Question 4 factors question Flashcards
Who were 2 individuals from the medieval period?
Galen and Hippocrates
What did Hippocrates invent/ believe in?
- Four Humours Theory balancing the fluids.
- Different parts of the body needed different treatments.
- He wrote 60 books which influenced medicine for hundreds of years.
What did Galen do?
- Learned about anatomy in gladiator school.
- Dissected apes and pigs to learn more.
- Understood the importance of observation and recorded the symptoms.
- Galen’s books were used as university textbooks until the middle ages.
Who were 2 individuals from the Early Modern period?
Edward Jenner and William Harvey.
What did William Harvey find?
- His book “on the motion of the heart” challenged Galen.
- He experimented on animals and discovered how blood pumped around the body in a circular motion.
- He experimented on a patients forearm to prove blood was pumping and proved it was impossible to have too much blood.
- Reduced blood-letting and long term helped understanding of the heart and kidney disease.
- His work helped the discovery of capillaries 60 years later.
What did Edward Jenner do?
- Heard that milkmaid with cowpox never caught smallpox.
- Injected James Phipps with cowpox pus then once recovered smallpox pus.
- In 1798 wrote “an inquiry into the causes and effects of Varioae Vaccinae, or cow-pox”
- Given £10,000 in 1802, by the government to continue his research.
- In 1840 vaccinations free for all infants, 1853 compulsary for all.
- Other diseases have been almost wiped out due to vaccinations e.g. polia and measles.
Who were 2 individuals from the 19th century?
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch.
What did Louis Pasteur do?
- Established the link between germs and diseases, invented Germ Theory.
- Invented Pasteurisation which made food and drink safer from infection.
- He argued that micro-organisms were responsible for disease and that if only we could discover these micro-organisms, then a vaccine could be specifically developed to target an individual disease.
- His first work was on chicken cholera, and this led, in 1880, to an effective vaccine against rabies.
What did Robert Koch do?
- Robert Koch, a German scientist, took the work of Louis Pasteur further.
- In the lab he was able to link certain germs to particular diseases. He used a stain to identify bacteria.
- In 1882, he discovered the specific bacteria that caused TB.
- In 1883 and 1884, he discovered those for cholera.
Who were individuals from the 20th century?
Alexander Fleming and Aneurin Bevan.
What did Fleming do?
- During WW! he was sent to study wounded soldiers.
- He decided to look for something which would kill the microbes which caused the infections.
- Fleming was investigating a drug (which caused septicaemia).
- When he got back from holiday he found that spores from mouldy bread left in his lab had got into the petri dish and killed the germ.
- This mould was Penicillin.
What did Aneurin Bevan do?
- Minister of health introduced by the Labour government to create the NHS.
- All medical people from doctors to pharmacists were brught together under one organisation for “cradle to grave care” paid for through taxation.
- Everyone could see a doctor for free.
- Life expectancy increased from 66-83 for women and from 64-79 for men since the NHS.
What are the 2 factorss for chance during the Medieval period?
Barber Surgeons’ Tooth Worms and the Black Death.
Why was the barber surgeons tooth worms chance?
- Used hot wire and put it into cavity to kill the tooth worm making the hole.
- It actuality killed the nerves, this stopping the pain.
Why was the Black Death chance?
- Popping the buboes to release the evil spirits in the disease inadvertently released some of the infection.
- Cleaning all filth from the streets, ordered by the king- they didn’t know why but it reduced the number of rats which carried fleas.
What are the 2 factors for chance during the Early Modern period?
Ambroise Pare and Edward Jenner.
Why was Ambroise Pare because of chance?
- Scientific methods as he was a surgeon and army doctor in the Italian War (Siege of Milan).
- Ran out of oil so couldn’t cauterise wounds so used a mixture of egg yolk, turpentine and oil of roses. Less painful.
Why was Edward Jenner because of chance?
- Lucky to overhear milkmaids chatting and saying that milkmaids with cowpox never caught smallpox.
Who is the person for chance during the 19th century?
Simpson and Chloroform.
Why is Simpson and chloroform down to chance?
- Simpson experimented with different chemicals as anaesthetics he invited some of his friends around for dinner.
- He poured chlorform into some glases and he and his friends all passed out. He had accidentally found a gaseous anaesthetic.
Who was the person for chance in the 19th century?
Alexander Fleming.
Why was Fleming’s discovery of penicillin down to chance?
It was just chance that the spores of mould from his rotten bread entered his petri dish and killed the bacteria.
What is the factor for war in the Medieval period?
John Arderne.
What did John Arderne do?
- Worked in the 100 years war (from 1337 - 1453).
- He developed painkilling ointments of hemlock, opium and henbane which reduced cauterisations.
- He wrote “A Practise for Surgery” in 1350 which challenged Galen and Hippocrates.
Who are the factors for war during the Early Modern period?
British Sailors - James Lind.
What did the British sailors and James Lind do?
-1753 - British sailors were travelling all over the world as part of the British empire. A lack of vitamins and scurvy killed more sailors than warfare did. James Lind worked out that they should have a daily dose of Lime Juice to stop it.
What was the factor for war during the 20th Century?
World War One 1914 - 1918.
Why was WW! bring changes to health in Britain?
- Mobile x-ray units made it easier to see injuries beneath the skin
- In 1915 the first blood banks set up for battle casualties.
- Harold Gillies developed better skin-grafts - 5000 patients.
- Treatment for shellshock PTSD improved by William Rivers.
Who are the 2 factors for communication in the Medieval Period?
Rhazes and Avicenna.
What did Rhazes do?
- Head doctor in Baghdad hospital.
- Wrote “El Hawi” and 200 further medical works with detailed descriptions of diseases gained through observation.
What did Avicenna do?
- Wrote “Canon of Medicine” a combination of his own ideas combined with Galen and Hippocrates.
- His work was translated into Latin and used widely in the west.
- “Canon of Medicine” was used widely as the medical textbook well into the 17th century.
