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WolfPacc > Question Clues - Biochemistry > Flashcards

Question Clues - Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common extracellular buffer?

A

Bicarbonate

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2
Q

What is the isoelectric point?

A

The pH at which there is no net charge

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3
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Glycolysis?

A

Phosphofrutokinase-1 (PFK-1)

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4
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Gluconeogenesis?

A

Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase

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5
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in the HMP shunt?

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD)

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6
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in glycogenesis?

A

Glycogen Synthase. Occurs in the Cytolasm of Liver and Muscle

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7
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase. Occurs in the Cytoplasm of Liver and Muscle

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8
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in FA synthesis?

A

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC)

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9
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Beta-Oxidation?

A

Carnitine ACyltransferase-1 (CAT-1)

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10
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG CoA Reductase

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11
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Ketogenesis?

A

HMG CoA Synthase

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12
Q

What is the rate-limiting in Purine Synthesis?

A

Glutamine - phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) Amidotransferase

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13
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Pyrimidine synthesis?

A

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase - 2 (CPS - 2)

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14
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in TCA cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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15
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Urea cycle?

A

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase - 1 (CPS-1)

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16
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Heme synthesis?

A

delta-ALA Synthase

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17
Q

What are the catabolic pathways that create energy? (Occur in the Mitochondria)

A

Acetyl-CoA production, Beta-Oxidation, citric acid cycle, Ketogenesis, Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)

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18
Q

What are the anabloic pathways that store energy? (Occur in the Cytoplasm)

A

Fatty acid synthesis, Glycolysis, HMP Shunt, translation

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19
Q

What are the anabolic + catabolic pathways? (occurs in both cytoplasm and mitochondria)

A

HUG - Heme synthesis, Urea Cycle, Gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

What does an Isomerase do?

A

Creates an isomer

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21
Q

What does an Epimerase do?

A

Creates an epimer, which differs around one chiral carbon

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22
Q

What does a Mutase do?

A

Relocates a functional group within a molecule (intrachain)

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23
Q

What does a Transferase do?

A

Relocates a functional group from one molecule to another (interchain)

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24
Q

What does a Kinase do?

A

Adds Phosphate group to substrate using ATP

25
Q

What does a phosphorylase do?

A

Adds inorganic phosphate to substrate. No ATP used

26
Q

What does a Carboxylase do?

A

Transfers CO2 groups with the help of Biotin (B7)

27
Q

What does a synthase do?

A

Consumers two substrates

28
Q

What does a Synthetase do?

A

Comsumes two substrates, uses ATP

29
Q

What does a phosphatase do?

A

Removes phosphate from substrate

30
Q

What does a hydroxylase do?

A

Adds-Oh group onto substrate

31
Q

What does a lyase do?

A

Cuts C-C bonds with ATP

32
Q

What does a dehydrogenase do?

A

Catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions (gaining or losing an electron)

33
Q

What does thio do?

A

Breaks S bonds

34
Q

What is diffusion?

A

From high to low concentration. No ATP used

35
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

Goes against concentration gradient. Requires ATP

36
Q

What is zero-order kinetics?

A

Metabolism independent of concentration (rate of elimination is constant)

37
Q

What is 1st-order kinetics?

A

Constant drug percentage metabolism over time depends on drug concentration (rate of elimination is directly proportional to drug concentration)

38
Q

What is efficacy?

A

Vmax

39
Q

What is potency?

A

Amount of drug needed to produce effect (lower w/ comp antagonist)

40
Q

What affects potency?

A

Km (EC50)

41
Q

What is Kd?

A

Concentration of drug that binds 50% of receptors

42
Q

What is the Ec50?

A

Concentration of drug that produces 50% of maximal response.

43
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

Fights for active site, no change in Vmax, potency decreases

44
Q

What is Non-competitive inhibition?

A

Binds a regulatory site, no change in Km, Efficacy decreases, decreased Vmax

45
Q

What is the Peak level?

A

4 hours after does (too high - decrease dose_

46
Q

What is the Trough level?

A

2 hours before next dose (too high - give less often)

47
Q

What is the T1/2?

A

Half-life, the time it takes the body to use half of the drug ingested.

48
Q

What is von Gierke?

A

G-6 Phosphatase deficiency, severe fasting hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, increasd lactase and uric acid levels

49
Q

What is Pompe’s?

A

Lysosomal alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency. Usually die early/young due to heart failure. Think Pump with Pompe’s

50
Q

What is Cori’s?

A

Debranching, alpha-1,6-glucosidase enzyme deficiency, short branches of glycogen, milder form of von Gierke with normal lactate levels, limit-dextrin’s accumulate

51
Q

What is Anderson’s?

A

Branching enzyme deficiency, long chains of glycogen

52
Q

What is McArdle’s?

A

Myophosphorylase deficiency, (skeletal muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase), muscle cramps with exercise, increased Glycogen in muscle only, blood glucose NL, second wind phenomenon

53
Q

What is essential fructosuria?

A

Fructokinase deficiency, excrete fructose in blood/urine (still have hexokinase)

54
Q

What is Fructosemia?

A

“Fructose intolerance” (Aldolase B deficiency) Kidney and liver damage, occurs in infants after introduction of fruits, honey and juices

55
Q

What does a Galactokinase deficiency cause?

A

Cataracts

56
Q

What does Galactosemia cause?

A

Cataracts, mental retardation, liver damage

57
Q

What does the Citrate shuttle do?

A

FA transport out of the mitochondria

58
Q

What lysosomal diseases have a cherry-red macula?

A

Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick

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