48

Smart cities are defined as a city that equitably integrates technology, community, and nature to enhance its livability, sustainability, and resilience, while fostering innovation, collaboration, and participatory co-creation. A connection to nature and a focus on sustainability are inherent elements of true smart cities, thus making the other choices inaccurate. The APA identified cybersecurity and data privacy, data gaps and biases, and access gaps to technology as the biggest current challenges to smart city development and maintenance.

The correct answer is: II, III, and IV

Question 49

When interviewing a resident about their opinions, what kind of statistical bias are you most likely to experience?

a.
Recall bias

b.
Selection bias

c.
Loss aversion

d.
Survivorship bias

Answer 49

Recall bias occurs when interviewees present incorrect accounts or inaccurate data due to shortcomings of their own memory. This could easily happen in an interview setting.

The correct answer is: Recall bias

Question 50

Gray infrastructure

Answer 50

Gray infrastructure is traditional stormwater infrastructure in the built environment such as gutters, drains, pipes, and retention basins.

Question 51

Biophilic design

Answer 51

Biophilic design is a concept used within the building industry to increase occupant connectivity to the natural environment through the use of direct nature, indirect nature, and space and place conditions.

Question 52

Go Bond

Answer 52

Question 53

TIF

Answer 53

Tax Increment Financing (TIFs) are best used in blighted areas that have the potential for an increased tax base

Question 54

TIGER files

Answer 54

TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing) files come from the US Census Bureau.

Question 55

Translational research

Applied research

Basic research

Answer 55

Translational research is research aimed at translating results in basic research into results that directly benefit humans.

Applied research is a non-systematic way of finding solutions to specific research problems or issues. These problems or issues can be on an individual, group, or societal level.

Basic research, or fundamental research, is a type of investigation focused on improving the understanding of a particular phenomenon, study or law of nature.

Question 56

How did federal housing policies in the 1940s and ’50s undermine the ability of African American families to build wealth?

I. The first civilian public housing program frequently demolished integrated neighborhoods to create segregated public housing
II. Federal programs failed to preserve historic neighborhoods
III. The development of the suburbs was federally subsidized on a condition that they be only sold to white families
IV. Suburban homes often had deeds that prohibited resale to African Americans

a.
All of these are correct.

b.
I, III, and IV

c.
II, III, and IV

d.
I only

Answer 56

It was not that federal programs failed to preserve historic neighborhoods that undermined the ability of African Americans to own homes and grow their wealth. Instead, the failure to pass the Fair Housing Act until 1968 in combination with civilian public housing programs, along with the development of racially exclusive suburbs, that undermined the ability of African Americans to own homes and grow their wealth.

The correct answer is: I, III, and IV

Question 57

Environmental advocacy groups are demanding that city representatives undo—and stop perpetuating—decades of unfair policies and practices that have left communities of color and low-income residents overburdened with toxic air pollution and other environmental health hazards. Which of the following recommendations is best to improve the environmental conditions of these communities?

a.
Making vacant lands an asset.

b.
Hiring a diverse workforce for the planning team.

c.
Prioritizing more compact, diverse, mixed-use development.

d.
Establishing a graduated real estate transfer tax (to generate revenue in a progressive way).

Answer 57

The prioritization of compact, diverse, mixed-use development fosters more affordable housing and connections with public transportation that help address the spatial distribution of noxious land uses and improve the environmental conditions of poor communities.

The other choices are all recommendations better suited for dismantling more general barriers that create inequities by race and income, not environmental racism specifically.

The correct answer is: Prioritizing more compact, diverse, mixed-use development.

Question 58

You are Planning Director of a town increasingly concerned about the stresses of urban sprawl on the school system. One of the town’s councilmembers wants you to look into the possibility of establishing an Urban Service Limit Line to identify school boundaries within which urban development will be allowed in a graduated way during a specified time period. What do you advise the council member?

Select one:

a.
An Urban Service Limit Line could help determine where public schools will be located

b.
An Urban Service Limit Line was used in the 1960s but is no longer used

c.
An Urban Service Limit Line is not appropriate for determining where public schools will be located

d.
An Urban Service Limit Line is not used to determine service areas

Answer 58

An Urban Service Limit Line is a boundary, sometimes parcel-specific, located to mark the outer limits beyond which urban development will not be allowed. It has the aim of discouraging urban sprawl by containing urban development during a specified period, and its location may be modified over time. An Urban Service Limit Line does not determine where public schools will be located.

The correct answer is: An Urban Service Limit Line is not appropriate for determining where public schools will be located

Question 59

Which of the following was an important outcome of Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company?
I. Upheld zoning
II. Found that zoning is a valid use of police power
III. Euclid’s zoning ordinance became a standard used by many other communities
Select one:

a.
I only

b.
I and II

c.
II and III

d.
I, II, and III

Answer 59

The Euclid case found that zoning is a valid use of police power. That said, the ordinance was not very good (hence, the legal challenge), so other cities chose to write different ordinances.

The correct answer is: I and II

Question 60

The Wagner-Steagall Act (Housing Act of 1937) was the first act to link public housing with slum clearance. What rule in the act continued segregation practices in the new housing?
Select one:

a.
Golden Rule

b.
Neighborhood composition rule

c.
Consistent distribution rule

d.
Status quo rule

Answer 60

The Wagner-Steagall Act of 1937 created a two-tiered policy of providing mortgage insurance to promote home ownership for the middle class, while creating public housing for the poor. The neighborhood composition rule created a class and race segregation. This means that public housing in white neighborhoods was reserved for white families

The correct answer is: Neighborhood composition rule

Question 61

Walmart has recently announced plans to enter your metropolitan area opening five new supercenters. The City Council is concerned about the impact a new supercenter would have on the existing retailers in the community. What would be an appropriate policy response?

