Question Bank Flashcards
What is the size of the male and female heart?
Male = 325 +/- 100 gm
Female = 275 +/- 100 gm
Which size of the heart is thicker and why?
LEFT
the left side pumps to the body. The body has a higher peripheral pressure than the lungs, thus requiring more musculature to overcome the pressure.
T/F: The right side of the heart pumps before the left side
False: they pump at the same time
Side note: they also pump the same amount even though the left side is thicker
How much blood does the heart pump at rest?
80 gal/hr
What is PFO?
Patent foramen ovale – the hole between the atria doesn’t close with birth
Can allows clots to pass into the heart causing an MI or the brain causing a stroke
What creates the lub and the dub sounds of the heart?
LUB = L and R AV valves closing simultaneously
DUB = Pulmonary and Aortic valves closing simultaneously
Which hemidiaphragm has more resistance?
The right
What type of respiration can increase EE?
If respiration is primarily controlled by accessory mm
What can improve ventilation?
Body position
How much does the diaphragm move in quiet sitting and with max effort?
Quiet sitting = 2/3”
Max effort = 2.5-4”
Why would you want lower pressure in the pulmonary system?
To facilitate gas exchange – without which activity cannot be sustained
What are the long term consequences of heart hypertrophy?
- decreased SV
- quick remodeling leads to weaker arteries and tissue which can result in heart failure
- potential for pericarditis (fibrous pericardium doesn’t have much ability to stretch to accomodate the new size)
- less serous fluid
What are the short term advantages of heart hypertrophy?
Allows the body to met the CO demands under increased pressures
Which is more common L or R AV valve prolapse?
L AV or mitral valve – due to increased pressure in the peripheral vasculature of the body
What is the effect of the atria and ventricle contracting out of union?
The timing/rhythm of the heart is off which will effect gas exchange and delivery
What is the cause of plaque build up
High BP or stress leads to microtearting, the cholesterol gets under the vessel wall through these tears and builds up
*Side note: sites of high pressure/stress include - aorta, carotids, any bifurcation
What are the 2 most common places for blockage in the heart?
R coronary and LAD
T/F: The coronary sinus receives all the cardiac veins.
False: recieves all cardiac veins EXCEPT anterior cardiac veins and smallest cardiac veins
What is the effect of a stiff AV valve?
More pressure during filling which can result in left over blood in the atria and hypterophy of the atria (to overcome the increased pressure)
*Side note: If too rigid a replacement will be suggested
What happens to HR with inspiration and expiration?
With inspiration HR increases due to increased intra-abdominal pressure
With expiration HR decreases due to decreased intra-abdominal pressure
What is the effect of excess body tissue (i.e. obesity, pregnancy) on breathing?
Requires the use of accessory breathing mm
Less room available for diaphragm excursion
What is the consqeunce of lack of lung expansion?
Alveioli (located most densely at the bottom) cant’s open up > can’t increase SA > poor gas exchange > have to work harder to breath > don’t want to move
What is the most common (respiratory) side effect of surgery)?
Atelectasis
What are the 2 sub divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
T/F: O2 exchange is passive while CO2 exchange is active
False: flip it
What controls breating?
The brainstem (medulla)
What tract overrides the brainstem and allows for voluntary control of breathing?
Corticospinal
What is normal pH?
7.4
What is the most common cuase of CHF?
CMD
What is the risk of developing heart failure by 40 yo
20% (1 in 5)
How is HCF manifested?
As pulmonary congestion or edema
The elevated pulmonary pressure leads to R ventricle hypertrophy
Why are pregnant women at risk for dilated cardomyopathy?
With pregnancy there is increased fluid retention plus the mother is pumping blood to the baby as well. This increases the load on the heart
What is the most common of CHF?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
What is the rarest form of cardiomyopathy?
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
What is the hallmark sign of CHF?
abnormal heart sound S3
A great than ____ lb weight increased indicates peripheral edema in those with CHF
3-5
What medical tx should those with CHF avoid
- anti-arrhythmic agents
- Ca channel blockers
- nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (
What does a pt’s EF need to be to be eligible for a ICD?
< 35%
Why might SLE be more beneficial for those with CHF?
Those with severe CHF will have limited exercise tolerance and low Q; you may have to exercise one leg at a time due to these limits.
Goal to get to the point were both legs and be used at once
________ is any condition that affects the heart’s ability to recieve and pump blood.
CMD
T/F: Elevated BP may be a normal process of aging
True
What is the best way to prevent ischemic heart disease?
Diet and EXERCISE!!!
T/F: Anaerobic exercise is the only practical method of providing sustainable cardioprotection.
False: aerobic
What 4 things does regular exercise protect against?
Arrhythmias, stunning, infarction, remodeling
What is normal MAP?
70-100
