Contemporary Perspectives

Question 1

According to psychoanalysis: The part of ourselves that is pure pleasure-seeking and seeks immediate gratification

Answer 1

Id

Question 2

Id

Answer 2

According to psychoanalysis: The part of ourselves that is pure pleasure-seeking and seeks immediate gratification

Question 3

According to psychoanalysis: The part of ourselves that must negotiate between our immediate urges and our desire to be an ideal figure

Answer 3

Ego

Question 4

Ego

Answer 4

According to Psychoanalysis: The part of ourselves that must negotiate between our immediate urges and our desire to be an ideal figure

Question 5

According to psychoanalysis: the voice of conscience that tells us we should be ideal selves; instructs us on how we ought to behave.

Answer 5

Superego

Question 6

Superego

Answer 6

According to psychoanalysis: the voice of conscience that tells us we should be ideal selves; instructs us on how we ought to behave.

Question 7

According to psychoanalysis: this is the part of the mind where we have repressed unwanted/unacceptable thoughts, feelings, wishes, and memories.

Answer 7

The unconscious region of the mind

Question 8

Oedipus complex

Answer 8

Freud thought that this fear exists in all men: As a child, they desire their mother, but their father is in the way. Because of this, they want to kill father. At some point, they find out that not all humans have penises so they fear their father will castrate them, too, if father finds out about their love for mother.

Question 9

The unconscious region of the mind

Answer 9

According to psychoanalysis: this is the part of the mind where we have repressed unwanted/unacceptable thoughts, feelings, wishes, and memories.

Question 10

Freud thought that this fear exists in all men: As a child, they desire their mother, but their father is in the way. Because of this, they want to kill father. At some point, they find out that not all humans have penises so they fear their father will castrate them, too, if father finds out about their love for mother.

Answer 10

Oedipus complex

Question 11

This branch of philosophy deals with questions about values

Answer 11

Axiology

Question 12

Axiology

Answer 12

The branch of philosophy dealing with questions about values.

Question 13

This branch of philosophy includes studies of ethics and beauty.

Answer 13

Axiology

Question 14

The question of what is beautiful lies at the heart of what branch of philosophy?

Answer 14

Aesthetics

Question 15

This branch of philosophy deals with the question of how do we know something we think is true is actually true? It is sometimes called the ‘science of science’

Answer 15

Epistemology

Question 16

Epistemology

Answer 16

This branch of philosophy deals with the question of how do we know something we think is true is actually true? It is sometimes called the ‘science of science’

Question 17

Metaphysics

Answer 17

The study of the nature of what exists and reality

Question 18

The study of the nature of what exists and reality

Answer 18

Metaphysics

Question 19

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

Answer 19

This author and his 1776 book are key to capitalist thought.

Question 20

This author and his 1776 book are key to capitalist thought.

Answer 20

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

Question 21

Instead of relying on government organization of a nation’s resources, this economic system depends on individuals acting according to their own self-interest.

Answer 21

Capitalism

Question 22

This system believes that individuals acting in their own self-interest can be the basis of a self-regulating economy. Therefore, there is no need for government interference in the economy.

Answer 22

Capitalism

Question 23

What are three key classical (capitalist) economic beliefs

Answer 23

1. ) economies can be self-regulated systems by relying on individuals to act in their own self-interest. There is no need for government interventions.
2. ) Free-trade (without interference from governments) is best for all
3. ) The value of commodities is based on the value of the labor that went into making them.

Question 24

‘Use value’

Answer 24

The value one gets out of a product because it directly fulfills needs. Like the value you get from a dish you use to hold your food.

Question 25

The value one gets out of a product because it directly fulfills needs. Like the value you get from a dish you use to hold your food.

Answer 25

'Use value'

Question 26

'exchange value'

Answer 26

The value a commodity has because you can trade it to get other goods you may want.

Question 27

The value a commodity has because you can trade it to get other goods you may want.

Answer 27

'exchange value'

Question 28

What is a key idea that Marxists borrowed from Hegel?

Answer 28

The idea of the 'dialectic' was borrowed by Marxists from Hegel.

Question 29

What is the process of Hegel's 'dialectic'?

Answer 29

When people are alienated by practices in society, dissent will form and grow. Eventually, the system will be overthrown and a new system will take the old system's place. People will eventually feel alienated by the new system and the cycle will start again. In the end, after several modifications, a stable state will be reached where no one feels alienated in society.

