Anatomy Flashcards
Structure: chambers that pump blood to the lungs
RIGHT artia and ventricle
Structure: chambers that pump blood to the body
LEFT atria and ventricle
Structure: Protects the heart
Sternum, ribs, spine
Structure: Posterior aspect of heart; formed by L atrium and narrow portion of R atrium
Base
Structure: Blund descending projection formed by L ventricle
Apex
Structure: Formed largely by L ventrilce and narrow portion of R ventrilce
Diaphragmatic surface
Structure: Formed largely by R atrium and R ventricle with narrow portion of L ventricle
Sternocostal surface
List the Features of the R Atrium (4)
- Wall larger and thinner than L atrium
- Auricle (primative atrium w/pectinate mm)
- Crista terminalis (where pectinate and smooth mm meet)
- Fossa Ovalis (site of closed foramen ovale)
List the Venous Structures that Enter the R Atrium (5)
- Opening of coronary sinus (venous cardiac circulation)
- Valve of inferior vena cava (in emybro direct blood from R>L atria)
- Superior vena cava (blood from head/UE)
- Inferior vena cava (blood from abdomen/LE)
- Right AV or tricuspid valve (site of outflow of R atrium)
List the cusps or leaflets of the R AV valve
Anterior, posterior, septal
List the Featurs of the R Ventricle (4)
- Cusps of tricuspid valve
- Papillary mm
- Chordae tendineae (connect papillary mm to cusps)
- Pulmonary valve
Structures: Attach to AV valve cusps
Papillary mm and chorda tendineae
Describe the function of the papillary mm and chorda tendineae
The papillary mm contract right before venticular systole. This places tension on the chorda tendineae. This tension keeps the valves closed and blood from regurgitating back into the atria.
List the Features of the Left Atria
- Pulmonary Veins (oxygenated blood INTO atrium)
- Smooth walls
- Fossa ovale
- L AV or bicuspid or mitral valve (outflow of atrium)
List the cusps or leaflets of the L AV valve
Anterior and posterior
List the Features of the L Ventricle (5)
- Walls 2-3x thicker than R ventricle
- Bicuspid valve
- Papillary mm
- Chordae tendineae
- Aortic valve
List the layers of the pericardium (3)
From OUT to IN
- Fibrous (tough and inelastic)
- Parietal
- Visceral (very thin, adhered to the heart)
Serous = parietal + visceral
Describe the importance of the fluid in the pericaridal sac
Act as a lubrication to decrease friction.
If friction was present heart rub would occur which can cause inflammation and damage
Describe the pericardial blood supply and innervation
blood supply = pericardiophrenic artery and veing
innervation = phrenic n
both are located on the external surface of the fibrous pericardium
Artery: R coronary a.
- Origin
- Distribution
- R aortic sinus
- R atrium, SA/AV node, posterior portion of IV septum
Artery: Artery to SA node
- Origin
- Distribution
- 60% R coronary a.; 40% circumflex branch
- SA node and pulmonary trunk; SA node and L atrium
Artery: R marginal
- Origin
- Distribution
- R coronary a
- R ventricle, apex of heart, apex
Artery: Posterior interventricular/descending a
- Origin
- Distribution
- R coronary a.
- R/L ventricle and IV septum
Artery: AV node
- Origin
- Distribution
- R coronary a (80% of the time)
- AV node
Artery: L coronary a.
- Origin
- Distribution
- L aortic sinus
- L atrium/ventricle, IV septum, AV bundle, AV node (40% of the time)
Artery: Anterior interventricular/descending (LAD)
- Origin
- Distribution
- L coronary a.
- R/L ventricle and IV septum
Artery: Circumflex a.
- Origin
- Distribution
- L coronary a.
