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PTRS 826 Exam 1 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Structure: chambers that pump blood to the lungs

A

RIGHT artia and ventricle

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2
Q

Structure: chambers that pump blood to the body

A

LEFT atria and ventricle

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3
Q

Structure: Protects the heart

A

Sternum, ribs, spine

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4
Q

Structure: Posterior aspect of heart; formed by L atrium and narrow portion of R atrium

A

Base

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5
Q

Structure: Blund descending projection formed by L ventricle

A

Apex

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6
Q

Structure: Formed largely by L ventrilce and narrow portion of R ventrilce

A

Diaphragmatic surface

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7
Q

Structure: Formed largely by R atrium and R ventricle with narrow portion of L ventricle

A

Sternocostal surface

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8
Q

List the Features of the R Atrium (4)

A
  1. Wall larger and thinner than L atrium
  2. Auricle (primative atrium w/pectinate mm)
  3. Crista terminalis (where pectinate and smooth mm meet)
  4. Fossa Ovalis (site of closed foramen ovale)
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9
Q

List the Venous Structures that Enter the R Atrium (5)

A
  1. Opening of coronary sinus (venous cardiac circulation)
  2. Valve of inferior vena cava (in emybro direct blood from R>L atria)
  3. Superior vena cava (blood from head/UE)
  4. Inferior vena cava (blood from abdomen/LE)
  5. Right AV or tricuspid valve (site of outflow of R atrium)
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10
Q

List the cusps or leaflets of the R AV valve

A

Anterior, posterior, septal

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11
Q

List the Featurs of the R Ventricle (4)

A
  1. Cusps of tricuspid valve
  2. Papillary mm
  3. Chordae tendineae (connect papillary mm to cusps)
  4. Pulmonary valve
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12
Q

Structures: Attach to AV valve cusps

A

Papillary mm and chorda tendineae

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13
Q

Describe the function of the papillary mm and chorda tendineae

A

The papillary mm contract right before venticular systole. This places tension on the chorda tendineae. This tension keeps the valves closed and blood from regurgitating back into the atria.

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14
Q

List the Features of the Left Atria

A
  1. Pulmonary Veins (oxygenated blood INTO atrium)
  2. Smooth walls
  3. Fossa ovale
  4. L AV or bicuspid or mitral valve (outflow of atrium)
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15
Q

List the cusps or leaflets of the L AV valve

A

Anterior and posterior

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16
Q

List the Features of the L Ventricle (5)

A
  1. Walls 2-3x thicker than R ventricle
  2. Bicuspid valve
  3. Papillary mm
  4. Chordae tendineae
  5. Aortic valve
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17
Q

List the layers of the pericardium (3)

A

From OUT to IN

  1. Fibrous (tough and inelastic)
  2. Parietal
  3. Visceral (very thin, adhered to the heart)

Serous = parietal + visceral

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18
Q

Describe the importance of the fluid in the pericaridal sac

A

Act as a lubrication to decrease friction.

If friction was present heart rub would occur which can cause inflammation and damage

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19
Q

Describe the pericardial blood supply and innervation

A

blood supply = pericardiophrenic artery and veing

innervation = phrenic n

both are located on the external surface of the fibrous pericardium

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20
Q

Artery: R coronary a.

  1. Origin
  2. Distribution
A
  1. R aortic sinus
  2. R atrium, SA/AV node, posterior portion of IV septum
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21
Q

Artery: Artery to SA node

  1. Origin
  2. Distribution
A
  1. 60% R coronary a.; 40% circumflex branch
  2. SA node and pulmonary trunk; SA node and L atrium
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22
Q

Artery: R marginal

  1. Origin
  2. Distribution
A
  1. R coronary a
  2. R ventricle, apex of heart, apex
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23
Q

Artery: Posterior interventricular/descending a

  1. Origin
  2. Distribution
A
  1. R coronary a.
  2. R/L ventricle and IV septum
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24
Q

Artery: AV node

  1. Origin
  2. Distribution
A
  1. R coronary a (80% of the time)
  2. AV node
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25
Q

Artery: L coronary a.

  1. Origin
  2. Distribution
A
  1. L aortic sinus
  2. L atrium/ventricle, IV septum, AV bundle, AV node (40% of the time)
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26
Q

Artery: Anterior interventricular/descending (LAD)

  1. Origin
  2. Distribution
A
  1. L coronary a.
  2. R/L ventricle and IV septum
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27
Q

Artery: Circumflex a.

  1. Origin
  2. Distribution
A
  1. L coronary a.
  2. L atrium/ventricle
28
Q

Artery: L marginal (if present)

  1. Origin
  2. Distribution
A
  1. L circumflex
  2. L border of L ventricle
29
Q

List the Components of the Respiratory System (4)

A
  1. Bony thorax (sternum, ribs, spine, diaphragm)
  2. Mm of ventilation
  3. Upper/Lower airways
  4. Pulmonary Circulation
30
Q

List the Functions of the Respiratory System (4)

A
  1. Gas exchange (removal of metabolic byproducts; re-oxygenation)
  2. Fluid exchange
  3. Filtration
  4. Metabolism
31
Q

Structure: Dynamic body lever system for ventilation

A

Ribs

32
Q

Describe the movement of the upper and lower ribs

A

Upper = pump handle; up and out

Lower = bucket handle; out

33
Q

Describe the shape of the diaphragm with respiration

A

DOMED = at rest; breathing out

FLATTENED = breathing in

34
Q

Term: downward movement of the diaphragm

A

Excursion

35
Q

Describe the diaphragm excursion in the following positions

  1. Supine
  2. Upright
  3. Sitting
  4. Sidelying
A
  1. GRAVITY ELIMINATED position; greatest excusion
  2. Intermediate excursion
  3. Lower level/smaller excursion (due to increased intraabdominal P)
  4. Upper side = lower level than sitting; Lower side = greater level than sitting
36
Q