Select one:

a.
Enforce impact fees for retail development

b.
Limit the maximum size of a retail store

c.
All of these are correct

d.
Require a design review for new retailers

Answer 61

All of the other options would affect all retail, not just big-box retailers. Additionally, a major retailer would be able to afford to pay the impact fees or go through design review, where this might make it difficult for smaller retailers to build in your city.

The correct answer is: Limit the maximum size of a retail store

Question 62

Which of the following is true about where young adults between the ages of 25 and 34 live?
Select one:

a.
They are living closer to city centers (within 10 miles) than previous generations

b.
More people in this age range live in central cities than in the suburbs

c.
Their growth in inner ring suburbs has recently plummeted

d.
Since 2010, many more are living outside of metro areas

Answer 62

Adults between 25 and 34 are living closer to city centers (within 10 miles) than previous generations, and young adults living outside metro areas in the U.S. plummeted in the 2010s. This age group is also living near city centers at a higher rate since 2010 than in the previous decade. Much of the growth is happening in urban areas just outside of downtown. However, in absolute terms, more people in this age range live in the suburbs, though growth has leveled off.

The correct answer is: They are living closer to city centers (within 10 miles) than previous generations

Question 63

Which of the following would you include in the drafting of a zoning ordinance?

I. Minimum lot sizes
II. Maximum building heights
III. Procedures for changes in zoning
IV. Placement of infrastructure
Select one:

a.
I only

b.
I and II

c.
I, II, and III only

d.
II only

Answer 63

A zoning ordinance would include information on lot sizes, building heights, and procedures. It would not include information on placement of infrastructure, which is more likely to appear in subdivision regulations.

The correct answer is: I, II, and III only

Question 64

Which of the following does NOT constitute a conflict of interest, according to the AICP Code of Ethics?
Select one:

a.
Providing private information about a case to an environmental group

b.
Accepting a bribe from a homebuilder

c.
Reviewing a rezoning case for a property your brother owns

d.
Working for a developer who has a case before your employer

Answer 64

While all of these answers are unethical, providing private information about a case to an environmental group does NOT constitute a conflict of interest according to the AICP Code of Ethics.

The correct answer is: Providing private information about a case to an environmental group

Question 65

Three planners worked together for a developer for several years before both joining the planning department in a mid-sized city. The planners are close and play on the same community softball league and go out for happy hour every month. After two years at the department, one of the planners returns to the development firm. How does this change the personal and professional relationship of the planners?
Select one:

a.
This has no impact on their personal and professional relationship.

b.
It will change because they would not be able to continue their business relationship, but it would be possible to continue their personal relationship.

c.
It will change because the Planning Director will need to make sure that permitting cases from the developer are assigned to him rather than the staff planners who are friends.

d.
It will change because they can no longer see each other in social or professional settings.

Answer 65

The AICP Code states “We shall avoid a conflict of interest or even the appearance of a conflict of interest in accepting assignments from clients or employers.” If the planner at the development firm were to submit cases to the city, the Planning Director will need to take responsibility for assignment of cases from the planner with the developer to ensure that the friends do not review the case. Because it is a mid-sized city, it is likely that the Planning Director will have to do the reviews themselves.

The correct answer is: It will change because the Planning Director will need to make sure that permitting cases from the developer are assigned to him rather than the staff planners who are friends.

Question 66

Which of the following would best protect and preserve agricultural land?
Select one:

a.
Pass a state Right to Farm law

b.
Development of a transfer of development rights program

c.
Development of a purchase of development rights program

d.
Adoption of an agricultural zoning district

Answer 66

The correct answer is development of a purchase of development rights program. While the other answers would protect agricultural land, a purchase program guarantees that land will be preserved in perpetuity.

The correct answer is: Development of a purchase of development rights program

Question 67

What is the primary purpose of a fiscal impact analysis?
Select one:

a.
To determine if a project will generate sufficient revenue to defray necessary public service costs

b.
To assess the amount of revenue needed to support the current level of service

c.
To assess fiscal effects of new land uses

d.
To help jurisdictions determine if adequate sewer capacity exists for a new development

Answer 67

If a particular development or plan will bring more in revenues than it will cost in services, it might help ease local financial burdens and allow the locality to improve services or cut taxes. Conversely, if a development or plan will require service costs that exceed revenues, it could increase pressure to raise taxes, find additional sources of funds, or curtail community services. It is important to understand the fiscal impact of a proposed development on public services.

The correct answer is: To determine if a project will generate sufficient revenue to defray necessary public service costs

Question 68

Which of the following flood zones does FEMA designate as a Special Flood Hazard Area?
Select one:

a.
200-year flood

b.
100-year flood

c.
300-year flood

d.
500-year flood

Answer 68

FEMA Definition: Flood hazard areas identified on the Flood Insurance Rate Map are identified as an Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA). SFHAs are defined as areas that will be inundated by the flood event having a 1-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. The 1-percent annual chance flood is also referred to as the base flood or 100-year flood.

The correct answer is: 100-year flood

Question 69

Your city is preparing to undertake a complete rewrite of its development ordinances. You have undertaken a series of case studies to understand new approaches to development regulation. You are preparing a summary to share with the development ordinance writing team. One of the examples you profile is Miami 21. Which of the following does Miami 21 exemplify:
Select one:

a.
Form-based zoning

b.
Unified development

c.
Cumulative zoning

d.
Euclidean zoning

Answer 69

Miami 21 is a form-based code, guided by the tenants of Smart Growth and New Urbanism

The correct answer is: Form-based zoning

Question 70

The city you work for is interested in expanding its carbon sequestration. Which of the following would you recommend be included as part of the green infrastructure plan to achieve this goal?

I. Institute a food waste diversion program at all city facilities
II. Install permeable pavement in city parking lots
III. Create an urban forestry program
IV. Use rain barrels to collect stormwater at city buildings
Select one:

a.
I only

b.
II, III, and IV

c.
I and III

d.
All of these are correct

Answer 70

Planting trees as part of an urban forestry program will result in carbon sequestration. In addition, the diversion of food waste to composting (rather than a landfill) will also result in carbon sequestration.

