Questioning, Knowing, Feeling

Question 1

What is the “Socratic Method”?

Answer 1

A mode of looking for knowledge by asking questions and then asking more questions about the answers given. (A way of looking for inconsistencies in what we think we know.)

Question 2

A mode of looking for knowledge by asking questions and then asking more questions about the answers given. (A way of looking for inconsistencies in what we think we know.)

Answer 2

Socratic Method

Question 3

Multiple-choice: One of Socrates’s most famous qualities is his ________ everything. a.) knowing about b.) questioning of c.) pessimism about

Answer 3

b.) questioning of

Question 4

Whose is famous for being one of the very first philosophers willing to question all previous knowledge?

Answer 4

Socrates

Question 5

How did Socrates die? What was his attitude about it?

Answer 5

His death is famous. He was sentenced to drink poison (hemlock). Even though he could have escaped, he chose to take his punishment because he knew he would get in trouble anywhere he went because he would never stop asking questions.

Question 6

His death is famous. He was sentenced to drink poison (hemlock). Even though he could have escaped, he chose to take his punishment because he knew he would get in trouble anywhere he went because he would never stop asking questions.

Answer 6

Socrates

Question 7

Who said, “an unexamined life is not worth living”?

Answer 7

Socrates

Question 8

What were Socrates’s famous last words?

Answer 8

“an unexamined life is not worth living”

Question 9

Plato writes of an ideal society with three basic levels. What are the three levels?

Answer 9

1.) The laboring, base and unenlightened masses 2.) the auxiliraries (police and soldiers that enforce laws) 3.) a philosophical elite (Philosopher king) that make all the laws because they are wise.

Question 10

Who feld that a perfect society should be divided in the following manner? 1.) The laboring, base and unenlightened masses 2.) the auxiliraries (police and soldiers that enforce laws) 3.) a philosophical elite (Philosopher king) that make all the laws because they are wise.

Answer 10

Plato

Question 11

What is the allegory of the cave?

Answer 11

This was Plato’s conception. It likens are existence to prisoners in a cave with limited perceptions of reality. We think the world is actually made of deceptive shadows because that is all we can see.

Question 12

This was Plato’s conception. It likens are existence to prisoners in a cave with limited perceptions of reality. We think the world is actually made of deceptive shadows because that is all we can see.

Answer 12

The allegory of the cave

Question 13

What were two criticisms that Aristotle had of Plato?

Answer 13

1.) We cannot know that a world of Ideal forms exists, we have no evidence that a world of Ideals exists 2.) Even if there might be a separate world of Ideals, we can only study the world of senses.

Question 14

1.) We cannot know that a world of Ideal forms exists, we have no evidence that a world of Ideals exists 2.) Even if there might be a separate world of Ideals, we can only study the world of senses. These are two criticisms that _________ had of __________. (Fill in the blanks correctly with the names of two philosophers.)

Answer 14

Aristotle; Plato

Question 15

An explanation for a thing that is based in the thing’s purpose. For example, an “axe” is any object that serves the purpose of chopping wood.

Answer 15

teleological explanation

Question 16

What is a teleological explanation?

Answer 16

An explanation for a thing that is based in the thing’s purpose. For example, an “axe” is any object that serves the purpose of chopping wood.

Question 17

This philosopher felt that the route to happiness was finding the midway point between two extreme behaviors. For example, courage is the midway point between foolheartiness and cowardice.

Answer 17

This is Aristotle’s concept of the ‘Golden Mean’.

Question 18

Describe Aristotle’s concept of the “Golden Mean”

Answer 18

Aristotle felt that the route to happiness was finding the midway point between two extreme behaviors. For example, courage is the midway point between foolheartiness and cowardice.

Question 19

This philosopher felt that watching tragic events on stage allows for us to experience terror and pity which then purges and cleanses our minds.

Answer 19

Aristotle

Question 20

Why did Aristotle feel that watching tragic dramas was important for humans?

Answer 20

Aristotle felt that watching tragic events on stage allows for us to experience terror and pity which then purges and cleanses our minds.

Question 21

Aristotle felt that watching tragic events on stage allows for us to experience terror and pity which then purges and cleanses our minds. What is this process called?

Answer 21

Catharsis

Question 22

What is ‘catharsis’?

Answer 22

A process where watching tragic events on stage allows for us to experience terror and pity which then purges and cleanses our minds.

Question 23

What are the main differences between Rationalists and Empiricists? Why are they both considered part of the Enlightment?

