question 4 Flashcards
War medieval period
Common in medieval times
Cauterisation of wounds
Wine used as an antiseptic to clean wounds
Army surgeons became very adept at carrying out amputations
War renaissance
Battle of Milan (1536) – Paré acted as a surgeon
War 19th century
Crimean War – role of Florence Nightingale who later had an impact on the sanitation of hospitals
War 20th century
Boer War – army were alarmed by 40 out of every 100 young men who volunteered were unfit
First World War – treatment for shell shock, blood transfusions carried out, plastic surgery to reconstruct disfigurements, techniques used to repair broken bones
Second World War – heart surgery, drug development (penicillin), NHS followed
Superstition and religion medieval period
Ideas of the Four Humours
Bloodletting
Christian ideas of pilgrimage and treating the sick with rest and prayers
Crusades – led to the sharing of ideas
Monasteries – their design promoted better health and hygiene
Black Death – many thought it was sent as a punishment from God. Some churchmen deserted their villages which
damaged the reputation of the church
Idea of miasma causing illness
Superstition and religion renaissance
Great Plague (1665) – still seen as a punishment from God Quackery – increased in the 17th and 18th centuries
Superstition and religion 20th century
Use of holistic medicine to treat illnesses – hydrotherapy, aromatherapy, hypnotherapy and acupuncture
Chance renaissance
Discovery of rose oil, egg white and turpentine which was used on cauterised wounds
Chance 19th century
1879 – Pasteur investigated chicken cholera which led to the discovery of how vaccines worked
‘The Great Stink’ – prompted the government to take action against disease in London -> sewer system introduced
Chance 20th century
Discovery of penicillin by Fleming in 1928
Government medieval period
Town councils introduced laws encouraging people to keep the streets in front of their houses clean and to remove rubbish
Parliament passed a law (1388) which fined people £20 for throwing ‘dung, garbage and entrails’ into ditches, rivers and ponds
Black Death – introduced quarantine measures
Government renaissance
Great Plague – more organised approach by the government to deal with the problems e.g. quarantine, stopping trade between infected towns
Government 19th century
Chadwick Report
Boards of Health set up
1848 – First Public Health Act
1867 – working class men were given the vote
1875 – Second Public Health Act
Bazalgette was given £3 million (£1 billion today) to build sewers in London
Government 20th century
1906 – School Meals Act – poor children got a free meal
National Insurance Act – unemployment benefit
Old Age pension introduced
NHS introduced
Reports written by Booth and Rowntree to advise the government
Beveridge Report 1942
Increased spending on research and care e.g. breast and cervical screening programmes
Communication medieval
Crusades – led to the sharing of ideas
Communication renaissance
Printing press developed
Communication 20th century
New ideas spread rapidly due to television, news media and the internet
Science and technology renaissance
Gunpowder developed – injured soldiers got new wounds requiring treatment
Vaccination vs inoculation – smallpox
Use of microscopes - 1677
Science and technology 19th century
Anaesthetics – nitrous oxide, ether and chloroform Microscopes used to challenge the idea of spontaneous generation Germ theory – swan neck experiment Use of antiseptics – carbolic acid Aseptic surgery Growing microbes on agar Photographing microbes Stethoscope invented in Paris in 1816 X-ray machine invented in 1895
Science and technology 20th century
Mass production of antibiotics – penicillin 1953 – DNA 1978 – IVF 1980 – smallpox declared eradicated Key hole surgery Radiation therapy Surgery using lasers
Individual medieval time
Hippocrates Galen Al-Razi Avicenna John of Arderne
Individual renaissance
Vesalius – human anatomy Paré – surgery during war – ligatures Harvey – circulation of blood Hunter – dissection and anatomical research Jenner – vaccination for smallpox
Individual 19th century
Simpson – chloroform (dosage by Snow) Pasteur – Germ theory Lister – antiseptics Koch – bacteriology John Snow – cholera outbreak Ehrlich – magic bullets – treatment for syphilis
Individual 20th century
Fleming, Florey and Chain – penicillin
Crick and Watson - DNA
Al rashid
786-809: al-Rashid made Baghdad the centre of translation of greek manuscripts to Arabic.
Al rashid second
805: al-Rashid set up a major new hospital with a medical school and library.
Al mamum
813-833: al-mamum made al-Rashid’s library into the study centre for schools.
How did knowledge reach englad
Through trade
Who found out galen was wrong about how the heart worked
al-Nafis
When did John the Arderne write “Guild of surgeons”?
1368
Who Muslim surgeon that wrote a 30 volume book, “Al Tasrif”, in 1000, made cauterisation popular and made 26 new surgical instruments and new procedures?
