Quest 3: Resp Flashcards

1
Q

What is ventilation?

A

the process of moving air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

What is ventilation influenced by?

A

Body position, Age, Body size

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3
Q

What are the 2 primary forces effecting airway ventilation?

A

-Outward expansion of the chest wall
-Inward collapse of the lung tissue

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4
Q

As long as the ________ is intact the primary forces of ventilation counteract each other during the respiratory cycle thus promoting insufflation and exsufflation of the lungs

A

Pleura

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5
Q

What thin continuous membrane covers the lungs?

A

Visceral Pleura

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6
Q

What thin continuous membrane covers the thoracic cavity?

A

Parietal Pleura

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7
Q

_______________ space is a potential space that keeps lungs pressed against thorax wall unless infiltrated with fluid

A

Intrapleural space

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8
Q

What can affect the intrapleural space?

A

Blood; hemothorax
Water; Hydrothorax
Air; Pneumothorax

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9
Q

What are the 2 primary muscles of inspiration and what do they do during this cycle?

A

Diaphragm and Intercostal muscles

Contract and move the chest wall outward and upward increasing intrathoracic volume

Diaphragm moves down
Intercostal muscles move the chest up

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10
Q

What are the 2 primary muscles of expiration and what do they do during this cycle?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax (no active expiration via diaphragm

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11
Q

Describes what happens during the active process of inspiration.

A

The outward expansion of the chest wall-> a neg intrapleural pressure (relative to atmospheric pressure) ->air to be sucked in the lungs->pressure increases->@ the peak of insp, airway pressure = atmospheric pressure->no more movement of air

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12
Q

Describe what happens to the chest pressures during exhalation (passive).

A

Due to high airway elastance, lungs passively recoil, increasing intrapulmonary pressure and pushing out air

Pa>Patm ->pushes air out

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13
Q

What are some examples of (active) expiration?

A

-Forces expiration
-Coughing
-Vomiting
-Jolly laughter

Active expiration requires contraction of intercostal and accessory expiratory muscles

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14
Q

What happens if you increase interstitial thickness (fibrosis)?

A

Drop in the diffusion of gases DO2

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15
Q

What disease process has a decreased surface area?

A

Emphysema

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16
Q

In an emphysema pt, how will large alveoli affect gas exchange?

A

Large alveoli has more area, but the surface/volume ratio has decreased. This will decrease……

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17
Q

Why is there an increase in pulmonary pressure with COPD and emphysema?

A

Alveoli vessels are quished-> Pulm HTN

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18
Q

Compliance curve observations

A

Curve on top: Obstructive-fills easily, can’t get air out

Curve on bottom: Restrictive/Fibrosis/Broken ribs/Pneumo-lungs take over and want to collapse on themselves

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19
Q

What relationship does the Oxyhemoglobin Curve show?

A

Relationship between PaO2 and SaO2

20
Q

What does a shift to the left cause?

A

Holding on to oxygen

21
Q

Causes of a shift to the left of Oxyhemoglobin curve?

A

Alkalosis
Cold temperatures
Dec 2,3 DPG

22
Q

What happens when there is a shift to the right shift?

A

Release oxygen

23
Q

Causes of a right shift to the oxyhemoglobin curve?

A

Acidic
Inc temp
Inc 2,3 dpg

Stress and exercise->off loading to release oxygen to mitochondria

24
Q

Restrictive airway disorders tend to produce ________ compliance as lung tissue is replaced with ________ material causing ________.

A

low; fibrotic; stiffness

25
Q

Examples of restrictive airway disorders

A

-Pulmonary fibrosis
-Obesity
-Pneumoconiosis
-Recurrent infections
-Lack of surfactant

26
Q

Obstructive airway disorders tend to produce _______ compliance as lung tissue is destroyed.

A

high

27
Q

Examples of obstructive airway disorders

A

Emphysema
Bronchitis
Asthma
COPD
Bronchiectasis

28
Q

Emphysema patho

A

Alveolar wall destruction
Overinflation

29
Q

Chronic Bronchitis patho

A

Productive cough
Inflammation

30
Q

The lungs exchange gas (CO2 and O2) between the __________ & ____________.

A

Blood;atmosphere

31
Q

What regulates the respiratory?

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptors detects changes in: pH, CO2, O2

Receptors also sense a stretch of the lungs->afferent signals to brainstem->resp control center->response

32
Q

Conditioning the air makes O2 does what in regards to a liquid interface?

A

Makes it easier to diffuse

33
Q

What are the 2 types of pleura?

A

Visceral and Parietal

34
Q

Describe visceral pleura

A

Lining directly opposed to the lung tissue; wraps around mediastinum, wraps on itself, and comes back up to form the parietal pleura

35
Q

Describe parietal pleura

A

Attached to chest wall; opposed to the mediastinum

36
Q

What is the benefit of fluid in the pleural space?

A

Prevents rubbing/friction of the lungs

Cold weather=less fluid in intrapleural space

37
Q

The pleural space is a _______________ space that tethers the lungs to the chest wall.

A

Potential

38
Q

What muscles are used during inspiration to increase pressure to expand the chest wall outward

A

Intercoastals, diaphragm

39
Q

What happens lung pressure during inspiration?

A

Lung pressure becomes negative (Pressure in pleura<atmospheric pressure

Creates a vacuum. (to pull air in)

40
Q

What is it called when the chest wall expands outward and pleura/alveoli become more negative, the negative pressure helps open the alveoli/airway?

A

Interdependence

41
Q

HIgh lung volumes _____________ overall resistance to air in the airway

A

Decrease

42
Q

At the height of inspiration what happens to the Alveolar/Atm Pressure?

A

they are equal

43
Q

The higher the volume = the higher ______________ of tissue.

A

Elastance

(The tissue wants to collapse on itself)

44
Q

In what ways do inspiration stops?

A

Reduction of muscle action

Reach TLC/IR (Can no longer keep breathing in, so muscles stop contracting.

45
Q

Compliance is considered to be the relationship between what to figures?

A

Change in V/Change in P

46
Q

At what point during breathing do you have the highest compliance?

A

FRC

47
Q

On the compliance curve, where is the Obstx curve and what does it mean?

A

It is the top curve

-When the lungs are screwed up, the chest wall takes over.
-Lungs fill easy, can’t get out