Question 30

When people are alienated by practices in society, dissent will form and grow. Eventually, the system will be overthrown and a new system will take the old system's place. People will eventually feel alienated by the new system and the cycle will start again. In the end, after several modifications, a stable state will be reached where no one feels alienated in society. What is this process called and who originated the idea?

Answer 30

Hegel originated the idea of the 'dialectic'

Question 31

What were Karl Marx's and Friedrich Engel's thoughts on capitalism?

Answer 31

These two philosophers were very critical of capitalism because it was an economic system that ended up creating a miserable working class.

Question 32

These two philosophers were very critical of capitalism because it was an economic system that ended up creating a miserable working class.

Answer 32

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Question 33

What are three criticisms that Marx has against capitalism?

Answer 33

1. ) Capitalism creates a miserable working class. 2. ) Capitalism and its production line system alienates workers from the output they make. It also alienates them from their potential as human beings. 3. ) Capitalism is a system in which 'progress' is defined as greater profits and an abundance of needless goods. This 'progress' only benefits a handful of rich, capital owners.

Question 34

1.) Capitalism creates a miserable working class. 2.) Capitalism and its production line system alienates workers from the output they make. It also alienates them from their potential as human beings. 3.) Capitalism is a system in which 'progress' is defined as greater profits and an abundance of needless goods. This 'progress' only benefits a handful of rich, capital owners. These criticisms of capitalism are beliefs that are held by ______.

Answer 34

Karl Marx and Marxists

Question 35

The idea that history is not determined by individuals a belief that is most likely held by ________.

Answer 35

Marxists

Question 36

The idea that the government should not interfere in trade is most likely held by _______

Answer 36

Capitalists (classical economists)

Question 37

Studying language and texts can reveal essential structures of human behavior and therefore could be the clue to discovering essential human truths. This idea is most likely to be held by __________

Answer 37

Structuralists

Question 38

Language does not come from consciousness, consciousness comes from language. This idea is most likely to be held by ____________

Answer 38

Post-structuralists

Question 39

Language is imbued with cultural values and learning language means learning these values. This idea is most likely to be held by ________

Answer 39

Post-structuralists

Question 40

What philosopher held the following ideas?: There is no such thing as a private language. We do not control the meaning of the words we use, the words we use control us.

Answer 40

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Question 41

What are some of the ideas that Ludwig Wittgenstein added to the philosophy of language?

Answer 41

There is no such thing as a private language. We do not control the meaning of the words we use, the words we use control us.

Question 42

What philosopher declared "The Death of the Author"?

Answer 42

Roland Barthes

Question 43

What philosopher claimed that all of our thoughts, actions, and even our feelings are "citational", learned from stories and movies.

Answer 43

Roland Barthes

Question 44

Name two main ideas proposed by Roland Barthes

Answer 44

1. ) The author's intentions art not important in discerning the meaning of the text (Death of the Author) 2. ) all of our thoughts, actions, and even our feelings are "citational", learned from stories and movies.

Question 45

According to Louis Athusser's terminology: What is the difference between Repressive State Apparatuses (RSAs) and Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs)

Answer 45

Both work to defend the system of private property and capitalist creeds. Repressive State Apparatuses are official institutions (courts of law, police, prisons). Ideological State Apparatuses are cultural practices (media, sport, literature, arts, and EDUCATION)

Question 46

Official institutions (courts of law, police, prisons) that work to defend the system of private property and capitalist creeds.

Answer 46

Repressive State Apparatuses (RSAs)

Question 47

Cultural practices (media, sport, literature, arts, and EDUCATION) that work to defend the system of private property and capitalist creeds.

Answer 47

Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs)

Question 48

This philosopher studied how cultural practices are imbedded with power dynamics. He studied the history of madness, punishment, and sexuality.

Answer 48

Michel Foucault

Question 49

Michel Foucault is associate with studying what topics?

Answer 49

Power relations in the history of madness, punishment, and sexuality.

Question 50

Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs)

Answer 50

Cultural practices (media, sport, literature, arts, and EDUCATION) that work to defend the system of private property and capitalist creeds.

Question 51

Repressive State Apparatuses (RSAs)

Answer 51

Official institutions (courts of law, police, prisons) that work to defend the system of private property and capitalist creeds.