Abulcasis
What did monks seperate?
Toilet and wash areas
When was the black death
1348
When was the fabric of the human body written by galen?
1543
What was the reaction to Vesalius?
Criticised heavily, yet his contribution in England was noticeable, his dissections were used in a surgeons handbook.
Pare’s contribution
Used a cream instead of an oil on wounds, soldiers seemed to heal better.
Used ligatures for less pain but were slow and not used on the battlefield.
Included drawings of false limbs in his books.
When did first blood transfusion happen when blood groups were discovered
1901 (possible because of william harvey)
When did Edward Jenner publish his cow pox findings to a book?
1798
What happened as a result of Edward Jenner’s book in 1798
£10,000 grant was given in 1802 to Jenner by Parliament.
When was Ether invented
1842
When was chloroform created
1847
When did Queen victoria use chloroform?
1853
what was spontaneuos generation?
using microscopes scientists found microbes, they thought they were produced by decay and thought all microbes were the same.
What did loius pasteur prove regarding the germ theory?
that spontaneous generation was wrong and that germs, not chemicals, caused decay.
When did Joseph Lister operate on a young boys leg
1865
The Germ Theory: What was Joseph Lister’s conclusion?
microbes in air caused infection not spontaneous generation
When and what did Lister publish results
Published the results of 11 cases in 1867, with use of antiseptics.
The Germ Theory: What was reactions to Joseph Lister’s work in Britain?
Ideas wre unfamiliar and criticised, spotaneous generation was supported by infleuntial doctors like Charlton Bastian.
When was the cattle plague and what did it do?>
1866 and proves germ theory
how did John Tyndall prove the germ theory?
went against influential Charlton Bastian and proved disease and dust, microbes were in ordinary air.
how did Typhoid fever prove the germ theory and when?
in 1876, Geman scientist Robert Koch, identified specific germs that caused particular diseases such as typhoid and cholera and typhoid, John Tyndall taught doctors Kochs work.
When did they kill microbes before surgery and wear protective gear
1890
What did robert koch do in regards to the Germ Theory?
proved that specific bacteria were responsible for a disease, used dyes to stain microbes so they stood out, perfected a lens to photograph microbes and improved growing on agar plates.
when was the war that pressured koch and pasteur to win the science war?
1871
what was the impact of Pasteur’s and Koch’s work in Britain?
Joseph Lister used diptheria antitoxin to half the death rate by 1905
What happened with cholera in 1831
50,000 people died
What did Edwin Chadwick
A report that believed in the mistaken miasma theory but he did emphasize cleaner streets and water.
When did Edwin Chadwik publish this
1842
Reactions to Chadwicks report
Government didnt cat on his report because of ‘laissez-faire’, MPs didn’t want to tear down and rebuild expensive houses.
When was first public health act
1848
Snow
Dr Snow
Who was given money to build a sewer system after the great stink of 1858?
Joseph Bazalgette
When was second public health act
1875
What was public health act in 1875
the act ordered local councils to appoint Medical Officers for health, remove rubbish and sewage, and supply fresh water.
What happened in 1867
people could vote, politicians realised you get votes if you want to improve the conditions.
What germ was flemming investigating
Staphylococcus
When did fleming go on holiday ?
1928
When were CAT scanners invented
1973
When was first use of IVF?
1978
When was first open heart surgery
1950
Who mapped DNA structure
Crick and Watson mapped the DNA structure.
When were x-rays founded
1895
WW1 plastic surgeon to heal facial wounds
Harold Gillies
When were blood groups discovered
1900
Who discovered blood groups
Karl Landsteiner
When was first blood transfusion
1901
What happened in 1914
Sodium citrate stopped blood from clotting
Who found out about sodium citrate
Hustin
When was first transplant and what was it
1952 kidney
When was first full face transplant
2008
What were the reports of Booth and Rowntree?
30% of the population couldn’t afford money despite working a full time job.
28% didn’t have the minimum amount of money to live on at some point of their lives.
When did liberal part win
1906
1906
Free school meals
1908
ational taxes paid for old age pensions
1909
Britain’s first job centres built
When was Beveridge report
1942
What did Beveridge report lead to?
It was a report suggesting ways to improve the quality of life and that it was the governments responsibility. And created welfare states and the NHS.
When was NHS introduced
1942
Who introduced NHS
Aneurin Bevan
Why did NHS initially get lots of hate
because doctors didn’t want to lose wages and work under the government. He promised them a wage and private pateints and it grew.
What did John hunter do in link to STD’s
prove that gonorrhoea and syphilis were different diseases by injecting himself with the diseases