Define the lung surfaces

A

Costal = contacts ribs, costal cartilage, sternum

Mediastinal = mediastinal structures including side of vertebral bodies

Diaphragmatic surface = convex dome to diaphragm

37
Q

Describe what the pulmonary arteries and veins carry and where they distribute blood

A

Arteries: deoxygenationed from heart to LUNG (L goes over, R under aorta)

Veins: oxygenated from lungs to L VENTRICLE

38
Q

Structure: Attached L pulmonary artery to aortic arch

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

39
Q

Describe the innervation of the lungs

A

Parasym (vagal n): bronchial constriction, pulmonary arterial smooth mm dilation, increased glandular secretion

Sym: bronchial relaxation, pulmonary arterial smooth mm constriction, decreased glandular secretion

40
Q

Describe the pulmonary pleura

A

Consists of visceral and parietal membranes with serous fluid between whose purpose is to keep the membranes close together and to reduce friction and sound

41
Q

Structure: Where the bronchus and pulmonary vessels enter and leave the lung

A

Hilum

42
Q

Structure: extra reflexion of pleural membranes onto each other, inferior to the hilar region that provides a small of amount of stability

A

Pulmonary ligament (NOT a TRUE ligament)

43
Q

Describe the lobes and fissures of the left and right lung

A

R = 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower); oblique fissure and horizontal fissure (divides upper lobe)

L = 2 lobes (upper, lower); oblique fissure

44
Q

Describe Mitral Valve Prolapse

A

When the mitral valve everts [or fails to close] during ventricular systole

Can produce chest pain, SOB, arrhythmia

45
Q

Structure: Open into the R/L aortic sinuses or spaces above the cusps of the aortic valve

A

R and L coronary arteries

46
Q

Describe Pericardial (Friction) Rub

A

If the serous layers of the pericardium becomes rough [typically due to infection] then friction and vibrations may occur

*Side note: pleural friction rubs sound very similar

47
Q

Describe the blood flow to the coronary arteries

A

Blood flow is greatest during diastole

With systole the pressure is too high and the arteries are covered the aortic valve cusps

During diastole, the blood that didn’t make it over the aortic arch falls back down, pooling in the cusps and draining into the coronary arteries

48
Q

Describe the distribution of the R coronary artery (6)

A
  • R atrium
  • most of R ventricle
  • diaphragmatic surface of L ventricle
  • posterior 1/3 of AV septum
  • SA node in 60% of ppl
  • AV node in 80% of ppl
49
Q

Describe the distribution of the L coronary artery (4)

A
  • L atrium
  • Most of L ventricle
  • Anterior 2/3 of AV septum
  • SA node (via circumflex) in 40% of ppl
50
Q

Structure: Site where most of the blood from the coronary circulation returns to the R atrium

A

Primary: coronary sinus

Secondary: pair of anterior cardiac veins

51
Q

Structure: Direct continuation of great cardiac veing; posterior part of coronary sulcus; opens into R atrium

A

Coronary Sinus

*Side note: recieves all cardiac veins EXCEPT anterior cardiac veins and smallest cardiac veins

52
Q

Structure: lies beside anterior interventricular artery

A

Great cardiac vein

53
Q

Structure: Lies next to posterior interventricular artery

A

Middle cardiac vein

54
Q

Structure: runs along margin of right ventricle paralleing right marginal artery

A

Small cardiac vein

55
Q

Structure: Comprised of 2 (or 3) small veins that drain sternocostal surface of rgith ventricle directly into right atrium

A

Anterior cardiac veins

56
Q

Describe bronchopulmonary segments

A

Include bronchi and pulmonary arteries, with pulmonary veins draining a segment near by

Segements can be surgically removed while leaving the rest of the lung unaffected

Each lung as 10 segments (maybe 8 on the left)

57
Q

Describe the bronchial arteries

A

bronchi are suppled by small arterties that bring oxygenated blood to the bronchial tree

2 on the left come off the descending aorta

1 on the right comes off the 3rd posterior intercostal artery

58
Q

Describe how the elastic lungs are balanced to remain inflated

A

The lungs tend to collapse due to their elastic fibers

The chest wall structure, the muscles of the thoracic cage, and the negative pressure in the pleural space keep the lungs inflated

59
Q

List the causes of pneumothorax

A
  • Traumic injury
  • Infection causing hole in lung
  • Air/gas in pleural cavity

*Side note: Inherent elasticity of lung after plueral cavity has been compromised

60
Q

List the sx of pneumothorax

A
  • Chest pain
  • Respiratory distress
  • Tachycardia (increase blood flow to remaining lung, stress)
61
Q

Term: Accumulation of blood in the pleural space; typically caused by injury to an intercostal vessel [during surgery] or high HP

A

Hemothorax

62
Q

Term: Excessive accumulation of fluid, other than blood, within the pleural space due to congestive heart failure, infection, etc

A

Hydrothorax

63
Q

Term: Collapse of alveolar sacs

A

Atelectasis

64
Q

Describe the clinical manifestations of atelectasis

A
  • xray shows opaque area
  • elevation of hemidiaphragm on affected side
  • shift of mediastinum to affected side
  • decrease rib interspace over affected hemidiaphragm
65
Q

Describe the treatment for atelectasis

A
  • breathing techniques
  • spirometry
  • airway clearance

PTRS 826 Exam 1 (6 decks)

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