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Quest 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Transmission genetics

A

mechanism by which genes are passed on from parents to offspring

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2
Q

What 2 things did Mendel’s Law do?

A
  1. Segregation - disproved blended inheritance
  2. Independent Assortment - genes at one loci are independent of other loci
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3
Q

Particulate Inheritance

A

Hereditary particles responsible for inherited physical characteristics stayed separate and not blend and one “absorb” the other

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4
Q

Transcription

A

The process of making RNA from DNA

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5
Q

Promotor

A

DNA sequences that marks the beginning of a gene’s transcription

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6
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that copies DNA to RNA

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7
Q

Proteins

A

Complex molecules made up of AAs linked together

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8
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA carries genetic info from DNA to cytoplasm of cell

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9
Q

Amino acid

A

Formed from 3 base pairs, acts as building blocks for proteins

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10
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, helps build proteins by carrying amino acids to ribosome

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11
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the usual DNA sequence at a particular gene loci

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12
Q

rRNA

A

Makes up the majority of ribosomes in cells, and is essential for protein synthesis

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13
Q

Codons

A

3 letter genetic sequence in DNA and RNA

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14
Q

microRNA

A

non-coding RNA molecule the regulates gene expression by binding to mRNA and preventing it from producing proteins

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15
Q

Translocation

A

the process of making proteins from RNA

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16
Q

APE sites of ribosomes

A

3 binding sites for tRNA

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17
Q

Gene

A

Basic unit of heredity

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18
Q

What does it mean when the genetic code is REDUNDANT and SPECIFIC

A

More than one codon will code for one AA but one AA can not be formed by more than codon

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19
Q

Intron

A

Taken out during RNA splicing

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20
Q

Exon

A

What is left after RNA splicing, linked together to form RNA

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21
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Can lead to different proteins based on what exons are kept and which are spliced out

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22
Q

Alleles

A

One of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a particular region of chromosomes

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23
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic make up of an organism, the set of genes it carries

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24
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an organism

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25
Q

Homozygous

A

Have two identical versions of the same gene, one from each parent

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26
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different versions o the same gene, one from each parent

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27
Q

Codominant

A

Multiple alleles dominant over a recessive

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28
Q

Enhancers

A

Enhance transcription

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29
Q

Silencers

A

Silence transcription

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

Epigenetic inheritance

A

Heritable mechanisms that alter gene expression without changes to the DNA
Cellular level

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32
Q

Methylation

A

Often stops transcription by blocking promoters and RNA polymerase

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33
Q

Histone modification

A

Influence transcription through decondensation

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34
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The process by which immature cells develop into mature cells with specific functions

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35
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

The process that controls which copy of a gene is expressed in an individual

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36
Q

X inactivation

A

A process in females where one or two X chromosomes in each is randomly silenced

37
Q

Developmental Plasticity

A

The ability of an organism to change its form, movement, or activity rate in response to its environment

38
Q

Four sources of genetic variation

A
  1. Recombination
  2. Mutation
  3. Migration
  4. Lateral gene transfer
39
Q

What is the ultimate source of variation?

40
Q

Transition mutation

A

Purine is replaced by purine
Pyrimidine is replaced by pyrimidine

41
Q

Transversion mutation

A

Purine replaced by pyrimidine
Pyrimidine replaced by purine

42
Q

Synonymous mutation

A

Mutation that will still encode he same AA

43
Q

Silent mutation

A

Has no change in function

44
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Codon now encodes for a stop codon

45
Q

Insertion mutation

A

Adds nucleotide or codon

46
Q

Deletion mutation

A

Removes nucleotides or codon

47
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Occurs when and insertion or deletion is not a perfect 3

48
Q

Gene duplication

A

A second copy of region is inserted into chromosome

49
Q

Gene duplication

A

A gene region is taken out

50
Q

Gene inversion

A

A gene region is inverted

51
Q

Gene translocation

A

A section of one chromosome is moved to a different chromosome

52
Q

Are all mutations bad?

A

No they can be good, bad or neutral

53
Q

Are mutations planned?