The correct answer is: I and III

Question 71

Working with the redevelopment authority, you are trying to identify potential tenants for a 75,000-square-foot vacant shopping center. Which of the following would be the most suitable anchor?
Select one:

a.
Department Store

b.
Discount Store

c.
Grocery Store

d.
Restaurant

Answer 71

A grocery store would be the most suitable anchor. The average size of grocery stores grew throughout the 2000s and by the end of the decade averaged approximately 48,000 square feet, with 60,000+ stores becoming common by integrating coffee service, pharmacy functions, etc. A restaurant would be much smaller, around 5,000 square feet or smaller. Department stores are larger, around 150,000 or more square feet. And a discount store, such as Walmart, averages 175,000 square feet.

The correct answer is: Grocery Store

Question 72

Which of the following is true of Harland Bartholomew?
Select one:

a.
19th century planner in the U.K.

b.
Wrote the first comprehensive zoning ordinance

c.
Advocated for tenant’s rights in East Harlem

d.
Wrote a comprehensive plan for St. Louis

Answer 72

Harland Bartholomew had a long career and was responsible for preparing the comprehensive plans for communities across the country.

The correct answer is: Wrote a comprehensive plan for St. Louis

Question 73

Who introduced the concept of Satisficing?
Select one:

a.
John Friedmann

b.
Charles Lindblom

c.
Amitai Etzioni

d.
Herbert Simon

Answer 73

Herbert Simon introduced the concept of Satisficing.

The correct answer is: Herbert Simon

Question 74

Since the 1990s, your community has seen a steady increase in the number of homeless living in camps in your community. The mayor has asked you to form a task force to find a way to get the homeless off the streets before the next winter sets in. In talking with service providers, you learn that the following is one of the key reasons for an increase in homelessness over time:

Select one:

a.
The state won’t mail benefits to people who do not have a permanent address.

b.
Federal repeal and cuts to programs that assist the poor, including the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program.

c.
Housing trusts established to build transitional housing have not been able to keep with the demand for housing.

d.
A local manufacturer shut down, and the 100 people employed in the factory have suffered from long-term unemployment.

Answer 74

The principal cause of the increase in homelessness were cuts in federal aid programs. The AFDC program was replaced with the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families. This program helps only a portion of the families that AFDC reached. The amount paid to persons receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) has not increased at a rate that keeps up with the cost of living. The SSI payment, which supports the disabled, is less than the average monthly rent for a studio apartment.

The correct answer is: Federal repeal and cuts to programs that assist the poor, including the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program.

Question 75

The HOPE VI program:
I. Represents one of the most ambitious urban redevelopment efforts in the nation’s history
II. Replaced severely distressed public housing projects with redesigned mixed-income housing
III. Transformed the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) approach to housing assistance for the poor
IV. Failed to address the many African Americans who continue to live in uninhabitable housing

a.
II only

b.
I and III

c.
I, II, and III

d.
All of these are correct.

Answer 75

The HOPE VI program was a significant urban redevelopment effort in the U.S. that changed the way that the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) approached housing assistance for the poor. HOPE VI replaced severely distressed public housing projects with redesigned mixed-income housing and provided housing vouchers for residents to seek housing on the private market. However, despite HOPE VI, many Black Americans continue to live in the worst housing projects in uninhabitable units.

The correct answer is: All of these are correct.

Question 76

The average size of a[n] __________ has grown significantly over the last 30 years.
Select one:

a.
House

b.
Street

c.
Office tower

d.
Apartment complex

Answer 76

The National Association of Homebuilders has found that homes have increased in size. The average American house size has more than doubled since the 1950s; it now stands at 2,349 square feet.

The correct answer is: House

Question 77

This housing reformer was active in the 19th century.
Select one:

a.
Jane Addams

b.
Robert Olmstead

c.
Jacob Riis

d.
Jane Jacobs

Answer 77

In 1899, Jane Addams founded the Hull House in Chicago to provide housing to low-income families.

The correct answer is: Jane Addams

Question 78

As part of the economic development plan for its downtown, the city is considering the use of eminent domain. In partnership with your city attorney, you write a memo that includes what concept from the result of the Kelo v. City of New London decision to explain how the city can use eminent domain.
Select one:

a.
Planners can take properties through eminent domain for the purposes of economic development

b.
Eminent domain was strengthened by expanding its use for multiple purposes

c.
Planners can take private property if the property is part of a real estate development project

d.
Eminent domain can be used to advance aesthetic goals in a community

Answer 78

The Kelo decision found that the use of eminent domain for economic development is a valid use of police powers.

The correct answer is: Planners can take properties through eminent domain for the purposes of economic development

Question 79

You work for the State Department of Development Services. There has recently been a change in the governorship as a result of the statewide election. Which of the following positions serves at the discretion of the Governor?

Org Chart
Select one:

a.
Economic Development Manager

b.
Site Selection Manager

c.
Director of Development Services

d.
Site Selection Analyst

Answer 79

The Director of Development Services reports directly to the Governor based and serves at the discretion of the Governor. The remainder of the employees listed as potential answers to this question report to someone other than the Governor.

The correct answer is: Director of Development Services

Question 80

You are the planning director of a grass-roots regional organization that has received a grant from the county to develop a new bicycle corridor plan. Several well organized groups in the community are opposed to the plan as a waste of taxpayer dollars. They have appealed to the County Commission to terminate your plan. You should:
Select one:

a.
Continue the plan as tasked and schedule additional meetings to identify and mitigate issues raised by the opposition.

b.
Call the commissioners with a new alternative that would require no public investment.

c.
Continue working on the plan with the confidence that opponentss have voiced their concern and still have avenues of redress through the public hearing process.

d.
Your role is to prepare the plan, not to deal with public opposition from individual groups. You inform the commissioners of their responsibilities.

