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PRAXIS Physiological and Acoustic Phonetics: A Speech Science Foundation > Questions > Flashcards

Questions Flashcards

1
Q

A code or system of symbols used to express concepts formed through exposure and experience

A

language

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2
Q

The production of language

A

speech

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3
Q

The scientific study of the sound systems and patterns used to create the sounds and words of a language

A

phonology

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4
Q

Variations of phonemes that do not impact meaning

A

allophones

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5
Q

The smallest units of sound that can affect meaning

A

phoneme

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6
Q

The abstract system of sounds

A

phonemic

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7
Q

Concrete productions of specific sounds

A

phonetic

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8
Q

Soft, spongy, porous, elastic, pink structures located in the thoracic cavity where the exchange of gas in respiration takes place

A

lungs

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9
Q

which lung is shorter, broader and bigger

A

right

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10
Q

Tubes composed of cartilaginous rings that extend from the lungs upward to the trachea

A

bronchi

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11
Q

bronchi subdivides into

A

bronchioles

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12
Q

bronchioles becomes more _____ and less _____

A

cartilaginous and less muscular

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13
Q

bronchioles communicate with

A

alveolar ducts

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14
Q

how many cartilage rings does trachea have

A

about 20

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15
Q

spinal column has how many vertebrae

A

32-33

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16
Q

spinal column is divided into how many segments

A

5

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17
Q

what are the segments of spinal column

A 
7 cervical 
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral 
3-4 coxygeal
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18
Q

3 parts of sternum

A

manubrium- attaches to clavicle
body- attaches to ribs
xyphoid

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19
Q

composes rib cage

A

12 ribs
sternum
12 thoracic

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20
Q

3 primary muscles for inspiration

A

diaphragm
internal intercostal muscles
external intercostal muscles

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21
Q

what do external intercostal muscles do

A

rase ribs to increase diameter of thoracic cavity for inhalation

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22
Q

Serratus posterior superior
levator costarum longis
levator costar bronchi

A

elevate ribs

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23
Q

accessory muscle of the neck that elevates the sternum and rib cage

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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24
Q

accessory muscle of the neck that controls the head and elongates the neck

A

trapezius

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25
increases transverse dimension of rib cage through elevation of sternum
pectoralis major
26
increases transverse dimension of rib
pectoralis minor
27
Superior boundary of the phonatory system; serves as point of attachment for many tongue muscles
hyoid
28
Largest cartilage; protects the larynx; formed by two plates fused at midline
thyroid
29
Completely surrounds the trachea; often seen as the uppermost tracheal ring
cricoid
30
Small, pyramid shaped cartilages connected to the cricoid cartilage through the cricoarytenoid joint, which permits sliding and circular movements
arytenoid
31
Small, cone-shaped cartilages that sit on the apex of the arytenoids; assist in reducing laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing
corniculate
32
Stiffen/tense the aryepiglottic folds; located under the mucous membrane covering the aryepiglottic folds
cuneiform
33
categories of intrinsic vs extrinsic
intrinsic: abductors, adductors, tensors extrinsic: elevators and depressors
34
intrinsic laryngeal muscles vs extrinsic laryngeal muscles
intrinsic- controls sound production; opening/closing/tensing/relaxing the vocal folds extrinsic- support the larynx and fix its position by elevating or depressing the laryngeal structure
35
abductors vs adductors
abductors- open VF | adducotrs- close VF
36
only laryngeal muscle with the capability of opening the true vocal folds, which is why it is considered to be a main respiratory muscle of the larynx.
posterior cricoarytenoid
37
what does posterior cricoarytenoid innervate
vagus nerve (CN x) which is part of recurrent laryngeal branch
38
3 adductors
lateral cricoarytenoid transverse aryentoid oblique arytenoid
39
function of 3 adductors
lateral cricoarynteoid- adducts vocal folds, innervates CN x vagis transverse arytenoid- adducts VF, innervates CN x vagus oblique arytenoid- pulls apex of arytenoids medially, innervates CN x
40
which ones are tensors
thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid
41
function of (tensor) thyroarytneoid
internal thyroaryteniod (vocals muscles /vocal folds) is what makes up majority or thyroarytneoid muscles; it vibrates to produce sound
41
function of cricothyroid
tenses and lengthens vocal folds; the muscles involved are pars recta and pars oblique
42
elevators are what kind of muscles
suprahyoid muscles that elevate the larynx
43
what are the elevators (supra hyoid muscles)
``` digastric mylohyoid stylohyoid geniohyoid hyloglossus genioglossus ```
44
what kind of muscles are depressors
infra hyoid
45
list the depressor muscles
thyrohyoid omohyoid sternohyoid sternothyroid
46
what do the elevators innervate
``` digastric- innervates facial CN VII and trigeminal V mylohyoid- innervates trigeminal V geniohyoid- XII hypoglossal and C1 stylohyoid- facial VII genioglossus- hypoglossal XII hyoglossus- hypoglossal XII ```
47
what do depressors innervate
sternhyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid innervates c1-c3 | thyrohyoid innervate hypoglossal XII and C1
48
3 layers of vocal folds
outter- epithelium middle- lamina proprietor vocalis muscle provides stability and mass to the fold
49
Separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway
aryepiglottic fold
50
aryepiglottic folds are composed of a __________ and ______ extending from the tips of the ________ to the ______
ring of connective tissue and muscle | arytenoids to the larynx
51
Vibrate only at very low fundamental frequencies and usually not during typical phonation
ventricular/false vocal folds
52
when do ventricular/false vocal folds work
during compressions like coughing or lifting heavy objects
53
The vocal folds vibrate because of the forces of pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds
Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory
54
Caused by the increased speed of air passing between the vocal folds; the sucking motion of the vocal folds towards one another
Bernoulli Effect
55
Critical to vibration of vocal folds (i.e. phonation);
mucosal wave action
56
mucosal wave action may be impacted by what
abnormal growths
57
Primary cortical areas involved in speech-motor control and phonation include:
primary motor cortex broca's area somatosensory cortex supplementary motor cortex
58
Regulates motor movement
cerebellum
59
internal branch provides all sensory information to the larynx and the external branch supplies motor innervation solely to the cricothyroid muscle
superior laryngeal nerve
60
supplies all motor innervation to the interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid and supplies all sensory information below the vocal folds
recurrent laryngeal nerve
61
what cranial nerve innervates larynx
CN x vagus
62
what does effortful swallow target
increases posterior movement of the tongue and increases pharyngeal pressure
63
what does Mendelsohn maneuver do?
elevates the larynx and wides the cricopharyngeal opening
64
how does Mendelsohn maneuver work?
patient palpate the laryngeal elevation and holds it there during the swallow, progressively holds it for longer
65
difference between supraglottic swallow and super supraglottic swallow
they both help close the larynx to prevent aspiration supraglottic swallow- at level of VF, inhal, hold breath, swallow while holding breathe, cough, swallow again super supraglottic- level of false VF, same as supraglottic but you add extra pressure by bearing down (effortful breath hold)

PRAXIS Physiological and Acoustic Phonetics: A Speech Science Foundation (3 decks)

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