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Quest 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Males and females are often strictly different in size and appearance

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2
Q

Sexual selection

A

Differential reproductive success due to variation among individuals in obtaining mates

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3
Q

Which sex should be choosy?

A

The one that invests more

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4
Q

Which sex should compete?

A

The one that invests less

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5
Q

Which sex is subject to WEAK sexual selection?

A

The sex that invests more

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6
Q

Which sex is subject to STRONG sexual selection?

A

The sex that invests less

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7
Q

Intrasexual competition

A

Male - male competition
Males fight among themselves to control a resource important to females OR control of a group of females

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8
Q

Intersexual competition

A

Female choice
Males may advertise for females by displaying or singing

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9
Q

Hypotheses for intersexual selection

A

Direct benefit, Good genes, Runaway selection, Sensory bias

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10
Q

Direct benefit Hypothesis

A

individuals choose mates who can directly provide immediate advantages that improve their own survival or reproductive success

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11
Q

Amplexus

A

Males and females are joined in “mate guarding”

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12
Q

Good genes Hypothesis

A

Males are often “showy”
Individuals choose mates based on traits that signal “good genes”

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13
Q

Handicap principle

A

Something about costly behaviors or features that makes a reliable signal

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14
Q

Runaway selection Hypothesis (Fisher Process)

A

Linkage disequilibrium between trait gene in males and preference gene in females

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15
Q

Sexy son Hypothesis

A

Females choose a mate w/ attractive traits not because they are better or healthier but because sons will inherit the attractive traits and be more likely to find mates.

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16
Q

Sensory bias model

A

Mate preferences evolved because females already had a sensory system turned into a certain stimuli

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17
Q

Postcopulatory sexual selection

A

Competition after mating
Sperm competition

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18
Q

Strategies of postcopulatory

A
  1. Mate guarding
  2. Blocking female genital opening
  3. Removing other males sperm
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19
Q

Precopulatory sexual selection

A

Infanticide
(Males will come in to new area and kill all preexisting young so females need to remate)

20
Q

Monogamy

A

one male, and one female

21
Q

Polygyny

A

One male, and two females

22
Q

Polyandry

A

Two male, and one females

23
Q

Polygyandry

A

more than one male and more than one female

24
Q

In the case of Environmental Unpredictability, Number of Niches, Parasite Load when will asexual reproduction be favored?

A

When the factors are low asexual will be favored.

25
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Offspring unfertilized gametes

26
Q

Apomixis (Asexual Repro)

A

Single meiosis division
Most like mitosis and more common

27
Q

Automixis (Asexual repro)

A

Haploid gamete stage

28
Q

Sexual reproduction (Amphimixis)

A

diploid individuals produce haploid gametes via meiosis

29
Q

Three steps of sexual reproduction

A
  1. Recombination
  2. Gamete Production
  3. Gamete Fusion
30
Q

Recombination

A

Crossover between homologous chromosome

31
Q

Gamete production

A

Production of haploid gametes

32
Q

Gamete fusion

A

Gametic exchange between unrelated individuals

33
Q

Anisogamy

A

Two different gametes

34
Q

Isogamy

A

One type of gamete

35
Q

Other costs of sex (4)

A
  1. Cost in searching for a mate
  2. Cost in courting a mate
  3. When searching and courting, organisms are less vigilant to predators
  4. Infections from mating
36
Q

Benefits of sexual reproduction

A
  1. Sexual reproduction purges deleterious mutations
  2. Sexual reproduction generates genetic variation to improve chances against selection
37
Q

Muller’s Ratchet

A

Build up of deleterious mutations

38
Q

The Fisher - Muller Hypothesis

A

Sex accelerated adaptive evolution

39
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

Takes all the running in the world to stay in the same place

40
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis Predictions

A
  1. Oscillations int he relative frequency of asexual lineages when parasites are present
  2. Time lags between evolution of a new host defense and the ability of the pathogen to find a way around it
  3. Correlation between parasite load and sexual reproduction
41
Q

Cooperation

A

when two or more individual receive a benefit from joint actions

42
Q

Cooperation

A

Pay an immediate cost for actions, but overall fitness is increased is cooperation is achieved

43
Q

Direct fitness

A

viable offspring

44
Q

Indirect fitness

A

Effect of your behavior of the direct fitness of genetic relatives

45
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

The sum of direct and indirect fitness

46
Q

Eusociality

A
  1. Reproductive Division of Labor
  2. Cooperative Rearing
  3. Overlapping Generations

Evolution (5 decks)

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