Answer 80

Opposition should not be ignored. The best thing to do would be to continue working on the plan while at the same time receiving input from all groups and looking for ways to mitigate issues. It would not be appropriate to call commissioners directly or try to bury or offload opposition.

The correct answer is: Continue the plan as tasked and schedule additional meetings to identify and mitigate issues raised by the opposition.

Question 81

Which management technique requires the agency to set clear, specific, and realistic objectives that can be prioritized and measured?
Select one:

a.
MBO

b.
Delphi

c.
MPO

d.
Critical path method

Answer 81

Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are. The Management By Objectives term was first popularized by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book “The Practice of Management.”

The correct answer is: MBO

Question 82

The City Manager has informed you, the Planning Director, that the department has customer service problems: the review time for applications is too long, and staff morale is generally low. You decide to undertake a strategic planning process with the staff. Which of the following analyses would be appropriate to use?
Select one:

a.
CPTED

b.
Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

c.
Program Evaluation and Review Technique

d.
Environmental Impact Analysis

Answer 82

SWOT analysis. Assessing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats is a critical part of the strategic planning process. EIS stands for environmental impact analysis. PERT is a project management technique. CPTED stands for crime prevention through environmental design.

The correct answer is: Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

Question 83

Which of the following accurately describes the zero-based budget?
Select one:

a.
The budget is based on the previous year’s expenditures

b.
The budget is based on projected revenue

c.
The budget is organized by categories

d.
The budget is based on decision packages

Answer 83

Zero-based budgeting assumes that every unit has $0 and then the governing body decides on a series of decision packages that will advance key goals and objectives of the organization.

The correct answer is: The budget is based on decision packages

Question 84

Which of the following divisions would characterize a planning agency that is vertically integrated by subject area?
Select one:

a.
Current planning, regulations, information systems

b.
Current planning, long range planning, sustainability

c.
Transportation, land use, housing

d.
Comprehensive planning, site plan review, zoning

Answer 84

Planning agencies might be vertically integrated by subject area (e.g., transportation, land use, housing), which is different from organizing by functional approach (e.g., planning, regulations, information systems, investment, policy). Organization by an agency’s legal status would separate legislative functions (e.g., planning, code writing) from quasi-judicial (e.g., regulatory) and enforcement (e.g., permit administration).

The correct answer is: Transportation, land use, housing

Question 85

You have been invited by the planning school in your region to give a lecture on the Land Based Classification Standards (LBCS). You want to make sure that the students have a strong understanding of how these standards aid in creating a consistent understanding across communities. Which of the following do you emphasize in your lecture?

I. LBCS emphasizes activities based on observable character
II. LBCS emphasizes site development character in the overall physical development
III. LBCS has a five-dimension, nine-color code
IV. LBCS emphasizes the role of the planner in negotiating development schemes
Select one:

a.
I only

b.
I and II

c.
I, II, and III

d.
I, II, III, and IV

Answer 85

The Land Based Classification Standards help planners with a model for classifying land uses. LBCS Classifies land uses across five dimensions. For local planning purposes, LBCS calls for classifying land uses in the following dimensions: Activity, Function, Structure Type, Site Development Character, and Ownership.
The correct answer is: I, II, and III

Question 86

A local government wants to construct a new city hall but doesn’t have all the money needed. The city decides to have a private sector developer build the building and lease it to the city until it can eventually take ownership. This is known as:
Select one:

a.
Revenue bond financing

b.
General obligation bond financing

c.
Lease-purchase

d.
Pay as you go financing

Answer 86

Lease-purchase is similar to the rent-to-own concept. The government partners with the developer and agrees to make lease payments for a fixed period of time. At the end of the fixed period, the government will own the building.

The correct answer is: Lease-purchase

Question 87

Which of the following statements about Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTCs) is false?

a.
LIHTCs provide a dollar-for-dollar tax deduction for participants.

b.
The maximum rent that can be charged in a unit funded by LIHTCs is a percentage of an area’s median income.

c.
Unit affordability must be maintained for at least a 15-year compliance period.

d.
The majority (90 percent) of affordable housing in the United States was funded by LIHTCs.

Answer 87

LIHTCs provide a dollar-for-dollar tax reduction in a taxpayer’s federal income tax. A tax deduction only provides a reduction in taxable income.

The correct answer is: LIHTCs provide a dollar-for-dollar tax deduction for participants.

Question 88

Which of the following would not be thought of as being part of a local economy?
Select one:

a.
Major employers

b.
Business conditions

c.
School enrollment

d.
Employment growth

Answer 88

School enrollment is not part of the local economy.

The correct answer is: School enrollment

Question 89

You are trying to reach out to senior citizens in your community to understand whether the existing senior center is meeting the community’s needs. Which of the following would be the most effective way to reach this group?
Select one:

a.
Mail Survey

b.
Social Media link to a Survey

c.
Phone Survey

d.
Email Survey

Answer 89

Those over 65 use the Internet and e-mail in the smallest portions. A phone or mail survey are more likely to reach seniors, but a mail survey is the most likely to reach the resident and to receive a response.

The correct answer is: Mail Survey

Question 90

Management by Objectives is a participatory approach to establishing measurable objectives in an organization. Which of the following is NOT true of Management by Objectives?
Select one:

a.
The organization develops a set of decision packages.

b.
The organization sets realistic objectives each year.

c.
The organization benefits from clarifying its goals.

d.
The organization measures progress toward objectives on an annual basis.

Answer 90

Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are.

The Management By Objectives process was first popularized by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book “The Practice of Management.”

Decision packages are associated with Zero-Based Zoning.
The correct answer is: The organization develops a set of decision packages.

