Questions Flashcards
A code or system of symbols used to express concepts formed through exposure and experience
language
The production of language
speech
The scientific study of the sound systems and patterns used to create the sounds and words of a language
phonology
Variations of phonemes that do not impact meaning
allophones
The smallest units of sound that can affect meaning
phoneme
The abstract system of sounds
phonemic
Concrete productions of specific sounds
phonetic
Soft, spongy, porous, elastic, pink structures located in the thoracic cavity where the exchange of gas in respiration takes place
lungs
which lung is shorter, broader and bigger
right
Tubes composed of cartilaginous rings that extend from the lungs upward to the trachea
bronchi
bronchi subdivides into
bronchioles
bronchioles becomes more _____ and less _____
cartilaginous and less muscular
bronchioles communicate with
alveolar ducts
how many cartilage rings does trachea have
about 20
spinal column has how many vertebrae
32-33
spinal column is divided into how many segments
5
what are the segments of spinal column
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 3-4 coxygeal
3 parts of sternum
manubrium- attaches to clavicle
body- attaches to ribs
xyphoid
composes rib cage
12 ribs
sternum
12 thoracic
3 primary muscles for inspiration
diaphragm
internal intercostal muscles
external intercostal muscles
what do external intercostal muscles do
rase ribs to increase diameter of thoracic cavity for inhalation
Serratus posterior superior
levator costarum longis
levator costar bronchi
elevate ribs
accessory muscle of the neck that elevates the sternum and rib cage
Sternocleidomastoid
accessory muscle of the neck that controls the head and elongates the neck
trapezius
increases transverse dimension of rib cage through elevation of sternum
pectoralis major
increases transverse dimension of rib
pectoralis minor
Superior boundary of the phonatory system; serves as point of attachment for many tongue muscles
hyoid
Largest cartilage; protects the larynx; formed by two plates fused at midline
thyroid
Completely surrounds the trachea; often seen as the uppermost tracheal ring
cricoid
Small, pyramid shaped cartilages connected to the cricoid cartilage through the cricoarytenoid joint, which permits sliding and circular movements
arytenoid
Small, cone-shaped cartilages that sit on the apex of the arytenoids; assist in reducing laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing
corniculate
Stiffen/tense the aryepiglottic folds; located under the mucous membrane covering the aryepiglottic folds
cuneiform
categories of intrinsic vs extrinsic
intrinsic: abductors, adductors, tensors
extrinsic: elevators and depressors
intrinsic laryngeal muscles vs extrinsic laryngeal muscles
intrinsic- controls sound production; opening/closing/tensing/relaxing the vocal folds
extrinsic- support the larynx and fix its position by elevating or depressing the laryngeal structure
abductors vs adductors
abductors- open VF
adducotrs- close VF
only laryngeal muscle with the capability of opening the true vocal folds, which is why it is considered to be a main respiratory muscle of the larynx.
posterior cricoarytenoid
what does posterior cricoarytenoid innervate
vagus nerve (CN x) which is part of recurrent laryngeal branch
3 adductors
lateral cricoarytenoid
transverse aryentoid
oblique arytenoid
function of 3 adductors
lateral cricoarynteoid- adducts vocal folds, innervates CN x vagis
transverse arytenoid- adducts VF, innervates CN x vagus
oblique arytenoid- pulls apex of arytenoids medially, innervates CN x
which ones are tensors
thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid
function of (tensor) thyroarytneoid
internal thyroaryteniod (vocals muscles /vocal folds) is what makes up majority or thyroarytneoid muscles; it vibrates to produce sound
function of cricothyroid
tenses and lengthens vocal folds; the muscles involved are pars recta and pars oblique
elevators are what kind of muscles
suprahyoid muscles that elevate the larynx
what are the elevators (supra hyoid muscles)
digastric mylohyoid stylohyoid geniohyoid hyloglossus genioglossus
what kind of muscles are depressors
infra hyoid
list the depressor muscles
thyrohyoid
omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
what do the elevators innervate
digastric- innervates facial CN VII and trigeminal V mylohyoid- innervates trigeminal V geniohyoid- XII hypoglossal and C1 stylohyoid- facial VII genioglossus- hypoglossal XII hyoglossus- hypoglossal XII
what do depressors innervate
sternhyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid innervates c1-c3
thyrohyoid innervate hypoglossal XII and C1
3 layers of vocal folds
outter- epithelium
middle- lamina proprietor
vocalis muscle provides stability and mass to the fold
Separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway
aryepiglottic fold
aryepiglottic folds are composed of a __________ and ______ extending from the tips of the ________ to the ______
ring of connective tissue and muscle
arytenoids to the larynx
Vibrate only at very low fundamental frequencies and usually not during typical phonation
ventricular/false vocal folds
when do ventricular/false vocal folds work
during compressions like coughing or lifting heavy objects
The vocal folds vibrate because of the forces of pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds
Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory
Caused by the increased speed of air passing between the vocal folds; the sucking motion of the vocal folds towards one another
Bernoulli Effect
Critical to vibration of vocal folds (i.e. phonation);
mucosal wave action
mucosal wave action may be impacted by what
abnormal growths
Primary cortical areas involved in speech-motor control and phonation include:
primary motor cortex
broca’s area
somatosensory cortex
supplementary motor cortex
Regulates motor movement
cerebellum
internal branch provides all sensory information to the larynx and the external branch supplies motor innervation solely to the cricothyroid muscle
superior laryngeal nerve
supplies all motor innervation to the interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid and supplies all sensory information below the vocal folds
recurrent laryngeal nerve
what cranial nerve innervates larynx
CN x vagus
what does effortful swallow target
increases posterior movement of the tongue and increases pharyngeal pressure
what does Mendelsohn maneuver do?
elevates the larynx and wides the cricopharyngeal opening
how does Mendelsohn maneuver work?
patient palpate the laryngeal elevation and holds it there during the swallow, progressively holds it for longer
difference between supraglottic swallow and super supraglottic swallow
they both help close the larynx to prevent aspiration
supraglottic swallow- at level of VF, inhal, hold breath, swallow while holding breathe, cough, swallow again
super supraglottic- level of false VF, same as supraglottic but you add extra pressure by bearing down (effortful breath hold)