Answer 23

Have an answer ready for the day of the test

Question 24

This philosopher came to the conclusion that one of the only things he could know, is that he existed.

Answer 24

Rene Descartes (‘Cogita ergo sum’)

Question 25

Rene Descartes was a rationalist who wanted to know if there was any knowledge he could be sure of. What was the only thing he knew he could be sure of?

Answer 25

That he existed: ‘Cogito ergo sum’

Question 26

John Locke was an empiricist who believed that all that we know, we must know through the senses. A belief that we a born without any prior knowledge is a belief in that we are born ______. (Latin phrase)

Answer 26

‘tabula rasa’

Question 27

This Empiricist believed we can only gain knowledge through the senses. Therefore a baby who has not sensed anything before, does not know anything.

Answer 27

John Locke

Question 28

This philosopher agreed with empiricists that we cannot know anything other than the sensory world. He knew that several observations of the same phenomena does not necessarily mean that an actual ‘law of nature’ really exists, but he said we have no choice but to act on hopeful probabilities and expectations.

Answer 28

David Hume

Question 29

What were David Hume’s attitudes towards the laws of nature?

Answer 29

Hume agreed with empiricists that we cannot know anything other than the sensory world. He knew that several observations of the same phenomena does not necessarily mean that an actual ‘law of nature’ really exists, but he said we have no choice but to act on hopeful probabilities and expectations.

Question 30

Who wrote The Leviathan?

Answer 30

Thomas Hobbes

Question 31

What is the main idea of Thomas Hobbes’ The Leviathan?

Answer 31

We must sacrifice our individual freedoms in order to live in a cooperative society. We make this sacrifice because the alternative would be to live in a nasty, brutish world where every man is against every man.

Question 32

We must sacrifice our individual freedoms in order to live in a cooperative society. We make this sacrifice because the alternative would be to live in a nasty, brutish world where every man is against every man. This is the main idea of what book, by what philosopher?

Answer 32

The Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes

Question 33

Describe Edmund Burke’s idea of the ‘sublime’.

Answer 33

For Burke, the ‘sublime’ is a feeling of attraction and awe we feel when we witness the grand power and mysteries of things like nature. If the world is infinite, there is much that is, and will always be, unknown to us. We are drawn to this truth when we are reminded of our limits and smallness of power.

Question 34

How does Edmund Burke’s idea of the sublime connect to Romanticism and how does it go against Enlightenment belief?

Answer 34

Have a response ready for the test.

Question 35

What were Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s attitudes toward the importance of empirical knowledge and civilization?

Answer 35

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Question 36

What was Immanuel Kant’s attitude toward human free-will?

Answer 36

Kant felt that humans posess free-will because we cannot imagine NOT having it. He felt that our capacity to exercise free will was part of the non-empircal world. This was his proof that non-empirical world existed.

Question 37

What philosopher felt that humans posess free-will because we cannot imagine NOT having it. He felt that our capacity to exercise free will was part of the non-empircal world. This was his proof that non-empirical world existed.

Answer 37

Immanuel Kant

Question 38

What was Kant’s attitude toward moral behavior? Who could be called ‘moral’ or ‘immoral’? Could morality be personal?

Answer 38

Kant felt that only beings that had the ability to discern right from wrong (rational beings) could be called ‘moral’ or ‘immoral’. He also felt that anything we call ‘moral’ must be universally ‘moral’ (it cannot be individually moral, nor could it be moral because it satisfies our personal interests)

Question 39

This philosopher felt that only beings that had the ability to discern right from wrong (rational beings) could be called ‘moral’ or ‘immoral’. He also felt that anything we call ‘moral’ must be universally ‘moral’ (it cannot be individually moral, nor could it be moral because it satisfies our personal interests)

Answer 39

Kant

Question 40

What is the “Categorical Imperative”?

Answer 40

It is Kant’s idea that if you want to be moral, you must “Act only according to maxims which you can will also to be universal laws.”

Question 41

Kant felt that if you want to be moral, you must “Act only according to maxims which you can will also to be universal laws.” What is this rule called?

Answer 41

The Categorical Imperative

Question 42

What is the difference between judging an object to be “agreeable”, “good”, or “beautiful”?

Answer 42

Have an answer ready for the test.

Question 43

“All judgements of beauty are subjective.” “When people declare something is beautiful, they know that no one else should agree with them.” What is the difference between these two statements and which of these two statements would Kant agree with?

Answer 43

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