Question 91

ou are tasked with making a presentation on the state of the housing market in your town. You have data from the past year’s sales. As it happens, the local land bank sold many properties for a token $1 (well below market value) in a neighborhood stabilization effort. Which of the following would be the best statistical summary of the central tendency of the sales prices:
Select one:

a.
the mode

b.
the mean

c.
the range

d.
the median

Answer 91

Given that many properties were sold below market value, the distribution will be dominated by these low value sales and be skewed toward the low end. As a result, the mean will be affected by these outliers. Consequently, the median is a better measure of central tendency. The mode is irrelevant (the price at which most houses were sold) and the range is a measure of spread.

The correct answer is: the median

Question 92

You have been invited to participate as your city’s representative on the Metropolitan Planning Organization’s transportation improvement program planning process. As the discussions begin there are repeated references to MAP-21. You ask the person next to you and they tell you that MAP-21 stand for?
Select one:

a.
Mobility, Accessibility, and Purpose in the 21st Century

b.
Movable Access for People in the 21st Century

c.
Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century

d.
Mobility, Accessibility, and Progress in the 21st Century

Answer 92

It stands for Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century

The correct answer is: Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century

Question 93

As the transportation planner for the city of Plannersville, you have identified a roadway that is significantly over capacity. This major arterial runs across multiple jurisdictions. You wish to expand this roadway and turn part of the project into a complete street. You have put together a proposal that is supported by the Plannersville City Council. Your next step is to go to the _______ to have the transportation improvement placed into their transportation improvement program.
Select one:

a.
COG

b.
MPO

c.
NRA

d.
DOT

Answer 93

Your next step is to go to the MPO to have the transportation improvement placed into their transportation improvement program. The Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) is a six-year financial program that describes the schedule for obligating federal funds to state and local projects. The TIP contains funding information for all modes of transportation including roadway projects, as well as transit capital and operating costs.

The correct answer is: MPO

Question 94

You have been asked to be a guest speaker at a conference about zoning. The organizers have asked you to speak U.S. Supreme Court cases specifically related to zoning. In addition to Euclid vs. Ambler, what is another case that you would most likely speak about?
Select one:

a.
Nectow v. City of Cambridge

b.
Welch v. Swasey

c.
Rapanos v. United States

d.
Eubank v. City of Richmond

Answer 94

In the Nectow case (1928), the plaintiff sued for a mandatory injunction for a permit to erect a building without regard to the zoning ordinance, which zoned the land residential. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling, and found that the invasion of the plaintiff’s property right was “serious and highly injurious,” and that the zoning ordinance would not promote the health, safety, convenience, or general welfare of the inhabitants of Cambridge.

The correct answer is: Nectow v. City of Cambridge

Question 95

An increasing number of developers have been seeking rezonings allowing for increased development. Given the development pressures, you want to understand how the public will “recapture” a reasonable share of the increased land value in the form of community benefits.

Which of the following would be the best approach?

Select one:

a.
Overlay Zoning

b.
Land value capture

c.
Neighborhood based plans focused on evaluating appropriate land uses in each neighborhood

d.
Neighborhood based review of development proposals

Answer 95

Land Value Capture is a method that helps finance public improvements by capturing some of the value that typically accrues to property located near such improvements. In Boston, land value capture is being used to fund infrastructure projects that counter the impacts of climate change.

The correct answer is: Land value capture

Question 96

Your organization has been contracted to help determine community preferences regarding a new zoning reform effort. You have already conducted a mail survey, and the survey response rate was sufficient. However, while the survey provided generalized information, you need to gain more comprehensive understanding. Which of the following would be the most effective approach?
Select one:

a.
Interview neighborhood organizations

b.
Undertake a charette

c.
Hold a public hearing

d.
Conduct a new citizen survey

Answer 96

Surveys are good for gaining a generalized understanding of community preferences. For a more comprehensive, in-depth understanding, interviewing neighborhood organizations would be a good approach. Public hearings are unlikely to provide more depth of understanding. Charrettes are aimed at intensive planning and design outcomes.

The correct answer is: Interview neighborhood organizations

Question 97

A 100,000 square foot shopping center is proposed. The zoning code requires one parking space for every 200 square feet of building, and the average size of a parking space is 400 square feet. How much area would be needed for parking?
Select one:

a.
5-10 acres

b.
Less than 5 acres

c.
10-15 acres

d.
More than 15 acres

Answer 97

The correct answer is less than 5 acres. Dividing 100,000 by 200 = 500 parking spaces required. Multiplying 500 by 400 square feet = 200,000 square feet needed for parking. That total is divided by the number of square feet in an acre (43,560), equaling 4.59 acres.

The correct answer is: Less than 5 acres

Question 98

Which of the following best exemplifies the regionalism movement as espoused by Geddes?
Select one:

a.
Pruitt-Igoe

b.
The White City

c.
Tennessee Valley Authority

d.
Greenhills, OH

Answer 98

Geddes promoted regionals as a form of civic responsibility for the middle ground. It was a source of development to be managed from the center and the Tennessee Valley Authority touted grassroots democracy as it sought to promote regional development.

The correct answer is: Tennessee Valley Authority

Question 99

You have been charged with overseeing an eminent domain and redevelopment project. You are in the process of sequencing events so that it is clear which activities need to occur in which sequence to ensure the success of the project and completion before October (when winter weather will set in). Which of the following project management techniques would be most effective in helping you complete this project saving the most time and resources?
Select one:

a.
GANTT chart

b.
Critical Path Method

c.
Linear Programming

d.
PERT Network chart

Answer 99

The Program Evaluation and Review technique is a decision-making tool designed to achieve objectives in which time is a critical factor. This technique is most helpful when time expectations are significant.

The correct answer is: PERT Network chart

Question 100

You are organizing a public participatory event that disseminates information to local residents about the planning department’s newest venture—a revitalization of a historic downtown commercial district. Your meeting is composed of a technical presentation by members of the Department and a group Q and A. A transcript of the meeting is recorded and saved in an official record. This meeting is an example of a …

a.
public hearing

b.
open house

c.
educational event

d.
public meeting

Answer 100

A public hearing includes a technical presentation, group Q&A, and a formal transcript.

