Contemporary Perspectives Flashcards
According to psychoanalysis: The part of ourselves that is pure pleasure-seeking and seeks immediate gratification
Id
Id
According to psychoanalysis: The part of ourselves that is pure pleasure-seeking and seeks immediate gratification
According to psychoanalysis: The part of ourselves that must negotiate between our immediate urges and our desire to be an ideal figure
Ego
Ego
According to Psychoanalysis: The part of ourselves that must negotiate between our immediate urges and our desire to be an ideal figure
According to psychoanalysis: the voice of conscience that tells us we should be ideal selves; instructs us on how we ought to behave.
Superego
Superego
According to psychoanalysis: the voice of conscience that tells us we should be ideal selves; instructs us on how we ought to behave.
According to psychoanalysis: this is the part of the mind where we have repressed unwanted/unacceptable thoughts, feelings, wishes, and memories.
The unconscious region of the mind
Oedipus complex
Freud thought that this fear exists in all men: As a child, they desire their mother, but their father is in the way. Because of this, they want to kill father. At some point, they find out that not all humans have penises so they fear their father will castrate them, too, if father finds out about their love for mother.
The unconscious region of the mind
According to psychoanalysis: this is the part of the mind where we have repressed unwanted/unacceptable thoughts, feelings, wishes, and memories.
Freud thought that this fear exists in all men: As a child, they desire their mother, but their father is in the way. Because of this, they want to kill father. At some point, they find out that not all humans have penises so they fear their father will castrate them, too, if father finds out about their love for mother.
Oedipus complex
This branch of philosophy deals with questions about values
Axiology
Axiology
The branch of philosophy dealing with questions about values.
This branch of philosophy includes studies of ethics and beauty.
Axiology
The question of what is beautiful lies at the heart of what branch of philosophy?
Aesthetics
This branch of philosophy deals with the question of how do we know something we think is true is actually true? It is sometimes called the ‘science of science’
Epistemology
Epistemology
This branch of philosophy deals with the question of how do we know something we think is true is actually true? It is sometimes called the ‘science of science’
Metaphysics
The study of the nature of what exists and reality
The study of the nature of what exists and reality
Metaphysics
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
This author and his 1776 book are key to capitalist thought.
This author and his 1776 book are key to capitalist thought.
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Instead of relying on government organization of a nation’s resources, this economic system depends on individuals acting according to their own self-interest.
Capitalism
This system believes that individuals acting in their own self-interest can be the basis of a self-regulating economy. Therefore, there is no need for government interference in the economy.
Capitalism
What are three key classical (capitalist) economic beliefs
- ) economies can be self-regulated systems by relying on individuals to act in their own self-interest. There is no need for government interventions.
- ) Free-trade (without interference from governments) is best for all
- ) The value of commodities is based on the value of the labor that went into making them.
‘Use value’
The value one gets out of a product because it directly fulfills needs. Like the value you get from a dish you use to hold your food.
The value one gets out of a product because it directly fulfills needs. Like the value you get from a dish you use to hold your food.
‘Use value’
‘exchange value’
The value a commodity has because you can trade it to get other goods you may want.
The value a commodity has because you can trade it to get other goods you may want.
‘exchange value’
What is a key idea that Marxists borrowed from Hegel?
The idea of the ‘dialectic’ was borrowed by Marxists from Hegel.
What is the process of Hegel’s ‘dialectic’?
When people are alienated by practices in society, dissent will form and grow. Eventually, the system will be overthrown and a new system will take the old system’s place. People will eventually feel alienated by the new system and the cycle will start again. In the end, after several modifications, a stable state will be reached where no one feels alienated in society.
When people are alienated by practices in society, dissent will form and grow. Eventually, the system will be overthrown and a new system will take the old system’s place. People will eventually feel alienated by the new system and the cycle will start again. In the end, after several modifications, a stable state will be reached where no one feels alienated in society. What is this process called and who originated the idea?
Hegel originated the idea of the ‘dialectic’
What were Karl Marx’s and Friedrich Engel’s thoughts on capitalism?
These two philosophers were very critical of capitalism because it was an economic system that ended up creating a miserable working class.
These two philosophers were very critical of capitalism because it was an economic system that ended up creating a miserable working class.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
What are three criticisms that Marx has against capitalism?
- ) Capitalism creates a miserable working class.
- ) Capitalism and its production line system alienates workers from the output they make. It also alienates them from their potential as human beings.
- ) Capitalism is a system in which ‘progress’ is defined as greater profits and an abundance of needless goods. This ‘progress’ only benefits a handful of rich, capital owners.
1.) Capitalism creates a miserable working class.
2.) Capitalism and its production line system alienates workers from the output they make. It also alienates them from their potential as human beings.
3.) Capitalism is a system in which ‘progress’ is defined as greater profits and an abundance of needless goods. This ‘progress’ only benefits a handful of rich, capital owners.
These criticisms of capitalism are beliefs that are held by ______.
Karl Marx and Marxists
The idea that history is not determined by individuals a belief that is most likely held by ________.
Marxists
The idea that the government should not interfere in trade is most likely held by _______
Capitalists (classical economists)
Studying language and texts can reveal essential structures of human behavior and therefore could be the clue to discovering essential human truths. This idea is most likely to be held by __________
Structuralists
Language does not come from consciousness, consciousness comes from language. This idea is most likely to be held by ____________
Post-structuralists
Language is imbued with cultural values and learning language means learning these values. This idea is most likely to be held by ________
Post-structuralists
What philosopher held the following ideas?: There is no such thing as a private language. We do not control the meaning of the words we use, the words we use control us.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
What are some of the ideas that Ludwig Wittgenstein added to the philosophy of language?
There is no such thing as a private language. We do not control the meaning of the words we use, the words we use control us.
What philosopher declared “The Death of the Author”?
Roland Barthes
What philosopher claimed that all of our thoughts, actions, and even our feelings are “citational”, learned from stories and movies.
Roland Barthes
Name two main ideas proposed by Roland Barthes
- ) The author’s intentions art not important in discerning the meaning of the text (Death of the Author)
- ) all of our thoughts, actions, and even our feelings are “citational”, learned from stories and movies.
According to Louis Athusser’s terminology: What is the difference between Repressive State Apparatuses (RSAs) and Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs)
Both work to defend the system of private property and capitalist creeds. Repressive State Apparatuses are official institutions (courts of law, police, prisons). Ideological State Apparatuses are cultural practices (media, sport, literature, arts, and EDUCATION)
Official institutions (courts of law, police, prisons) that work to defend the system of private property and capitalist creeds.
Repressive State Apparatuses (RSAs)
Cultural practices (media, sport, literature, arts, and EDUCATION) that work to defend the system of private property and capitalist creeds.
Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs)
This philosopher studied how cultural practices are imbedded with power dynamics. He studied the history of madness, punishment, and sexuality.
Michel Foucault
Michel Foucault is associate with studying what topics?
Power relations in the history of madness, punishment, and sexuality.
Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs)
Cultural practices (media, sport, literature, arts, and EDUCATION) that work to defend the system of private property and capitalist creeds.
Repressive State Apparatuses (RSAs)
Official institutions (courts of law, police, prisons) that work to defend the system of private property and capitalist creeds.
