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WolfPacc > Question Clues - Endocrineology > Flashcards

Question Clues - Endocrineology Flashcards

1
Q

What does Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) and Thymosin do?

A

Help T-Cells Mature

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2
Q

What does vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) do?

A

Inhibits secretin, motilin, and CCK and open sphincters.

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3
Q

How does a VIPoma present?

A

Watery Diarrhea

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4
Q

How does a somatostatinoma present?

A

Constipation

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5
Q

What are the hormones with disulfide bonds?

A

“PIIG” - Prolactin, Insulin, Inhibin, GH

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6
Q

What hormones have alpha subunits?

A

Lh, FSH, TSH, and Beta-HCG (Hints the HCG Diet)

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7
Q

What hormones produce Acidophilus?

A

“GAP” GH, Acidophilus, and Prolactin - Pink on stain

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8
Q

What hormones produce Basophils?

A

“B FLAT” - Purple on stain - Basophils, FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH

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9
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH (supraoptic nucleus), Oxytocin (paraventricular nucleus) by the neurophysins

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10
Q

What is seen in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

A

Antimicrosomal antibody and Anti-TPO antibody

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of Action of Insulin?

A

Pushes K+ into the cells,
Liver: Increases glucose storage as Glycogen, Increases triglyceride Synthesis.
Muscles: Increases protein and glycogen synthesis
Adipose Tissue: Improves triglyceride storage by activating lipoprotein lipase, and decreasing circulating free fatty acids

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12
Q

What are the indications for insulin?

A

DM Type one and two, Hyperkalemia, Stress induced hyperglycemia, gestational Diabetes

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13
Q

What is the adverse effect of insulin?

A

Hypoglycemia

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14
Q

What are the short acting insulin drugs?

A

Aspart and Lispro

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15
Q

What is the rapid acting insulin drugs?

A

Regular insulin

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16
Q

What is the intermediate acting insulin drugs?

A

NPH and Lente

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17
Q

What are the long acting insulin drugs?

A

Ultralenta, Glargine, and Protamine Zinc

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Sulfonylureas?

A

Closes K+ Channel in the pancreatic cell membrane, reduces K+ efflux & increases CA++ influx, and cell depolarize to increase the secretion of insulin.

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19
Q

What are the indications for sulfonylureas?

A

NIDDM (Type 2 DM)

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20
Q

What is the adverse effects of sulfonylureas?

A

Hypoglycemia, GI Distribance, muscle weakness, mental confusion, sulfa allergy

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21
Q

Function of what cells is necessary for the action of Sulfonylureas?

A

Requires some islet cell function so the drug is used less in Type 1 DM

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22
Q

What are the first generation sulfonylureas?

A

Chlorpropamide and Tolbutamide

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23
Q

What are the adverse effects for the first generation sulfonylureas?

A

Disulfiram like effects

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24
Q

What are the second generation sulfonylureas?

A

Glyburide, Glimepiride, and Glipizide

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25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of biguanides?

A

Decreases gluconeogenesis, increase glycolysis, and increase peripheral glucose intake (insulin sensitivity)

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26
Q

What are the indications for biguanides?

A

First line therapy in Type 2 DM

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27
Q

What are the adverse effects of biguanides?

A

Lactic acidosis (contraindicated in renal failure). Also stop use in patients undergoing studies using contrast.

28
Q

What is the Biguanides drug?

A

Metformin

29
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Glitazones/Thiazolidinedione’s?

A

Increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. Transaction modulation by PPAR-gamma in nucleus.

30
Q

What are the indications for Glitazones/Thiazolidinedione’s?

A

NIDDM. (Type 2)

31
Q

What are the adverse effects of Glitazones/Thiazolidinedione’s?

A

Weight gain, edema, hepatotoxicity, increase LDL and triglycerides, and contraindicated in CHF.

32
Q

What are the Glitazones/Thiazolidinedione’s drugs?

A

Pioglitazone and Rosiglitzone

33
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors?

A

Inhibits intestinal brush border Alpha-Glucosidases, Delays sugar hydrolysis and Glucose absorption from the gut, Decreases postprandial hyperglycemia.

34
Q

What are the indications for alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

NIDDM (Type 2)

35
Q

What is the adverse effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

Gi disturdances and may reduce absorption of Iron

36
Q

What are the alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

Acarbose and Miglitol

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Mimetics?

A

Decrease Glucagon

38
Q

What is the indication for mimetics?

A

NIDDM (Type 2)

39
Q

What are the adverse effects of mimetics?

A

Hypoglycemic, Nausea, and Diarrhea

40
Q

What is the mimetic drug?

A

Pramlintide

41
Q

What is the mechanism of action of GLP-1 analogs (Glucangon like peptides)

A

Increase insulin and decrease glucagon release

42
Q

What is the indication for a GLP-1 analog?

A

NIDDM (Type 2)

43
Q

What are the adverse effects of GLP-1 analogs?

A

Nausea, Vomiting and Pancreatitis

44
Q

What are the GLP-1 analog drugs?

A

Exenatide and Liraglutide

45
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Growth Hormone?

A

Stimulates liver production of insulin-like growth factors and gastric emptying

46
Q

What are the indications for GH?

A

GH deficiency in children, Turner syndrome, and burn victims.

47
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Octreotide? (synthetic analog of Somatostatin)

A

Decrease release of GH, Gastrin, CCK, Carcinoid, VIP, Glucagon, and Insulin.

48
Q

What are the indications for Octreotide?

A

Acromegaly; Glucagonoma; Insulinoma’ Carcinoid syndrome

49
Q

What are the indications for Oxytocin?

A

Induces labor and Controls uterine hemorrhage

50
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Desmopressin (DDAVP) / ADH?

A

Recruits water channels to Luminal Membrane in collecting duct

51
Q

What are the indications for Desmopressin (DDAVP) / ADH?

A

Antidiuresis and Central DI

52
Q

What are the adverse effects of Desmopressin (DDAVP) / ADH?

A

Over hydration and allergic reaction

53
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Propylthiouracil and Methimazole?

A

Inhibits peroxidase enzyme in thyroid and decreases synthesis of thyroid hormones

54
Q

What is the indication for Propylthiouracil and Methimazole?

A

Hyperthyroidism

55
Q

What are the adverse effects of Propylthiouracil and Methimazole?

A

Agranulocytosis, skin rash, and aplastic anemia

56
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Levothyroxine (T4) / Triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

Thyroxine Replacement.

57
Q

What are the indications for Levothyroxine (T4) / Triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

Hypothyroidism and Myxedema

58
Q

What are the adverse effects of Levothyroxine (T4) / Triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

Tachycardia, heat intolerance, tremors, and arrhythmias

59
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Demeclocycline?

A

ADH anatagonist

60
Q

What is the indication for Demeclocycline?

A

SIADH

61
Q

What is the adverse effects of demeclocycline?

A

Nephrogenic DI, Photosensitivity and abnormalities of Bone and Teeth

62
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Glucocortocids?

A

Decrease production of Leukotrienes and prostaglandins by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and expression of COX-2

63
Q

What are the indications for glucocorticoids?

A

Addison’s disease; inflammation; immune suppression; asthma

64
Q

What are the adverse effects of glucocorticoids?

A

iatrogenic Cushing’s Syndrome

65
Q

What are the glucocorticoid drugs?

A

Hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone, prednisone, beclomethasone

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