A public meeting is less formal and delineated from other meetings than a public hearing and can take many forms.

An open house is less structured and does not involve a formal presentation. Open houses can include a series of less formal presentations or information displays with one-on-one Q&As between members of the planning department and interested residents.

An educational event also includes an informational display and a presentation by the planning department to educate the public about a specific topic, but because the goal is education rather than gauging public opinion, there is less dialogue between planners and residents.
The correct answer is: public hearing

Question 101

When preparing for a contentious public meeting, planners should…

a.
personally invite advocates and vocal residents to the meeting to build goodwill.

b.
cede the floor to community members whenever possible to ensure residents feel heard.

c.
allow community members to speak for as long as they see fit to build trust.

d.
accept questions via verbal communication only to avoid distraction during the meeting.

Answer 101

Planners have a responsibility to build and maintain trust and goodwill in the communities they serve, but it is also important to keep public meetings controlled. The incorrect answers to this question risk derailing planning meetings, but the correct choice emphasizes the importance of community members without allowing them complete control of the meeting.

The correct answer is: personally invite advocates and vocal residents to the meeting to build goodwill.

Question 102

What do facilitation and mediation have in common as methods for structuring public participation?

a.
The facilitator is often a trusted community member

b.
These methods are often used to help resolve conflict outside of court

c.
These methods have multiple stages

d.
A third party with no direct stake in the outcome facilitates the discussion

Answer 102

This choice is true of both mediation and facilitation, in which the facilitator has no stake in the outcome of the conflict. The other choices are specific to facilitation or mediation, but not both.

The correct answer is: A third party with no direct stake in the outcome facilitates the discussion

Question 103

Which of the following is a reason for selecting a random sample from a large population?
Select one:

a.
To provide a statistically significant sample

b.
To ensure a good response rate

c.
To provide an approximation of the characteristics of the population

d.
To ensure a normal distribution

Answer 103

Random sampling ensures that results obtained from a sample approximate what would have been obtained if the entire population had been measured. The simplest random sample allows all the units in the population to have an equal chance of being selected.

The correct answer is: To provide an approximation of the characteristics of the population

Question 104

As the state’s Energy Director, you are undertaking an audit of land use controls in your state that may be encouraging or discouraging renewable energy. You find that the following form of renewable energy is the most regulated by local governments.
Select one:

a.
Anaerobic Digestion

b.
Wind

c.
Geothermal

d.
Solar

Answer 104

Wind energy is the most commonly regulated by local governments. This typically includes setback requirements as well as zoning district categories that allow or prohibit wind turbines.

The correct answer is: Wind

Question 105

Sample selection bias can occur when:
Select one:

a.
Samples are small

b.
Two samples are drawn and only one of the samples is used

c.
The selection process is influenced by the availability of data.

d.
Simple random sampling

Answer 105

The selection process is critical to ensuring a statistically valid sample. For example, selecting a convenience sample based on the ease of the availability of data could result in sample selection bias.

The correct answer is: The selection process is influenced by the availability of data.

Question 106

The city has been struggling since the economic downturn to fully fund public services. The city has created a task force to explore options for reducing costs. Of particular interest are opportunities to partner on shared services. Which of the following should you recommend as part of the task force report?
Select one:

a.
Office space in the new village complex

b.
Police or fire services

c.
Parks and green spaces

d.
School recreational areas

Answer 106

Communities and schools have partnered to share school recreational facilities when school is not operating. School recreation areas maximizes the use of facilities and shares the cost of maintaining facilities.

The correct answer is: School recreational areas

Question 107

As the community development director for your community, you have just completed the consolidated plan process. HUD has approved funding to assist low-income households. You are now able to accept applications for rental assistance. Which federal program provides rental assistance to low-income households?
Select one:

a.
HOME Investment Partnership Act

b.
HOPE VI

c.
Section 8 Certificates

d.
Community Development Block Grants

Answer 107

The correct answer is Section 8 Certificates. The Section 8 housing program provides funds to pay a portion of the rent for low-income households. The amount paid depends on household income. While the HOME program provides for the possibility of rental assistance, Section 8 rental assistance is only possible where market conditions support such use. Therefore, Section 8 is the best answer.

The correct answer is: Section 8 Certificates

Question 108

You are assessing the city’s sewage treatment process to determine their effectiveness and capacity for a capital improvements plan. Which of the following types of treatment is the city most likely to undertake?

I. Primary Treatment
II. Secondary Treatment
III. Tertiary Treatment
IV. Quaternary Treatment
Select one:

a.
I only

b.
I and II

c.
I, II, and III

d.
I, II, III, and IV

Answer 108

Sewage flows from a drain into a pipe which then joins a larger sewer pipe in a right of way. This larger pipe then joins a central pipe that leads to a sewage treatment plan. Initially, the sewage is screened to capture larger items, such as plastic containers. It is then sent through a primary, then secondary, then tertiary treatment process before the treated water is released.

The correct answer is: I, II, and III

Question 109

A researcher was studying an area to determine the presence and concentration of an endangered frog species. To obtain an estimate of the population in a large forest, he picked a random point in the forest and a random direction. He went to the random starting point and counted the number of frogs in the forest closest to that point. He then took ten steps in the direction that had been selected at random and counted the number of frogs. He repeated the process of taking ten steps in the same direction and counting the number of frogs until he had counted the number of frogs from 50 walks. What type of sampling plan is this?
Select one:

a.
stratified random sampling

b.
simple random sampling

c.
cluster sampling

d.
systematic random sampling

Answer 109

Systematic random sampling starts by selecting a starting point at random and then selecting a consistent random number from that point. For example, starting at person 434 and then selecting every tenth person from that point on in the phone book to call to participate in a survey.

The correct answer is: systematic random sampling

Question 110

What are some of the common ways that cities use Tax Increment Financing (TIF)?