- L atrium/ventricle
Artery: L marginal (if present)
- Origin
- Distribution
- L circumflex
- L border of L ventricle
List the Components of the Respiratory System (4)
- Bony thorax (sternum, ribs, spine, diaphragm)
- Mm of ventilation
- Upper/Lower airways
- Pulmonary Circulation
List the Functions of the Respiratory System (4)
- Gas exchange (removal of metabolic byproducts; re-oxygenation)
- Fluid exchange
- Filtration
- Metabolism
Structure: Dynamic body lever system for ventilation
Ribs
Describe the movement of the upper and lower ribs
Upper = pump handle; up and out
Lower = bucket handle; out
Describe the shape of the diaphragm with respiration
DOMED = at rest; breathing out
FLATTENED = breathing in
Term: downward movement of the diaphragm
Excursion
Describe the diaphragm excursion in the following positions
- Supine
- Upright
- Sitting
- Sidelying
- GRAVITY ELIMINATED position; greatest excusion
- Intermediate excursion
- Lower level/smaller excursion (due to increased intraabdominal P)
- Upper side = lower level than sitting; Lower side = greater level than sitting
Define the lung surfaces
Costal = contacts ribs, costal cartilage, sternum
Mediastinal = mediastinal structures including side of vertebral bodies
Diaphragmatic surface = convex dome to diaphragm
Describe what the pulmonary arteries and veins carry and where they distribute blood
Arteries: deoxygenationed from heart to LUNG (L goes over, R under aorta)
Veins: oxygenated from lungs to L VENTRICLE
Structure: Attached L pulmonary artery to aortic arch
Ligamentum arteriosum
Describe the innervation of the lungs
Parasym (vagal n): bronchial constriction, pulmonary arterial smooth mm dilation, increased glandular secretion
Sym: bronchial relaxation, pulmonary arterial smooth mm constriction, decreased glandular secretion
Describe the pulmonary pleura
Consists of visceral and parietal membranes with serous fluid between whose purpose is to keep the membranes close together and to reduce friction and sound
Structure: Where the bronchus and pulmonary vessels enter and leave the lung
Hilum
Structure: extra reflexion of pleural membranes onto each other, inferior to the hilar region that provides a small of amount of stability
Pulmonary ligament (NOT a TRUE ligament)
Describe the lobes and fissures of the left and right lung
R = 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower); oblique fissure and horizontal fissure (divides upper lobe)
L = 2 lobes (upper, lower); oblique fissure
Describe Mitral Valve Prolapse
When the mitral valve everts [or fails to close] during ventricular systole
Can produce chest pain, SOB, arrhythmia
Structure: Open into the R/L aortic sinuses or spaces above the cusps of the aortic valve
R and L coronary arteries
Describe Pericardial (Friction) Rub
If the serous layers of the pericardium becomes rough [typically due to infection] then friction and vibrations may occur
*Side note: pleural friction rubs sound very similar
Describe the blood flow to the coronary arteries
Blood flow is greatest during diastole
With systole the pressure is too high and the arteries are covered the aortic valve cusps
During diastole, the blood that didn’t make it over the aortic arch falls back down, pooling in the cusps and draining into the coronary arteries
Describe the distribution of the R coronary artery (6)
- R atrium
- most of R ventricle
- diaphragmatic surface of L ventricle
- posterior 1/3 of AV septum
- SA node in 60% of ppl
- AV node in 80% of ppl
Describe the distribution of the L coronary artery (4)
- L atrium
- Most of L ventricle
- Anterior 2/3 of AV septum
- SA node (via circumflex) in 40% of ppl
Structure: Site where most of the blood from the coronary circulation returns to the R atrium
Primary: coronary sinus
Secondary: pair of anterior cardiac veins
Structure: Direct continuation of great cardiac veing; posterior part of coronary sulcus; opens into R atrium
Coronary Sinus
*Side note: recieves all cardiac veins EXCEPT anterior cardiac veins and smallest cardiac veins
Structure: lies beside anterior interventricular artery
Great cardiac vein
Structure: Lies next to posterior interventricular artery
Middle cardiac vein
Structure: runs along margin of right ventricle paralleing right marginal artery
Small cardiac vein
Structure: Comprised of 2 (or 3) small veins that drain sternocostal surface of rgith ventricle directly into right atrium
Anterior cardiac veins
Describe bronchopulmonary segments
Include bronchi and pulmonary arteries, with pulmonary veins draining a segment near by
Segements can be surgically removed while leaving the rest of the lung unaffected
Each lung as 10 segments (maybe 8 on the left)
Describe the bronchial arteries
bronchi are suppled by small arterties that bring oxygenated blood to the bronchial tree
2 on the left come off the descending aorta
1 on the right comes off the 3rd posterior intercostal artery
Describe how the elastic lungs are balanced to remain inflated
The lungs tend to collapse due to their elastic fibers
The chest wall structure, the muscles of the thoracic cage, and the negative pressure in the pleural space keep the lungs inflated
List the causes of pneumothorax
- Traumic injury
- Infection causing hole in lung
- Air/gas in pleural cavity
*Side note: Inherent elasticity of lung after plueral cavity has been compromised
List the sx of pneumothorax
- Chest pain
- Respiratory distress
- Tachycardia (increase blood flow to remaining lung, stress)
Term: Accumulation of blood in the pleural space; typically caused by injury to an intercostal vessel [during surgery] or high HP
Hemothorax
Term: Excessive accumulation of fluid, other than blood, within the pleural space due to congestive heart failure, infection, etc
Hydrothorax
Term: Collapse of alveolar sacs
Atelectasis
Describe the clinical manifestations of atelectasis
- xray shows opaque area
- elevation of hemidiaphragm on affected side
- shift of mediastinum to affected side
- decrease rib interspace over affected hemidiaphragm
Describe the treatment for atelectasis
- breathing techniques
- spirometry
- airway clearance
