question 4 Flashcards
War medieval period
Common in medieval times
Cauterisation of wounds
Wine used as an antiseptic to clean wounds
Army surgeons became very adept at carrying out amputations
War renaissance
Battle of Milan (1536) – Paré acted as a surgeon
War 19th century
Crimean War – role of Florence Nightingale who later had an impact on the sanitation of hospitals
War 20th century
Boer War – army were alarmed by 40 out of every 100 young men who volunteered were unfit
First World War – treatment for shell shock, blood transfusions carried out, plastic surgery to reconstruct disfigurements, techniques used to repair broken bones
Second World War – heart surgery, drug development (penicillin), NHS followed
Superstition and religion medieval period
Ideas of the Four Humours
Bloodletting
Christian ideas of pilgrimage and treating the sick with rest and prayers
Crusades – led to the sharing of ideas
Monasteries – their design promoted better health and hygiene
Black Death – many thought it was sent as a punishment from God. Some churchmen deserted their villages which
damaged the reputation of the church
Idea of miasma causing illness
Superstition and religion renaissance
Great Plague (1665) – still seen as a punishment from God Quackery – increased in the 17th and 18th centuries
Superstition and religion 20th century
Use of holistic medicine to treat illnesses – hydrotherapy, aromatherapy, hypnotherapy and acupuncture
Chance renaissance
Discovery of rose oil, egg white and turpentine which was used on cauterised wounds
Chance 19th century
1879 – Pasteur investigated chicken cholera which led to the discovery of how vaccines worked
‘The Great Stink’ – prompted the government to take action against disease in London -> sewer system introduced
Chance 20th century
Discovery of penicillin by Fleming in 1928
Government medieval period
Town councils introduced laws encouraging people to keep the streets in front of their houses clean and to remove rubbish
Parliament passed a law (1388) which fined people £20 for throwing ‘dung, garbage and entrails’ into ditches, rivers and ponds
Black Death – introduced quarantine measures
Government renaissance
Great Plague – more organised approach by the government to deal with the problems e.g. quarantine, stopping trade between infected towns
Government 19th century
Chadwick Report
Boards of Health set up
1848 – First Public Health Act
1867 – working class men were given the vote
1875 – Second Public Health Act
Bazalgette was given £3 million (£1 billion today) to build sewers in London
Government 20th century
1906 – School Meals Act – poor children got a free meal
National Insurance Act – unemployment benefit
Old Age pension introduced
NHS introduced
Reports written by Booth and Rowntree to advise the government
Beveridge Report 1942
Increased spending on research and care e.g. breast and cervical screening programmes
Communication medieval
Crusades – led to the sharing of ideas
Communication renaissance
Printing press developed
Communication 20th century
New ideas spread rapidly due to television, news media and the internet
Science and technology renaissance
Gunpowder developed – injured soldiers got new wounds requiring treatment
Vaccination vs inoculation – smallpox
Use of microscopes - 1677
Science and technology 19th century
Anaesthetics – nitrous oxide, ether and chloroform Microscopes used to challenge the idea of spontaneous generation Germ theory – swan neck experiment Use of antiseptics – carbolic acid Aseptic surgery Growing microbes on agar Photographing microbes Stethoscope invented in Paris in 1816 X-ray machine invented in 1895
Science and technology 20th century
Mass production of antibiotics – penicillin 1953 – DNA 1978 – IVF 1980 – smallpox declared eradicated Key hole surgery Radiation therapy Surgery using lasers
Individual medieval time
Hippocrates Galen Al-Razi Avicenna John of Arderne
Individual renaissance
Vesalius – human anatomy Paré – surgery during war – ligatures Harvey – circulation of blood Hunter – dissection and anatomical research Jenner – vaccination for smallpox
Individual 19th century
Simpson – chloroform (dosage by Snow) Pasteur – Germ theory Lister – antiseptics Koch – bacteriology John Snow – cholera outbreak Ehrlich – magic bullets – treatment for syphilis
Individual 20th century
Fleming, Florey and Chain – penicillin
Crick and Watson - DNA
Al rashid
786-809: al-Rashid made Baghdad the centre of translation of greek manuscripts to Arabic.
Al rashid second
805: al-Rashid set up a major new hospital with a medical school and library.
Al mamum
813-833: al-mamum made al-Rashid’s library into the study centre for schools.
How did knowledge reach englad
Through trade
Who found out galen was wrong about how the heart worked
al-Nafis
When did John the Arderne write “Guild of surgeons”?
1368
Who Muslim surgeon that wrote a 30 volume book, “Al Tasrif”, in 1000, made cauterisation popular and made 26 new surgical instruments and new procedures?
Abulcasis
What did monks seperate?
Toilet and wash areas
When was the black death
1348
When was the fabric of the human body written by galen?
1543
What was the reaction to Vesalius?
Criticised heavily, yet his contribution in England was noticeable, his dissections were used in a surgeons handbook.
Pare’s contribution
Used a cream instead of an oil on wounds, soldiers seemed to heal better.
Used ligatures for less pain but were slow and not used on the battlefield.
Included drawings of false limbs in his books.