I. To fund capital improvements to jump-start development in a specific area.
II. To retain existing businesses by investing in infrastructure upgrades or additional services in a district.
III. To lower taxes for businesses and residents of a struggling community in perpetuity.
IV. To subsidize public schools throughout the city.
Select one:

a.
I and IV

b.
I and II

c.
I, II, III, and IV

d.
II and III

Answer 110

Tax Increment Financing is often used to support the funding of capital improvements in a specific area of a community. This is achieved through capturing the increase in tax value.

The correct answer is: I and II

Question 111

You are the senior planner for a medium-sized suburb. As part of your position, you will be conducting a survey about the need for affordable housing. You are considering a telephone survey of 100 citizens. Which of the following is a true statement regarding the survey?
Select one:

a.
The instrument is likely to reach the target audience.

b.
The survey method is probably not the most appropriate method for learning about the need for affordable housing.

c.
The instrument would be less cost effective than a mail survey.

d.
The sample size is not sufficient.

Answer 111

For a topic like affordable housing, which can be controversial, a telephone survey might not be able to adequately gauge resident attitudes. You do not have enough information about the survey to assess whether the sample size is sufficient or whether you are reaching the target audience. Telephone surveys tend to be more cost effective than mail surveys.

The correct answer is: The survey method is probably not the most appropriate method for learning about the need for affordable housing.

Question 112

The 3 Cs of public engagement include coalition building, consensus building, and…

a.
conflict resolution

b.
creativity

c.
community organizing

d.
changing culture

Answer 112

The APA recognizes 3 Cs of public engagement: Coalition building, Consensus building, and Conflict resolution.

The correct answer is: conflict resolution

Question 113

As a transportation planner for the Metropolitan Planning Organization you are presenting to the region’s leaders about the future of transportation. One of the mayors has asked you to talk about driverless cars. In your talk you believe it is most important to mention:
Select one:

a.
For driverless cars to become a reality in the region, cities will need to upgrade their transportation infrastructure to enable the use of the Internet of Things—i.e., for traffic control devices to communicate with driverless vehicles.

b.
The introduction of driverless vehicles will generate big data resulting in the need to upgrade information technology systems so that cities can better plan for and make upgrades to transportation systems.

c.
Driverless vehicles are in the distant future and could easily be prohibited if a mayor doesn’t want them.

d.
Driverless vehicles will need to be enabled by local public safety laws.

Answer 113

For driverless cars to operate effectively, they must be able to communicate with traffic control devices. For example, telling a traffic signal that the vehicle is approaching allows the traffic signal to change. The generation of big data is also a correct answer, and cities will need to upgrade their ICT systems, but the best answer is about traffic control devices.

The correct answer is: For driverless cars to become a reality in the region, cities will need to upgrade their transportation infrastructure to enable the use of the Internet of Things—i.e., for traffic control devices to communicate with driverless vehicles.

Question 114

Following the U.S. Census Bureau’s delineation of urban area boundaries, you are directed by your supervisor to challenge the delineation because of how it affects program eligibility and funding formulas. You respond to your supervisor that:

I. Urban area boundaries do not impact funding formulas
II. The Census Bureau does not have an appeal process
III. The Census Bureau publishes criteria for delineating urban areas prior to each decennial census, and that is when comments are received
IV. You will draft the appeal, which will then need to be approved by the County Board
Select one:

a.
II and III

b.
IV only

c.
I only

d.
II only

Answer 114

Program eligibility and funding formulas can be impacted by urban and rural boundaries. However, the Census Bureau does not have an appeal process. Prior to each decennial census, the Census Bureau publishes in the Federal Register proposed criteria for delineating urban areas for public review and comment. The final criteria adopted for application with decennial census and other data to delineate urban areas reflects the comments received through the Federal Register comment process.

The correct answer is: II and III

Question 115

ou wish to use a software program that will allow you to create moodels to analyze urban development—considering the interactions between land use, transportation, and public policy on a regional scale. You have evaluated a series of software packages. Which would be the most appropriate?
Select one:

a.
SketchUp

b.
UrbanSim

c.
Geographic Information System

d.
CommunityViz

Answer 115

UrbanSim is an open source urban simulation system to support metropolitan land use, transportation, and environmental planning. For more information see http://www.urbansim.com

The correct answer is: UrbanSim

Question 116

Which of the following is NOT true about vested rights?

a.
A nonconforming lot can be developed if the zoning changed after the creation of the lot.

b.
An existing zoning classification is a vested right.

c.
There is a vested right once a substantial financial investment has been made in the property.

d.
Once a building permit has been issued, there is a right to continue with the project regardless of changes in regulation.

Answer 116

This question is asking which is NOT true. There is not a vested right if a property has an existing zoning classification.

The correct answer is: An existing zoning classification is a vested right.

Question 117

Which of the following is a true statement about the Vieux Carré Commission?
Select one:

a.
It was the first Planning Commission.

b.
It was the first Historic District.

c.
It was the first Historic Preservation Commission.

d.
It was the first building on the National Register of Historic Places

Answer 117

The Vieux Carré, also known as the French Quarter, is the oldest section of the city of New Orleans and is a National Historic Landmark. The Vieux Carré Commission (VCC) protects, preserves, and maintains the distinct architectural, historic character, and zoning integrity of the Vieux Carré.

The correct answer is: It was the first Historic Preservation Commission.