A

No the mutations are random changes

54
Q

3 flaws of Mendel

A
  1. most variation seems continuous
  2. inheritance vs Darwinian Selection
  3. Frequencies of discrete traits nature doesn’t equal Mendel
55
Q

What 2 things did Hardy’s model accomplish?

A

1.Used math to understand population dynamics under Mendelian Inheritance
2.Cleared up that dominance does not always mean better, recessive does not always mean worse

56
Q

Stable equilibrium

A

Change in the allele frequencies pushes them back to where is was

57
Q

Unstable equillibrium

A

any change in allele frequencies will completely change the population

58
Q

Mixed equilibrium

A

Some changes in allele frequencies will change the population others will not.

59
Q

Neutral equilibrium

A

Change in allele frequencies doesn’t matter

60
Q

What are the 3 conclusions of Hardy-Weinberg?

A
  1. Frequencies of alleles p and q do not change over time w/out evolution processes
  2. Given allele frequencies and random mating we can predict the equilibrium genotype frequencies ( p^2 2pq q^2)
  3. If there are no evolution processes at work then a population is not in HWE but will go to HWE in one generation
61
Q

What are the 5 HWE assumptions?

A
  1. No natural selection acting on that trait
  2. Random mating - no sexual selection in respect to that trait
  3. No mutation - at this loci or trait
  4. No migration or gene flow
  5. No genetic drift - population is infinite
62
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

63
Q

Selection coefficient

A

measure of how much a particular trait or genetic variant affects an organism’s survival and reproduction compared to others in the population (how strongly natural selection is acting AGAINST a particular allele)

64
Q

S=0

A

Allele has no effect on fitness, no selection against

65
Q

S=0.25

A

25% reduction in fitness

66
Q

High S value means?

A

stronger selection AGAINST the trait/allele

67
Q

Frequency independent selection

A

The fitness associated with a trait is not directly dependent on the frequency of the trait in the population

68
Q

Directional selection

A

Type of frequency independent selection
One phenotype is favored over another (DD over dd or dd over DD)

69
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Type of frequency dependent selection
Intermediate is favored over either extreme (Dd is favored over DD or dd)

70
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Type of frequency independent selection
Two extremes are favored over the intermediate (DD or dd favored over Dd)

71
Q

What type of frequency dependent selection leads to speciation?

A

Disruptive selection

72
Q

Overdominance

A

Heterozygote advantage
Results in a balanced polymorphism and is a case of stable equilibrium

73
Q

Underdominance

A

Heterozygote disadvantage
Heterozygote is the worst phenotype

74
Q

Why is underdominance not found in nature?

A

The alleles have already gone to fixation

75
Q

Why is underdominance considered frequency independent?

A

While direction of fixation depends on frequency SELECTION ON PHENOTYPE DOES NOT

76
Q

Frequency dependent selection

A

When the cost or benefit associated with the trait changes depending on its frequency in the population

77
Q

Positive frequency dependent selection

A

Fitness of the trait increases as the frequency increases (leads to unstable equilibrium)

78
Q

Negative frequency dependent selection

A

When the fitness associated with the trait decreases as the frequency increases (leads to balanced polymorphism)

79
Q

Model for mutation

A

A1 mutates to A2 at a rate of u
A2 mutates to A1 at a rate of v

80
Q

Equilibrium frequencies of our alleles under mutation

A

p^2 = v/(u+v)
q^2 = u/(u+v)

81
Q

Mutation - Selection Balance

A

When the rate of deleterious allele elimination = rate of new allele creation via mutation

82
Q

Assortative mating

A

Like mates with mate

83
Q

Disassortative mating

A

Mate with those different from themselves

84
Q

Identity by descent

A

Two or more individuals inherit the exact same DNA segment from a common ancestor without an changes

85
Q

selfing

A

The most extreme version of inbreeding

86
Q

How does inbreeding change genotype and allele frequencies?

A

Genotype frequencies - favor homozygotes
Allele frequencies - do NOT change

87
Q

F-stat

A

Inbreeding coefficient

88
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

The result of selfing and reproduction with genetic relatives
Happens as a consequence of increasing homozygosity

Evolution (5 decks)

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