Coloured sheet factors for different time periods. Flashcards
What time period is Hippocrates from and what factor is he?
Medieval and individual
What did Hippocrates invent?
The Four Humours Theory balancing the fluids.
What did Hippocrates discover?
That different parts of the body needed different treatments.
How many books did Hippocrates write?
60 books which influenced medics for hundreds of years.
What time period is Galen from and what factor is he?
Medieval and individual
Where did Galen learn about anatomy, and what else did he do to learn?
In Gladiator school in Rome, and he dissected pigs and apes.
What did Galen understand was important?
He understood the importance of observation and recording symptoms.
What were Galen’s books used for?
They were used as university text books until the middle ages.
What time period is Avicenna and what factor is he?
Medieval and individual
What did Avicenna write?
He wrote Canon of Medicine - a combination of his own ideas combined with Galen and Hippocrates. His work was translated into Latin and used widely in the West.
What was Avicenna’s book used as?
Used as the medicine textbook well into the 17th Century.
What time period is John Arderne and what factor is he?
Medieval and individual
Who was John Arderne?
Surgeon with 50% success with anus surgery, which was great for the time.
What did John Arderne work in?
He worked in the 100 years war and developed painkilling ointments of Hemlock, opium and henbane which reduced cauterisations.
What did John Arderne write?
He wrote “A Practice for Surgery” in 1350 which challenged Galen and Hippocrates.
What time period is the Mayor of Coventry from and what factor is he?
Medieval and individual
What did the Mayor of Coventry do and when?
In 1421 he proclaimed that every man clean the street in front of his house or face a 12 penny fine. Waste collections were sold to farmers. There were waste disposal locations called Dunghills. All toilets and waste banned from rivers to allow clean water.
What time period is Vesalius from and what factor is he?
Early Modern and individual
Who did Vesalius challenge?
He challenged Galen by actually dissecting humans and observing.
What book did Vesalius publish?
Published “De Humani Corporis Fabrica” which explained how systems in the body worked e.g. skeleton, muscles, nerves etc. His knowledge was shared with the world and was used in European medical schools. Barber surgeons in London used his ideas in their manuals.
What time period was Paré from and what factor is he?
Early Modern and individual
What did Paré work as?
He worked as a surgeon and army doctor in the Italian war (Siege of Milan).
What did Paré run out of?
He ran out of oil so couldn’t cauterise wounds so he used a mixture of egg yolk, turpentine and oil of roses. This was less painful.
What did Paré use?
He used ligatures to tie off wounds and invented the crows beak clamp to halt bleeding. He developed artificial limbs.
What book did Paré write?
He observed patients and wrote “Les Oeuvres” in 1575 which was widely used.
What time period was William Harvey from and what factor is he?
Early Modern and individual
What did Harvey write?
His book on the motion of the heart challenged Galen.
What did Harvey do?
He experimented on animals and discovered how blood pumped around the body in a circular motion. He experimented on a patient’s forearm to prove blood was pumping and proved it was impossible to have too much blood. This reduced blood-letting and long term, helped understanding of heart and kidney disease. His work helped with the discovery of capillaries 60 years later.
What time period was Edward Jenner from and what factor is he?
Early modern and individual
What did Jenner hear?
He heard that milkmaids with cowpox never caught smallpox.
Who did Jenner inject?
He injected James Phipps with cowpox pus, then once recovered, smallpox pus.
What did Jenner write?
In 1798 he wrote “An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Varioae Vaccinae, or Cow-Pox”.
When was Jenner given £10,000 by the government?
In 1802, in order to continue his research.
When were vaccinations free for all infants?
In 1840, in 1853 it was compulsory for all. Other diseases have been almost wiped out due to vaccinations, e.g. polio and measles.
What time period was Louis Pasteur from and what factor is he?
19th Century and individual.
What did Pasteur establish?
The link between germs and disease. He invented the Germ Theory.
What did Pasteur invent?
Pasteurisation which made food and drink safer from infection.
What did Pasteur argue?
He argued that micro-organisms were responsible for disease and that if only we could discover these micro-organisms, then a vaccine could be developed to specifically target the disease. This allowed him to develop effective vaccines to target specific diseases.
What was Pasteur’s first work on?
Chicken cholera and this led in 1880, to an effective vaccine against rabies.
What time period was Paul Ehrlich from and what factor is he?
19th Century and individual.
Who was Ehrlich?
One of Koch’s students. He epitomises the scientific approach to identifying and treating diseases.
What is Ehrlich best known for?
He is best known for Salvarsan 606, developed in 1910, as the first effective treatment for syphilis. It was called 606 because it was the 606th drug he and his colleagues had used to try and kill the germs causing syphilis. It was the first of what became known as ‘magic bullets’, carefully designed drugs targeting the specific germs causing that illness, and having little or no effect on any other part of the body.
What time period was John Snow from and what factor is he?
19th Century and individual.
When did Snow publish his book?
In 1849 he published a book which claimed that cholera was spread by dirty water, not bad air. He was laughed at.
What year, and how many people died from cholera at the same pump in Broad Street?
1854, 700 people died from the same pump in Broad Street. So he mapped the death locations and found they all got water from the same pump. He removed the pump handle and the disease stopped.
What did Snow influence?
Before germ theory, but did influence the Public Health Acts of 1875 and the Sanitary Act of 1866.
