Question 3 (4)

Question 1

Explain one way in which the role of religion in law enforcement in the medieval period (c1000–c1500) was different to the role of religion in law enforcement in the early modern period

Answer 1

• bigger impact in medieval period than early modern e.g. used trials by ordeal where they would turn to the church so God could determine if the accused was guilty
• law enforcement became more secular in the early modern period e.g. James I abolished sanctuary in 1623

Question 2

Explain one way in which the use of capital punishment in the years c.1700-c1900 was different to the use of capital punishment in the years c1900-present.

Answer 2

• more common during 1700-1900 e.g. the Bloody code increased no. of crimes punishable by death (by 1810 - 222 capital offences) because they wanted to frighten people
• less common during 1900-present e.g. death penalty was abolished in 1998 because reformation became more important

Question 3

Explain one way in which law enforcement in the years c1700–c1900 was different from law enforcement during the modern period (c1900–present).

Answer 3

• focussed more on catching criminals in 1700-1900 e.g. Bow Street Runners in 1749 tracked down criminals and stolen property
• focussed on both preventing crime and catching in 1900-pres e.g. National Crime agency seeks to detect and prevent serious organised crime

Question 4

Explain one way in which law enforcement in the years c1700–c1900 was similar to law enforcement during the modern period (c1900–present).

Answer 4

• both focussed heavily on detecting and catching criminals
• 1700-1900: Watchmen patrolled cities on foot at night
• 1982: Neighbourhood Watch groups use volunteers to increase vigilance and detect crime

Question 5

Explain one way in which law enforcement in the medieval period (c1000–c1500) was different from law enforcement during in the years c1700–c1900.

Answer 5

• focussed more on religion during 1000-1500 e.g. trial by ordeal turned to God to determine the accused’s guilt
• but in 1700-1900 it was more secular e.g. Bow Street Runners used new methods of finding evidence to bring criminals to justice

Question 6

Explain one way in which law enforcement in the medieval period (c1000–c1500) was similar to law enforcement during in the years c1700–c1900.

Answer 6

• the community had a major role in law enforcement
• e.g. use of tithings were responsible for each other in 1000-1500
• e.g. use of voluntary unpaid Watchmen in 1700-1900 to patrol at night

Question 7

Explain one way in which the use of prison as a punishment in the early modern period (c1500-c1700) was different to the use of prison as a punishment in the years c1700–c1900.

Answer 7

• prisons were not seen to provide retribution or deterrence so rarely used in 1500-1700 e.g. only used to hold people before their capital/corporal punishment was carried out
• increased feelings that punishment should be about deterrence and retribution so were increasingly used in the 18th century and reformed to increase likelihood of rehabilitation

Question 8

Explain one way in which the use of prison as a punishment in the early modern period (c1500-c1700) was different to the use of prison as a punishment in the years c1900-present.

Answer 8

• prisons were not seen to provide retribution or deterrence so rarely used in 1500-1700 e.g. only used to hold people before their capital/corporal punishment was carried out
• increased use after 1900 and changed to be more secure e.g. corporal punishments in prison abolished in 1948

Question 9

Explain one way in which attitudes towards ‘social crimes’ (crimes which many in society accept to some degree) in the medieval period were different from attitudes towards ‘social crimes’ in the years c1900-present.

Answer 9

• smuggling was a social crime in both periods
• mainly wool was smuggled in medieval period so overlooked
• people-trafficking (smuggling people to sell for prostitution or forced labour) started to grow during 1900-present and was not accepted by society

Question 10

Explain one way in which attitudes towards ‘social crimes’ (crimes which many in society accept to some degree) in the medieval period were similar to attitudes towards ‘social crimes’ in the years c1900-present.

Answer 10

• smuggling was a social crime in both periods, people even made alibis for smugglers in order to purchase cheaper goods and saw the government as unreasonable due to the high import tax

Question 11

Explain one way in which attitudes towards anti-social crime in the medieval period (c1000–c1500) were different to attitudes towards anti-social crime in the modern period (c1900–present).

Answer 11

• attitudes in medieval period: to use corporal punishment to reduce re-offending rates and capital punishment as a deterrence and for retribution
• attitudes in modern period: to use prisons to rehabilitate the offender and reduce re-offending rates through education