Question 118

As a planner working for an affordable housing developer, you are well aware of the legal tangles involved in trying to build low-income multi-family housing in higher-income single-family housing neighborhoods. What legal case would be important to review for instructive lessons about the constitutional issues involved?
Select one:

a.
First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v. County of Los Angeles, which was about violation of the Equal Protection Clause under the Fourteenth Amendment

b.
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corporation, which was about violation of the Equal Protection Clause under the Fourteenth Amendment

c.
Penn Central Transportation Co. v. The City of New York, which was about violation of the Fifth Amendment

d.
Loretto v. New York Metropolitan Housing Corporation, which was about violation of the First and Fifth Amendments

Answer 118

The Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. (MHDC) was trying to build racially integrated low-and moderate-income housing, but it needed a zoning change to switch from a single- to a multi-family classification. MHDC challenged Arlington’s denial as racially discriminatory. The U.S. Supreme Court held that MHDC failed to establish Arlington’s racially discriminatory intent or purpose. While indicating that Arlington’s zoning denial may result in a racially disproportionate impact, the court held that the evidence did not show that this was Arlington’s deliberate intention.

The correct answer is: Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corporation, which was about violation of the Equal Protection Clause under the Fourteenth Amendment

Question 119

The visioning process allows for early citizen involvement, impartial leadership, all inclusive citizen participation, and…
Select one:

a.
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats analysis

b.
Heavy media involvement

c.
Fundraising

d.
A short-term planning mentality

Answer 119

Community visioning is a collaborative process of giving the people who live in a place the opportunity to have a say about what they want their community to be like in the future. Strong media involvement is an important part of this process.

The correct answer is: Heavy media involvement

Question 120

The Warren County protests were the spark of which movement?

a.
environmental justice

b.
grassroots urbanism

c.
Latino urbanism

d.
Black urbanism

Answer 120

The environmental justice movement was launched into mainstream media attention in 1982, when predominantly Black residents of Warren County, North Carolina protested a state decision to dispose of toxic PCB waste near the county’s water supply. The over 500 arrests encouraged national efforts against racist siting practices.

The correct answer is: environmental justice

Question 121

Which of the following is an example of a wicked problem?

a.
climate change

b.
street design

c.
homelessness

d.
All of these are examples of a wicked problem.

Answer 121

A wicked problem is defined as a problem with multiple stakeholders with conflicting interests and no easy, single solution. In all of the choices listed here, there exist multiple stakeholders with conflicting interests. In the case of street design, for example, there are pedestrians, drivers, public transit users and operators, storeowners, homeowners, and others who all have different goals. Street design, climate change, and homelessness are all issues with varied stakeholders and different interests.

The correct answer is: All of these are examples of a wicked problem.

Question 122

A change to the text of a zoning ordinance is known as a:
Select one:

a.
Zoning Map Amendment

b.
Zoning Text Amendment

c.
Variance

d.
Rezoning

Answer 122

Change to text is a zoning text amendment. A rezoning involves a zoning map amendment.

The correct answer is: Zoning Text Amendment

Question 123

The city council in your town is concerned with food deserts and asks the planning staff for an assessment. You are tasked with estimating how many people live within 15 minutes walking distance of a grocery store in your city. Which of the following GIS methods would be appropriate?
Select one:

a.
Heat map

b.
Buffer analysis

c.
Overlay analysis

d.
All of the above

Answer 123

To estimate the number of people within a given point on a map (a grocery store) you would create a 15 minute walking distance buffer around each point and calculate the population within that buffer. This is referred to as buffer analysis.

The correct answer is: Buffer analysis

Question 124

Which of the following is an example of a U.S. Census Bureau household survey?
Select one:

a.
Current Population Survey

b.
American Household Survey

c.
National Crime Victimization Survey

d.
All of the above

Answer 124

All of these are part of the top five household surveys. Also included is the American Community Survey and the National Health Interview Survey (https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/surveyhelp/list-of-surveys/household-surveys.html).

The correct answer is: All of the above

Question 125

You are working on project to build a levee for flood plain protection, which crosses multiple jurisdictions, involves many stakeholders, and has many interrelated activities. Which of the following would be most appropriate to use?
Select one:

a.
Critical Path Method

b.
Goals Achievement Matrix

c.
Linear Programming

d.
GANTT Chart

Answer 125

Critical Path Method is a project planning tool that works well when there are multiple activities and in which some of the activities cannot start until others are complete.

The correct answer is: Critical Path Method

Question 126

What statement is not true about Daniel Burnham?
Select one:

a.
Daniel Burnham was Chief of construction for the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1909

b.
Burnham completed City Beautiful plans for Cleveland and San Francisco.

c.
Burnham headed the McMillan Committee, which resurrected L’Enfant’s plan for Washington D.C. in the early 20th century.

d.
Burnham’s Plan of Chicago was completed in 1909.

Answer 126

The World’s Columbian Exposition, though headed by Burnham, was in 1893. The McMillan Committee, 1901, was headed by Burnham and charged with resurrecting L’Enfant’s plan for Washington D.C. Burnham was involved in a number of City Beautiful plans for major American cities, including Cleveland, San Francisco and Chicago. The Chicago Plan was completed in 1909.

The correct answer is: Daniel Burnham was Chief of construction for the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1909

Question 127

As a planner with a development company you are considering the development of a 1/4-acre property for mixed-use in an in-town neighborhood. The city permits a maximum floor area ratio of 2 with a height limit of 50 feet. Which of the following would you most likely choose?
Select one:

a.
Four stories

b.
Six stories

c.
Two stories

d.
Three stories

Answer 127

To answer this question, divide 43,560 (# of square feet in an acre) by 4 = 10,890. Then multiply this by 2 (the floor area ratio) = 21,780. This is the total amount of square footage that could be developed. Divide 21,780 by the number of floors desired. Because there is a 50 feet height limit, it is unlikely you could build more than 4 stories. While it is true that a 3-story building would be allowed, the assumption here is that the developer will want to build the maximum building height in order to maximize ground floor area. This means 4 stories is the best answer.

The correct answer is: Four stories

Question 128

What is downzoning?
Select one:

a.
Reducing the number of zoning districts

b.
Reducing the intensity of zoning on a site

c.
Instituting an overlay zone

d.
None of the above

Answer 128

Downzoning reduces the intensity of zoning on a site.

The correct answer is: Reducing the intensity of zoning on a site