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PRAXIS Physiological and Acoustic Phonetics: A Speech Science Foundation > Questions > Flashcards

Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

A code or system of symbols used to express concepts formed through exposure and experience

A

language

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2
Q

The production of language

A

speech

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3
Q

The scientific study of the sound systems and patterns used to create the sounds and words of a language

A

phonology

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4
Q

Variations of phonemes that do not impact meaning

A

allophones

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5
Q

The smallest units of sound that can affect meaning

A

phoneme

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6
Q

The abstract system of sounds

A

phonemic

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7
Q

Concrete productions of specific sounds

A

phonetic

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8
Q

Soft, spongy, porous, elastic, pink structures located in the thoracic cavity where the exchange of gas in respiration takes place

A

lungs

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9
Q

which lung is shorter, broader and bigger

A

right

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10
Q

Tubes composed of cartilaginous rings that extend from the lungs upward to the trachea

A

bronchi

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11
Q

bronchi subdivides into

A

bronchioles

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12
Q

bronchioles becomes more _____ and less _____

A

cartilaginous and less muscular

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13
Q

bronchioles communicate with

A

alveolar ducts

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14
Q

how many cartilage rings does trachea have

A

about 20

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15
Q

spinal column has how many vertebrae

A

32-33

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16
Q

spinal column is divided into how many segments

A

5

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17
Q

what are the segments of spinal column

A 
7 cervical 
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral 
3-4 coxygeal
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18
Q

3 parts of sternum

A

manubrium- attaches to clavicle
body- attaches to ribs
xyphoid

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19
Q

composes rib cage

A

12 ribs
sternum
12 thoracic

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20
Q

3 primary muscles for inspiration

A

diaphragm
internal intercostal muscles
external intercostal muscles

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21
Q

what do external intercostal muscles do

A

rase ribs to increase diameter of thoracic cavity for inhalation

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22
Q

Serratus posterior superior
levator costarum longis
levator costar bronchi

A

elevate ribs

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23
Q

accessory muscle of the neck that elevates the sternum and rib cage

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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24
Q

accessory muscle of the neck that controls the head and elongates the neck

A

trapezius

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25
Q

increases transverse dimension of rib cage through elevation of sternum

A

pectoralis major

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26
Q

increases transverse dimension of rib

A

pectoralis minor

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27
Q

Superior boundary of the phonatory system; serves as point of attachment for many tongue muscles

A

hyoid

28
Q

Largest cartilage; protects the larynx; formed by two plates fused at midline

A

thyroid

29
Q

Completely surrounds the trachea; often seen as the uppermost tracheal ring

A

cricoid

30
Q

Small, pyramid shaped cartilages connected to the cricoid cartilage through the cricoarytenoid joint, which permits sliding and circular movements

A

arytenoid

31
Q

Small, cone-shaped cartilages that sit on the apex of the arytenoids; assist in reducing laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing

A

corniculate

32
Q

Stiffen/tense the aryepiglottic folds; located under the mucous membrane covering the aryepiglottic folds

A

cuneiform

33
Q

categories of intrinsic vs extrinsic

A

intrinsic: abductors, adductors, tensors
extrinsic: elevators and depressors

34
Q

intrinsic laryngeal muscles vs extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

intrinsic- controls sound production; opening/closing/tensing/relaxing the vocal folds
extrinsic- support the larynx and fix its position by elevating or depressing the laryngeal structure

35
Q

abductors vs adductors

A

abductors- open VF

adducotrs- close VF

36
Q

only laryngeal muscle with the capability of opening the true vocal folds, which is why it is considered to be a main respiratory muscle of the larynx.

A

posterior cricoarytenoid

37
Q

what does posterior cricoarytenoid innervate

A

vagus nerve (CN x) which is part of recurrent laryngeal branch

38
Q

3 adductors

A

lateral cricoarytenoid
transverse aryentoid
oblique arytenoid

39
Q

function of 3 adductors

A

lateral cricoarynteoid- adducts vocal folds, innervates CN x vagis
transverse arytenoid- adducts VF, innervates CN x vagus
oblique arytenoid- pulls apex of arytenoids medially, innervates CN x

40
Q

which ones are tensors

A

thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid

41
Q

function of (tensor) thyroarytneoid

A

internal thyroaryteniod (vocals muscles /vocal folds) is what makes up majority or thyroarytneoid muscles; it vibrates to produce sound

41
Q

function of cricothyroid

A

tenses and lengthens vocal folds; the muscles involved are pars recta and pars oblique

42
Q

elevators are what kind of muscles

A

suprahyoid muscles that elevate the larynx

43
Q

what are the elevators (supra hyoid muscles)

A 
digastric
mylohyoid
stylohyoid
geniohyoid
hyloglossus
genioglossus
44
Q

what kind of muscles are depressors

A

infra hyoid

45
Q

list the depressor muscles

A

thyrohyoid
omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid

46
Q

what do the elevators innervate

A 
digastric- innervates facial CN VII and trigeminal V
mylohyoid- innervates trigeminal V
geniohyoid- XII hypoglossal and C1
stylohyoid- facial VII
genioglossus- hypoglossal XII
hyoglossus- hypoglossal XII
47
Q

what do depressors innervate

A

sternhyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid innervates c1-c3

thyrohyoid innervate hypoglossal XII and C1

48
Q

3 layers of vocal folds

A

outter- epithelium
middle- lamina proprietor
vocalis muscle provides stability and mass to the fold

49
Q

Separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway

A

aryepiglottic fold

50
Q

aryepiglottic folds are composed of a __________ and ______ extending from the tips of the ________ to the ______

A

ring of connective tissue and muscle

arytenoids to the larynx

51
Q

Vibrate only at very low fundamental frequencies and usually not during typical phonation

A

ventricular/false vocal folds

52
Q

when do ventricular/false vocal folds work

A

during compressions like coughing or lifting heavy objects

53
Q

The vocal folds vibrate because of the forces of pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds

A

Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory

54
Q

Caused by the increased speed of air passing between the vocal folds; the sucking motion of the vocal folds towards one another

A

Bernoulli Effect

55
Q

Critical to vibration of vocal folds (i.e. phonation);

A

mucosal wave action

56
Q

mucosal wave action may be impacted by what

A

abnormal growths

57
Q

Primary cortical areas involved in speech-motor control and phonation include:

A

primary motor cortex
broca’s area
somatosensory cortex
supplementary motor cortex

58
Q

Regulates motor movement

A

cerebellum

59
Q

internal branch provides all sensory information to the larynx and the external branch supplies motor innervation solely to the cricothyroid muscle

A

superior laryngeal nerve

60
Q

supplies all motor innervation to the interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid and supplies all sensory information below the vocal folds

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

61
Q

what cranial nerve innervates larynx

A

CN x vagus

62
Q

what does effortful swallow target

A

increases posterior movement of the tongue and increases pharyngeal pressure

63
Q

what does Mendelsohn maneuver do?

A

elevates the larynx and wides the cricopharyngeal opening

64
Q

how does Mendelsohn maneuver work?

A

patient palpate the laryngeal elevation and holds it there during the swallow, progressively holds it for longer

65
Q

difference between supraglottic swallow and super supraglottic swallow

A

they both help close the larynx to prevent aspiration
supraglottic swallow- at level of VF, inhal, hold breath, swallow while holding breathe, cough, swallow again
super supraglottic- level of false VF, same as supraglottic but you add extra pressure by bearing down (effortful breath hold)

PRAXIS Physiological and Acoustic Phonetics: A Speech Science Foundation (3 decks)

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