Quest 3: Resp Flashcards
What is ventilation?
the process of moving air into and out of the lungs
What is ventilation influenced by?
Body position, Age, Body size
What are the 2 primary forces effecting airway ventilation?
-Outward expansion of the chest wall
-Inward collapse of the lung tissue
As long as the ________ is intact the primary forces of ventilation counteract each other during the respiratory cycle thus promoting insufflation and exsufflation of the lungs
Pleura
What thin continuous membrane covers the lungs?
Visceral Pleura
What thin continuous membrane covers the thoracic cavity?
Parietal Pleura
_______________ space is a potential space that keeps lungs pressed against thorax wall unless infiltrated with fluid
Intrapleural space
What can affect the intrapleural space?
Blood; hemothorax
Water; Hydrothorax
Air; Pneumothorax
What are the 2 primary muscles of inspiration and what do they do during this cycle?
Diaphragm and Intercostal muscles
Contract and move the chest wall outward and upward increasing intrathoracic volume
Diaphragm moves down
Intercostal muscles move the chest up
What are the 2 primary muscles of expiration and what do they do during this cycle?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax (no active expiration via diaphragm
Describes what happens during the active process of inspiration.
The outward expansion of the chest wall-> a neg intrapleural pressure (relative to atmospheric pressure) ->air to be sucked in the lungs->pressure increases->@ the peak of insp, airway pressure = atmospheric pressure->no more movement of air
Describe what happens to the chest pressures during exhalation (passive).
Due to high airway elastance, lungs passively recoil, increasing intrapulmonary pressure and pushing out air
Pa>Patm ->pushes air out
What are some examples of (active) expiration?
-Forces expiration
-Coughing
-Vomiting
-Jolly laughter
Active expiration requires contraction of intercostal and accessory expiratory muscles
What happens if you increase interstitial thickness (fibrosis)?
Drop in the diffusion of gases DO2
What disease process has a decreased surface area?
Emphysema
In an emphysema pt, how will large alveoli affect gas exchange?
Large alveoli has more area, but the surface/volume ratio has decreased. This will decrease……
Why is there an increase in pulmonary pressure with COPD and emphysema?
Alveoli vessels are quished-> Pulm HTN
Compliance curve observations
Curve on top: Obstructive-fills easily, can’t get air out
Curve on bottom: Restrictive/Fibrosis/Broken ribs/Pneumo-lungs take over and want to collapse on themselves
What relationship does the Oxyhemoglobin Curve show?
Relationship between PaO2 and SaO2
What does a shift to the left cause?
Holding on to oxygen
Causes of a shift to the left of Oxyhemoglobin curve?
Alkalosis
Cold temperatures
Dec 2,3 DPG
What happens when there is a shift to the right shift?
Release oxygen
Causes of a right shift to the oxyhemoglobin curve?
Acidic
Inc temp
Inc 2,3 dpg
Stress and exercise->off loading to release oxygen to mitochondria
Restrictive airway disorders tend to produce ________ compliance as lung tissue is replaced with ________ material causing ________.
low; fibrotic; stiffness
Examples of restrictive airway disorders
-Pulmonary fibrosis
-Obesity
-Pneumoconiosis
-Recurrent infections
-Lack of surfactant
Obstructive airway disorders tend to produce _______ compliance as lung tissue is destroyed.
high
Examples of obstructive airway disorders
Emphysema
Bronchitis
Asthma
COPD
Bronchiectasis
Emphysema patho
Alveolar wall destruction
Overinflation
Chronic Bronchitis patho
Productive cough
Inflammation
The lungs exchange gas (CO2 and O2) between the __________ & ____________.
Blood;atmosphere
What regulates the respiratory?
Peripheral Chemoreceptors detects changes in: pH, CO2, O2
Receptors also sense a stretch of the lungs->afferent signals to brainstem->resp control center->response
Conditioning the air makes O2 does what in regards to a liquid interface?
Makes it easier to diffuse
What are the 2 types of pleura?
Visceral and Parietal
Describe visceral pleura
Lining directly opposed to the lung tissue; wraps around mediastinum, wraps on itself, and comes back up to form the parietal pleura
Describe parietal pleura
Attached to chest wall; opposed to the mediastinum
What is the benefit of fluid in the pleural space?
Prevents rubbing/friction of the lungs
Cold weather=less fluid in intrapleural space
The pleural space is a _______________ space that tethers the lungs to the chest wall.
Potential
What muscles are used during inspiration to increase pressure to expand the chest wall outward
Intercoastals, diaphragm
What happens lung pressure during inspiration?
Lung pressure becomes negative (Pressure in pleura<atmospheric pressure
Creates a vacuum. (to pull air in)
What is it called when the chest wall expands outward and pleura/alveoli become more negative, the negative pressure helps open the alveoli/airway?
Interdependence
HIgh lung volumes _____________ overall resistance to air in the airway
Decrease
At the height of inspiration what happens to the Alveolar/Atm Pressure?
they are equal
The higher the volume = the higher ______________ of tissue.
Elastance
(The tissue wants to collapse on itself)
In what ways do inspiration stops?
Reduction of muscle action
Reach TLC/IR (Can no longer keep breathing in, so muscles stop contracting.
Compliance is considered to be the relationship between what to figures?
Change in V/Change in P
At what point during breathing do you have the highest compliance?
FRC
On the compliance curve, where is the Obstx curve and what does it mean?
It is the top curve
-When the lungs are screwed up, the chest wall takes over.
-Lungs fill easy, can’t get out
