Question 1a Flashcards
1
Q
Describe two features of Anne Boleyn’s arrest for adultery and treason
A
- Cromwell’s influence
- tortured Mark Smeaton into admitting he had an affair with Anne, used as grounds for her arrest - Henry’s growing irritation for Anne
- irritated with Anne bc she couldn’t provide him with a male heir + bc of her strong opinions on religion and foreign policies so he wanted to end marriage
2
Q
Describe two features of the battle of Pavia, 1525
A
- Henry didn’t get any credit
- when Charles V successfully captured Francis I of France, he refused to share success with Henry - England didn’t gain much
- bc Charles V ignored Henry’s suggestion to divide France between England and the Holy Roman Empire, with Henry at the throne
- war with France cost him £430,000
3
Q
Describe two features of Wolsey’s reputation as ‘alter rex’
A
- He was resented for it
- many members of nobility = jealous bc he rose to power despite being of low-birth and the son of a butcher - He used his role to help the poor
- when reforming the justice system, he encouraged the poor to bring their cases to court and supported them against the rich
4
Q
Describe two features of the influence of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk over Henry VIII
A
- Catherine Howard’s uncle
- meant he had influence over Henry as Catherine Howard was his 5th wife - He used the influence to cause Cromwell’s execution
- Thomas resented Cromwell bc he rose to power despite being of low-birth and the son of a butcher + bc of how he supported the reformation as he was Protestant
- so used influence to sour relationship between Henry + Cromwell and push for his execution
5
Q
Describe two features of the execution of Thomas Cromwell in 1540
A
- It was heavily influenced by the Duke of Norfolk
- Catherine Howard’s uncle, used this to sour rs between Henry + Cromwell by instructing Catherine to spread rumours about Cromwell
- e.g. that he wasn’t trying hard enough to secure annulment from Anne of Cleves - He was resented by many
- e.g. Church resented his dissolution of monasteries, saw him as ‘evil counsellor’
- meant that they were happy to vote for the Act of Attainder which allowed for his execution without court
6
Q
Describe two features of the Act in Restraint of Appeals, 1533
A
- Allowed Henry to grant himself the annulment with Catherine of Aragon
- bc it named Henry as the Supreme Head of the Church of England - It set England aside
- the act stated that England would no longer be subject to any foreign rule
7
Q
Describe two features of the failure of divorce proceedings in London in 1529
A
- Reason for Wolsey’s fall from power
- he was unable to get Henry divorced from Catherine of Aragon which angered Henry + caused him to become increasingly impatient with Wolsey - Influence of Charles V, Catherine’s uncle
- Charles had troops close to Rome which made the Pope reluctant to grant the annulment
- Pope also instructed Cardinal Campeggio to drag out the proceedings until the case was adjourned in July 1529
8
Q
Describe two features of Henry VIII’s desire for a son
A
- Reflected badly on his manhood
- bc he was seen as incapable of producing a male heir - It was bc of the succession
- without a male heir, it encouraged other people from inside and outside the Kingdom to claim the throne, which may have led to battles and war
9
Q
Describe two features of John Fisher’s opposition to the Reformation
A
- Led to his execution
- bc he refused to accept Henry as the Supreme Head of the Church of England - His belief in Catholicism
- J.F condemned the Protestant movement and argued against Martin Luther, he believed any reforms should come from the church itself
10
Q
Describe two features of Thomas More’s opposition to the Reformation
A
- He supported Catherine of Aragon in wanting to stay married to the King
- meant that he opposed Reformation bc it would give Henry the power to annul his marriage with Catherine - He was a devout Catholic
- he believed that the Reformation would weaken the Church, which led to his opposition
11
Q
Describe two features of the war with France, 1522-25
A
- It achieved very little
- after Charles V captured Francis I of France, he refused to share success with Henry and ignored Henry’s suggestion to divide France between England and the Holy Roman Empire - It cost England a lot
- despite promising to, Spain and the Duke of Bourbon did not come to England’s support
- this cost them £430,000 over 3 yrs of war
12
Q
Describe two features of Henry’s marriage to Anne of Cleves
A
- Desire for a male heir
- Henry only had 1 male heir, Edward, so he needed more to secure the succession bc if Edward died, people from inside + outside the kingdom could come and claim the throne - Gave him an ally
- England was under threat of crusade by Francis I of France and Charles V of Spain, marrying Anne of Cleves gave Henry valuable European allies which could possibly help protect England
13
Q
Describe two features of Cromwell’s reforms of the King’s Chambers
A
- King’s Chambers couldn’t cope with massive increase in income from he Dissolution of the Monasteries
- e.g. se up Court of Augmentations to deal with the new income and property that came from dissolution - Court of First Fruits and Tenths
- established to collect taxes from the clergy that were previously sent to Rome
14
Q
Describe two features of Cromwell’s service to Wolsey, 1519-30
A
- Cromwell was loyal to Wolsey
- e.g. defended him in parliament and in audiences with the king - Cromwell was Wolsey’s main advisor by 1529
- e.g. he took on high profile cases in the Star chamber
15
Q
Describe two features of the Compendium Compertorum, 1535
A
- It was different to the Valour Ecclesiaticus.
- the valour expresseed the land + property concerning the church
- the compendium compertorum expressed the spiritual nature of the church - It justified the dissolution of the monasteries in 1536.
- it listed clerical abuses e.g. monks engaging in homosexual practices with young boys and living in wealth + luxury, disregarding their humble nature