What time period was Alexander Fleming from and what factor is he?
20th Century and individual.
What did Fleming do during WW1?
He was sent to study wounded soldiers. He decided to look for something which would kill the microbes that caused infection.
What germ was Fleming investigating and what happened?
The germ staphylococci, which caused septicaemia. Fleming was investigating it when he went on holiday. Spores from mouldy bread left in his lab had got into the petri dish and killed the germ. The mould was penicillin and we call it an antibiotic today.
What time period was Karl Landsteiner from and what factor is he?
20th Century and individual.
What did Landsteiner discover?
Different blood types to help match donors and transfusions.
What did Landsteiner later discover?
that anti-coagulant would make blood last 28 days. In 1915 the first blood banks were used for battle casualties. By WW2, 700,000 donors were used.
What time period was Aneurin Bevan from and what factor is he?
20th Century and individual.
Who was Bevan?
Minister of Health introduced by the Labour government to create the NHS. All medical people from doctors to pharmacists were brought under one organisation.
What did the NHS set out to provide?
“Cradle to grave care”, paid for through taxation. Everyone could see a doctor for free. Free wigs, teeth, glasses…
How much did life expectancy increase with the introduction of the NHS?
Increased from 66-83 for women, and 64-79 for men since the NHS.
When is Bald’s Leechbook from and what factor is it?
Medieval and chance.
What is Bald’s Leechbook and what have microbiologists found?
Using crop leek and garlic mixed with bullock’s gall and wine, applied from a horn with a feather - it had no medical sense but somehow it worked. Microbiologists have found that it is as effective as modern medicines in treating the superbug MRSA.
Wha time period is the “Barber Surgeons tooth worm” from and what factor is it?
Medieval and chance.
What was the theory of the barber surgeons’ tooth worm?
They used hot wires and put it into the cavity to kill the tooth worm that was making the holes. It had the effect of killing the nerves - this stopping the pain.
What time period is the Black Death from and what factor is it?
Medieval and chance
Why was the Black Death seen as chance?
Popping the buboes to release the evil spirits in the disease inadvertently released some of the infection.
Also cleaning all filth from the streets by order of the king had an effect of educing the number of rats which carried the fleas - but they didn’t know why.
What time period is Ambroise Paré from and what factor is he?
Early modern and chance.
Why is Ambroise Paré in the chance factor?
The oil he used instead of the one he ran out of that he needed for cauterisation was more better - it was more effective and less painful.
What time period is Edward Jenner from and what factor is he?
Early modern and chance
Why is Edward Jenner down to chance?
He was lucky to hear the milkmaids talking and saying that milkmaids with cowpox never caught smallpox. He injected James Phipps with cowpox pus then once recovered smallpox pus.
When was the Great Plague from and what factor is it?
Early modern and chance.
Why was the Great Plague down to chance?
Inadvertently did things to stop contagion e.g. banned public entertainment. Also the rubbish and animals removed from the streets gave rats less food. Also fires lit in the streets for removing the miasma (bad smells) actually frightened off rats.
When was Chicken Cholera from and what factor is it?
19th Century and chance
Who was chicken cholera a problem for, and who dealt with it?
Chicken cholera was a problem for a French farmer in 1879 so Pasteur isolated the germ and tried to weaken it. His team injected chicken with various forms of it.
What happened to the investigation with the chicken cholera?
Over the summer the research was abandoned and some chicken cholera solutions were accidentally left exposed to the air over the summer. Pasteur’s assisstant Chamberland happened to inject a chicken with this solution and it immunised the chicken. Exposure to the air weakened the germs.
When was Simpson and Chloroform from and what factor is it?
19th Century and chance.
What was Simpson’s job?
Simpson experimented with different chemicals as anaesthetics, and he invited some friends around for dinner.
He poured chloroform into some glasses and he and his friends all passed out. He had accidentally found a gaseous aneasthetic.
When was Alexander Fleming from and what factor is he?
20th Century and chance.
Why was Fleming down to chance?
When he went on holiday, spores from mouldy bread left in his lab had got into the petri dish and killed the germ. The mould was penicillin and we call it an antibiotic today.
When were the Crusades (1100-1300) from and what factor is it?
Medieval and war.
What happened during the Crusades that that helped medically?
Christians came into contact with the more advanced Islamic medical texts while in the Middle East and brought them back with them(e.g. Canon of Medicine by Avicenna). This led to better hygiene, medicines and surgical procedures.
When was the 100 Years War from and what factor is it?
(1337-1453) Medieval and war.
Who was the individual involved with the 100 Years War?
John Arderne - who developed painkilling ointments of Hemlock, opium and henbane which reduced cauterisations.
What book did John Arderne write?
“A Practice For Surgery” in 1350 which challenged Galen and Hippocrates.
What were army surgeons good at in the medieval period?
They were very quick at amputations with a saw and a knife at a time without effective anaesthetic.
What tools did army surgeons in the medieval period use?
Tools such as the arrow cup were used, for removing arrows with less damage.
What did army surgeons in the medieval period use to help them?
Manuals, which helped to spread knowledge and diagrams like the Wound Man were produced to help other surgeons.
What time period was the Italian War from and what factor is it?
(1536-1538) Early modern and war
Which individual was involved with the Italian War?
Paré
